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Editor: Preeta Bannerjee
Associate Editor: Richard Murphy Pictures: Melitta Borovansky-König Layout and design: Nancy Cao
This publication has not been formally edited.
The boundaries, names and designations used in all maps in this report do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.
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Myanmar, Shan State. Community-based centres offer detoxification therapy to farmers living in remote areas of the country
Photo: Alessandro Scotti FFoorreewwoorrdd
of the Executive Director . . . .4
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U UNNOODDCC ffiieelldd ooffffiicceess Africa and the Middle East . . . .26
Europe and West/Central Asia . . . .36
Latin America and the Caribbean . . . .47
South-East Asia and the Pacific . . . .58
H Heeaaddqquuaarrtteerrss aaccttiivviittiieess Research and analysis . . . .72
Convention support and legal advice . . . .73
Transnational organized crime . . . .74
Counter-narcotics and law enforcement . . . .76
Combating money-laundering . . . .77
Fighting corruption . . . .78
Criminal justice reform . . . .80
Countering terrorism . . . .81
Preventing drug abuse . . . .82
HIV/AIDS . . . .83
Scientific support for drug control activities . . . .84
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The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimeis a small office with big mandates.
To deal with this challenge, the Office must be focused, fast, and innovative. For maximum impact, UNODC positions itself as a pivotal wedge to leverage global attention and resources into initiatives that can control drugs and prevent crime and terrorism. As custodian of key international instruments on drugs and crime, it reminds States of their commitments and helps them with implementation. As an incubator of ideas, a source of evidence-based research and facilitator of contacts, it seeks to promote fresh approaches and better networks to effect change in coping with some of the planet's most sinister challenges.
In 2006, UNODC’s announcement of a record opium harvest in Afghanistan grabbed the world headlines and reinforced the Office's reputation for providing the gold standard for drug cultivation data.
But there is more to UNODC's work in Afghanistan than counting poppies. Having brought the problem to world attention, UNODC proposed solutions. Our proposals won broad-based support and triggered concrete initia-tives like a Good Performers Fundto grant money to Afghan provinces which eliminate poppy, the addition of drug traffickers to a United Nations Security Council “most wanted” list and the creation of regional intelli-gence-sharing centres in Central Asia and the Gulf. Afghanistan's opium earthquake sent shock waves well beyond its borders. To reduce the impact, UNODC— thanks to generous donor support—stepped up its tech-nical assistance to Afghanistan's neighbours, which faced an HIV/AIDS epidemic due to an increase in injecting drug use. Mayors and healthcare officials in Western European cities were warned to prepare for an increase in drug overdoses.
UNODC also raised the alarm about growing cocaine use in Europe in 2006. While cocaine demand around the world has levelled off, it has risen dramatically in Europe. To feed this demand, traffickers—unsettled by better law enforcement that resulted in record seizures of the drug—looked for alternative smuggling routes, for example through the Caribbean and West Africa. These regions, already suffering from poverty and high youth unemployment, now face additional burdens due to crime and corruption generated by drug trafficking.
UNODC is drawing attention to the debilitating links between drugs, crime and under-development and try-ing to help States escape from this vicious circle. Many young people are already taking desperate meas-ures to free themselves from this trap, fuelling a boom-ing and dangerous industry in people-smugglboom-ing from Africa. As custodian of the world's only Protocol against the smuggling of migrants by land, sea and air, the Office has encouraged States to use this unique instru-ment to stem the flow of young Africans, whose dreams of a passage to Europe are exploited by criminals and all too often end in death in the desert or at sea.
UNODC also pays special attention to the crime of traf-ficking in persons. In 2006, the Office issued the first ever report showing global patterns in human traffick-ing. This was an attempt to cast light on a crime that is often in the shadows, yet affects millions of victims world-wide. At the beginning of 2007 UNODC launched a Global Initiative to Combat Trafficking in Persons and Slaveryaimed at producing a turning point in the world-wide movement against these crimes. The Office also worked to generate momentum against another global problem within its mandate: corruption. UNODC is custodian of the world's only universal anti-corruption instrument, the United Nations Convention against Corruption, which entered into force in December 2005. States Parties met for the first time at a Conference to review the Convention's implementation in December 2006 in Jordan. Expectations for the Convention's poten-tial impact are growing among the public, businesses and anti-corruption authorities. International financial insti-tutions now view the Convention as a common blueprint for their campaigns to fight corruption and improve the effectiveness of aid. UNODC is responding to a growing number of requests from States for technical assistance. Perhaps the tide is starting to turn.
There was also increasing demand for UNODC's techni-cal and legal assistance in preventing terrorism. The landmark Counter-Terrorism Strategy adopted by the General Assembly on 8 September 2006 makes exten-sive reference to the work of the Office in preventing terrorism and urges States to make more use of that expertise. This is clearly a growth area for UNODC. While demand for assistance is rising, so too are volun-tary contributions from Member States, which account
for nearly 90 per cent of the Office's annual budget. In 2006, donors pledged voluntary contributions for the drugs and crime programmes totalling $US150.7 mil-lion, a rise of more than 25 per cent from last year and a 72 per cent increase since 2003.
Still, the Office aims to remain lean and fit to improve performance and spark innovation. Our efforts were recognised in the number of UN21awards and com-mendations picked up by UNODC in 2006—four out of the twenty prizes that were given out in the entire United Nations system to acknowledge innovation, effi-ciency and excellence in the delivery of programmes and services. That's an impressive 20 per cent of the prizes for an Office that receives less than one per cent of the total United Nations budget.
In short, while 2006 brought some setbacks in terms of drug control and demonstrated the extent of continuing challenges in addressing threats like the smuggling of migrants and trafficking in persons, forces for good in
the world are increasingly working together to counter the threats posed by drugs, crime and terrorism. Governments, NGOs and the private sector realize that these threats and challenges which defy borders require multilateral solutions. More and more, they turn to UNODC for help.
As this 2007 report demonstrates, at headquarters and through its field offices around the world, UNODC is working hard to live up to Member States' growing expectations. We live in a dangerous world, but togeth-er we have a betttogeth-er chance of confronting the evils of drugs, crime and terrorism.
Antonio Maria Costa Executive Director
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
foreword
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The following abbreviations have been used in this report: ADB Asian Development Bank
CSTO Collective Security Treaty Organization EU European Union
EC European Community
ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
IADB Inter-American Development Bank
IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development ILO International Labour Organization
IMF International Monetary Fund
INCB International Narcotics Control Board Interpol International Criminal Police Organization IOM International Organization for Migration NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NGO Non-Governmental Organization OAS Organization of American States
OSCE Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe SADC Southern African Development Community
UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund
UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNFPA United Nations Fund for Population Activities
UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees USAID United States Agency for International Development WCO World Customs Union
WFP World Food Programme
UK United Kingdom
US United States of America
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2006 was a mixed year for international drug control. The good news was the remarkable success of the Golden Triangle countries, particularly Laos, in slashing illicit opium production to near-negligible levels. But those gains were eclipsed by the bad news from Afghanistan, the year's big story. Afghan opium pro-duction, which accounts for 92 per cent of total world supply, surged 49 per cent to a record 6,100 tonnes. UNODC warned Western countries to prepare for a pos-sible increase in drug overdoses as a result of the increased purity of heroin.
Rising cocaine consumption in Europe was another cause for concern.
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Opium cultivation soared to record highs, especially in the troubled south of the country. Drugs, crime and cor-ruption were not only buoying the narco-economy but also fuelling insurgency across Western Asia, reported UNODC in its 2006 Afghanistan Opium Survey.
With 165,000 hectares under opium cultivation in 2006, up almost 60 per cent from 2005, the harvest out-stripped global consumption by 30 per cent. Poppy cul-tivation in Helmand province alone rose by 162 per
cent compared with 2005 and only six of the country's 34 provinces were opium-free in 2006.
In November, a joint report by UNODC and the World Bank entitled Afghanistan’s Drug Industry: Structure, Functioning, Dynamics, and Implications for Counter-Narcotics Policyconcluded that efforts to combat opium production in Afghanistan had been marred by corrup-tion and had failed to prevent the consolidacorrup-tion of the drugs trade in the hands of a powerful few with strong political connections.
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Opium poppy cultivation in the once-notorious Golden Triangle—Laos, Myanmar and Thailand—fell 29 per cent in 2006, bringing the total decline since 1998 to 85 per cent, according to UNODC's Opium Poppy Cultivation in the Golden Trianglesurvey.
Cultivation dropped to 24,160 hectares in 2006 from 34,720 in 2005, a dramatic reduction compared with the 157,900 hectares cultivated in 1998. The Golden Triangle thus produced only about 5 per cent of the world's opium, down from 33 per cent in 1998. Laos became virtually opium-free in 2006. The world's third largest opium producer until the mid-1990s, it had slashed output by 93 per cent in seven years. Laos was probably no longer a supplier of illegal opium to the world market.
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UNODC warned that Governments in Western Europe— especially Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom (UK)— should face up to alarming levels of cocaine consump-tion among their educated professionals. Stable or even falling demand for cocaine worldwide was being under-cut by the upward trend in Europe.
The level of cocaine use in Spain, which stood at 3 per cent of the population aged 15 to 64, surpassed that in the United States (US) for the first time. The UK was not far behind, with 2.4 per cent of the population trying cocaine, four times as many as a decade earlier. In Spain, 42 per cent of people entering treatment for drug
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abuse were addicted to cocaine, six times as many as in 2002. UNODC said that Europe could not afford to focus exclusively on cutting off the supply of cocaine from the Andean region whilst ignoring domestic con-sumption, as the cocaine trade was fuelled by demand from the world's 13 million users.
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In September, the United Nations General Assembly unanimously adopted the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy, the first time that all 192 Member States of the Organization had agreed to a common global approach to fighting terrorism. The Strategy made extensive reference to the work of UNODC, reinforcing its counter-terrorism mandates and recognizing its role in key areas such as international criminal justice and international cooperation in crimi-nal matters. It also encouraged UNODC to enhance its technical assistance to Member States and urged them to make use of that assistance.
UNODC will aim to integrate counter-terrorism aspects in other relevant substantive areas of its work, includ-ing money-launderinclud-ing, transnational organized crime, corruption and criminal justice reform.
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UNODC took several important initiatives in 2006 to support cross-border counter-narcotics and anti-organ-ized crime efforts.
In February, the five Central Asian countries, Russia and Azerbaijan agreed to set up a regional intelligence centre in Almaty, Kazakhstan to fight illicit drug traf-ficking. Around one fifth of Afghanistan's 2006 opium crop had been smuggled through the five Central Asian republics.
The new Central Asian Regional Information and Coordination Centre (CARICC), supported by UNODC, will be staffed by law-enforcement officials from the countries in the region. It will compile and analyse intelligence on drug trafficking and coordinate regional law-enforcement operations against criminals.
UNODC's regional drug-control portfolio in Central Asia is one of its largest, totalling some $US 40 million annually, and it continues to expand.
In April, UNODC agreed to work closely with the six-country Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) in fighting drug trafficking, terrorism and trans-border
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crime. The CSTO consists of Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan. Under a Protocol signed by UNODC Executive Director Antonio Maria Costa and the Secretary-General of the CSTO, Nikolay Bordyuzha, the two organizations will develop joint projects against drugs and crime and share information about their activities.
Under an agreement with the NATO-Russia Council in July, UNODC will support the training of anti-narcotics law-enforcement officers in Central Asia and
Afghanistan.
UNODC, the executing agency for the $US 927,000 project, will assist experts from NATO countries and Russia in developing training programmes and provid-ing logistical support. They will deploy mobile trainprovid-ing teams in Afghanistan and its five Central Asian neigh-bours, supplementing training in permanent facilities provided by Russia and Turkey.
In September, the Government of Qatar pledged $US 10 million to set up a high-tech criminal intelligence cen-tre in Doha to help Gulf States combat drug trafficking. UNODC will provide technical help for the centre, which
is due to become operational by mid-2007. It will help law-enforcement authorities in the region to share oper-ational intelligence and boost their ability to arrest drug traffickers.
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More than 220 million sea containers move around the globe every year, transporting 90 per cent of the world's cargo virtually uninspected.
To reduce the risk of organized crime syndicates and terrorists using containers for criminal purposes, UNODC designed a Container Control Programme to help Governments control the movement of sea freight. The programme began in Ecuador and Senegal in 2005 and new pilot projects were added in Ghana and Pakistan in 2006.
In March, the Joint Port Control project pulled off a stunning success in Guayaquil, Ecuador, when customs and police seized more than 5.5 tons of cocaine, a haul worth over $US 556 million in North America or Europe. The consignment had arrived from the
Colombian port of Buenaventura in December 2005 in a container carrying bed sheets.
Cannabis field in Afghanistan. Photo: Alessandro Scotti
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UNODC's flagship publication, the World Drug Report, published in June, concluded that drug control was working and the world's drug problem was being con-tained.
However, UNODC Executive Director Antonio Maria Costa urged Governments to address three key prob-lems: soaring heroin production in Afghanistan, grow-ing demand for cocaine in Europe and increasgrow-ing global consumption of cannabis.
The 2006 Report contained a special focus on cannabis, the world's most abused illicit drug, which it cautioned was more potent than it had been a few decades ago. Its harmful characteristics were no longer very different from those of other plant-based drugs such as cocaine and heroin.
In December, UNODC published a report entitled
Violence, Crime and Illegal Arms Trafficking in Colombia, which said the country needed to do more to crack down on organized crime and arms trafficking and called for stiffer penalties for carrying or dealing in illegal arms.
Although Colombia has one of the highest homicide rates in the world, the report challenged the perception that it was plagued by indiscriminate violence. Rather, the use of firearms was highly controlled and regulated by criminal gangs, rebel factions and the Government. The report showed that although the flow of illegal weapons into Colombia was limited, weapons were con-stantly being recycled. It was therefore important to control the circulation of weapons.
A new UNODC report in April, entitled Trafficking In Persons: Global Patterns, showed that virtually no country in the world was unaffected by the crime of human trafficking for sexual exploitation or forced labour.
The report, which identified 127 countries of origin, 98 transit countries and 137 destination countries, showed that global efforts to combat trafficking were being hampered by a lack of accurate data, reflecting the unwillingness of some countries to acknowledge that the problem affected them.
The absence of reliable global data, such as those which UNODC compiles every year on the illegal drugs trade, makes it more difficult for Governments and international organizations to fight trafficking effec-tively.
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UNODC is custodian of the United Nations Convention against Corruption, which came into force in December 2005.
Representatives from the 80 countries that had ratified the Convention met at a high-level conference in Jordan in December to review its first year of operation and discuss the way ahead.
They agreed to develop mechanisms to confiscate and return stolen assets to their countries of origin and to monitor implementation of the Convention.
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UNODC produced technical assistance tools for police, law-enforcement officers and crime experts.
A Counter-Kidnap Manual, produced with the help of the Government of Colombia and experts from 16 countries, was developed to give police officers and policy-makers concrete guidelines on how to respond effectively to kidnappings. More than 10,000 people are kidnapped around the world every year.
The Manual identified different types of kidnapping, including for extortion or political purposes, and advised Governments on how to formulate effective legislation and preventive measures. It also provided guidance for senior police investigators on sensitive subjects such as negotiation, surveillance and interven-tion opinterven-tions.
A Toolkit to Combat Trafficking in Personsincluded a checklist to help identify trafficking victims and provid-ed guidance on interviewing victims and victim protec-tion. The Toolkit addressed the need to bring national legislation into compliance with international standards and strengthen international cooperation in criminal justice, including the extradition of criminals and con-fiscation of the proceeds of crime.
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Finally, a Criminal Justice Assessment Toolkitwas designed to help reform national criminal justice sys-tems and bring them into line with international stan-dards. Written by a team of experts from the United Nations and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), it covered areas such as policing, access to justice, prison and alternatives to incarceration, juvenile justice and the treatment of vic-tims and witnesses.
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In October, UNODC hosted in Vienna its first Global Partnership Forum for the private sector, international foundations and philanthropists to explore ways in which these partners could unite to tackle the global problems of drug abuse, human trafficking and the spread of HIV/AIDS. The event included participants from the Chemical Dependency Centre (UK), the Deutsche Stiftung Weltbevölkerung (Germany), the Federation of Industries of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil), the MTV Europe Foundation and the Novartis Foundation (Switzerland).
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UNODC, in partnership with the Qatar National Olympic Committee, launched the Global Sport Fund, a pro-gramme using sport to prevent drug use and criminal behaviour among vulnerable young people. The Fund
will provide grants contributed by Qatar for activities promoting a healthy lifestyle.
UNODC Executive Director Antonio Maria Costa appointed Qatar's Nasser Saleh Al-Attiyah, world cham-pion rally driver and Olympic skeet shooter, as the first Global Sport Fund Ambassador.
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With the help of the sporting and arts worlds to amplify its messages, UNODC harnessed “star power” to raise awareness of global problems.
In her address to the 15th Session of the United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice in Vienna, British actress Julia Ormond, UNODC Goodwill Ambassador on Anti-Trafficking, called on all countries to ratify the Palermo Protocols outlawing traf-ficking in persons and the smuggling of migrants. She visited Ghana, where she met children forced by fishermen to dive in life-threatening conditions to untangle nets, Cambodia and Thailand. Testifying before the US House of Representatives Subcommittee on Africa, Ms Ormond highlighted the need for effective international action on trafficking.
Italian photographer Alessandro Scotti continued to document the global drugs trade in his capacity as UNODC Goodwill Ambassador, with visits to Afghanistan, Iran, Laos and Pakistan. He presented some of his powerful photographs, which will be published in book form, to delegations from Member States at the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice.
UNODC Goodwill Ambassador and Olympic champion gymnast, Igor Cassina, visited Tirana, Albania to partic-ipate in events marking the International Day against Illicit Trafficking and Drug Abuse on 26 June.
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UNODC reported a significant increase in its drugs and crime programmes, reflecting a growth in worldwide demand for its specialist services. UNODC managed a portfolio of 279 ongoing projects in 2006. Counter-nar-cotics enforcement accounted for 26.2 per cent of the
highlights of 2006
total, while prevention, treatment and rehabilitation in the field of drug abuse made up another 25.4 per cent. Sustainable livelihood projects, aimed at giving farmers in drug-producing countries legitimate alternatives to growing illicit crops, accounted for 7.2 per cent. Total operational expenditure on drugs and crime tech-nical assistance programmes implemented by UNODC's 21 field offices and by head-office specialists in 2006 rose 32 per cent to $US 91.7 million. This reflected an
increase of 12 per cent to $US 69.1 million in the drugs programme and a dramatic rise of 186 per cent to $US 22.6 million in the crime programme.
While demand for assistance is rising, so too are volun-tary contributions from Member States, which account for nearly 90 per cent of UNODC's annual budget. In 2006 donors pledged voluntary contributions for the drugs and crime programmes totalling $US 150.7 million, an increase of more than 25 per cent over the previous year.
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Escaping forced labour at home in Myanmar, these workers look to commer-cial fishing in a neigh-bouring country as a way to a better life. They are prey to unscrupulous traf-fickers
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Human trafficking is a crime against humanity. Virtually every country in the world is affected by trafficking for sexual exploitation or forced labour. Reliable global data are limited but the number of victims is believed to be reaching epidemic proportions. The international response is, at best, uneven. Reported victims are mainly women and children.
The challenges for all countries, rich and poor, are to target the criminals who exploit desperate people and to protect trafficking victims.
UNODC offers practical help to all countries, not only by helping to draft laws and create comprehensive national anti-trafficking strategies but also assisting with resources to implement them. Countries receive
specialized assistance, including the development of local capacity and expertise, as well as practical tools to encourage cross-border cooperation in investigations and prosecutions.
The adoption in 2000 by the United Nations General Assembly of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking In Persons, Especially Women and Childrenmarked a significant milestone in international efforts to stop the trade in people.
As custodian of the Protocol, UNODC addresses human trafficking issues through its Global Programme against Trafficking in Human Beings. By the end of 2006, 117 States had signed the Protocol and 111 countries had ratified it.
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But translating the Protocol into reality remains prob-lematic. Very few criminals are convicted and most vic-tims are probably never identified or assisted.
The following is an overview of UNODC's work in the human trafficking field, with real-life stories to illus-trate the complexity of the issues.
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People like Boi Ngoc and Burim are seeking better lives and are therefore vulnerable to manipulation by traffick-ers. UNODC's research shows that victims are often duped by a recruiter who is a relative, a supposed friend or seems like someone they can trust. Traffickers and victims often share the same nationality. In some parts of the world, female traffickers are selected to recruit women. UNODC helps to make people like Boi Ngoc and Burim aware of the risks by making video and radio spots (public service announcements), which are broadcast in numerous languages throughout the world. It also runs campaigns with non-governmental organizations (NGOs), distributing written information and contacting actual and potential victims.
In December, UNODC Colombia received a UN21 Commendationfor its anti-human trafficking activities,
which included helping Colombian television to produce a prime-time television soap opera about human traf-ficking. Aired nightly to millions of viewers, the series exposed common traffickers' ruses, such as Internet scams, and explained where victims could seek help.
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Community-led activities are an important prevention tool. The porous border between India and Nepal, for example, is an area of heavy cross-border human traf-ficking. In 2006, UNODC supported NGO initiatives, such as the Community Vigilance project led by local leaders and women's groups, which has mobilized thou-sands of villagers to detect and prevent trafficking. In 2006, UNODC provided funding for NGOs in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia to run trafficking preven-tion campaigns among asylum-seekers, a particularly vulnerable group. Counselling was provided to young people like Burim to make them aware of the risks and where they can seek help.
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Sometimes the threat of trafficking can emerge very suddenly. In mid-2006, during the armed conflict in Lebanon, UNODC became aware that traffickers were targeting some of the 300,000 domestic workers from Ethiopia, the Philippines and Sri Lanka who were left behind when their foreign employers were evacuated. Having abruptly lost their livelihoods and official resi-dent status, the workers quickly became vulnerable. As embassies struggled to assist their nationals, trafficking gangs offered alternative options. UNODC set up an emergency information campaign within days: it pro-duced 12,000 pages of information in various lan-guages, including the number of a telephone hotline run by the NGO Caritas Migrant for assistance and sup-port. The materials were distributed in shelters,
embassies, churches, shops and markets.
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UNODC's prevention work includes raising awareness among policy-makers, law-enforcement bodies and civil society. In April, UNODC published the report
Trafficking In Persons: Global Patternsthat identified 127 countries of origin, 98 transit countries and 137 destination countries. The sensitive nature of the issue
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and the lack of systematic action on trafficking world-wide make information collection a challenge, reflecting the unwillingness of some countries to acknowledge that the problem affects them. The absence of reliable global data, in turn, makes it more difficult for Governments and international organizations to fight trafficking effectively. The UNODC report was a first attempt to get a clearer picture of the problem. It high-lighted the complex nature of trafficking, such as women committing trafficking offences against other women, and identified national and regional character-istics of offenders, victims and exploitation. The report listed States on a scale from “very low” to “very high” as countries of origin, transit and destination.
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Police and criminal justice staff need standard working procedures to guarantee the physical safety of victims, protect their privacy and make it safe for them to testi-fy against their abusers. These issues are part of UNODC's human trafficking training for police, prose-cutors and judges. Guidelines on witness protection are in the pipeline for 2007.
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In October, UNODC launched a Toolkit to Combat Trafficking in Personsto provide practical help to
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Alleexxaannddrruu, a 24-year-old Eastern European, went to a Western European country for seasonal work but was paid almost nothing and lived in a shack with no elec-tricity or running water. After Alexandru complained, his boss beat him up and left him in a critical condi-tion. When he was found, police placed him in custody as an illegal immigrant. They said he refused to coop-erate by refusing to sign the papers required, though with both arms in a cast, he was physically unable to. Alexandru was immediately deported.
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Juuaannaa, a South American woman, was trafficked to North America and sexually exploited. With a poor family to support, she initially consented. Arrested and deported as an illegal alien, she received no assistance from her Government, NGOs or the local community. But her family’s predicament did not improve and soon afterwards Juana agreed to be re-trafficked in the hope of earning much-needed money.
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Governments, policy-makers, police, NGOs and others to enable them to tackle human trafficking more effec-tively.
The Toolkitincludes checklists to help identify traffick-ing victims as well as guidance on interviewtraffick-ing victims and victim protection. Other tools help police to under-take cross-border investigations and advise Government officials on how to ensure the safe repatriation of vic-tims. These and many other current “best practices” are available for immediate use and adaptation worldwide.
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In many countries there is a lack of awareness of the fact that someone like Alexandru could be a victim and not an offender. Trafficking victims also commonly blame themselves for what has happened to them, which can stop them from seeking help. Without identi-fication and recognition as victims of crime, they can unjustly suffer prosecution because of their irregular status.
Victim identification checklists and techniques, such as those outlined in UNODC's Toolkit to Combat
Trafficking in Persons, are crucial for rescuing individu-als and making sure they are not re-victimized.
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A “rescuer” must know how to refer victims to experts, whether in official bodies or NGOs, for appropriate sup-port. In 2003, UNODC helped to set up one of the first victim referral mechanisms in the Czech Republic, which led to a national strategy for combating traffick-ing in persons in that country. UNODC has helped to introduce such systems in the Philippines and in Poland. In late 2006, work started on similar services in Moldova and the Slovak Republic. The purpose of such systems is to ensure that a trafficking victim, like Alexandru, is identified as such, that support is avail-able to them and that those who come into contact with the victim act in an appropriate way.
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Under a major global programme, largely completed in 2006, UNODC funded support projects for victims of trafficking run by 19 NGOs in India, Indonesia, Mexico, Moldova, Pakistan, South Africa, Thailand, Uganda and
Ukraine. The programme offered emotional and practi-cal support, including health care, legal aid, psychologi-cal assistance and referrals. More than 280 victims have been repatriated from India to Nepal alone.
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Victims need assistance that extends beyond the end of their exploitation and any criminal prosecution. Vocational training can reduce the risk of their being sucked into exploitative situations again. In 2006, com-panies in the Philippines joined the fight against re-vic-timization by participating in the Corporate
Apprenticeship programme, a joint initiative between UNODC and the Department for Social Welfare and Development. Under the scheme, trafficking victims are accepted as apprentices for six months to a year and given on-the-job training in factories, the hospitality trade and other businesses.
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Much of UNODC's work centres on strengthening national criminal justice systems. UNODC's goal is to see a greater number of convictions achieved globally. This means not only that human trafficking must be a criminal offence in the country where an act of
traf-feature on human trafficking
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ficking is detected, but also that the law must be enforced.
As in the case of Krasimir, successful convictions depend on the police and others making the right deci-sions. This can only happen if they have the knowledge and capacity to respond to human trafficking. Things can also go wrong: in some countries, for example, prosecutions are brought but the police fail to protect the identity of witnesses or prevent intimidation of vic-tims and court officials by defendants. In other cases, traffickers get a lighter sentence because of their youth. To try to prevent this happening, UNODC helps coun-tries to develop effective law enforcement and criminal justice institutions.
UNODC has helped to develop legislation in many countries. Many human trafficking laws are limited in
their application to the sexual exploitation of women and girls. That means they provide no assistance to people like Krasimir or, for example, to women traf-ficked to work in domestic servitude or sweatshops. Without specialized human trafficking laws, victims are subjected to greater uncertainties while traffickers bene-fit from reduced risks and penalties.
In 2006, UNODC offered Armenia, Lebanon and South Africa assistance in drafting anti-human trafficking leg-islation. Criminal justice officials from Burkina Faso, Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa, Togo and Ukraine received specialized training. UNODC assisted NATO in training its senior officials to combat trafficking in per-sons. Three computer-based training modules to combat human trafficking were finalized in Thailand. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) publication, Training Manual on Trafficking in Persons, containing an action plan for West and Central African countries, was launched in 2006.
UNODC also trained police, border guards, prosecutors, judges and NGO staff in many countries, including Burkina Faso, Finland, Ghana, Laos, Moldova, Nigeria, South Africa, Ukraine and Viet Nam.
Viet Nam has one of the highest conviction rates for traffickers in the world, thanks in large part to training by UNODC. More than 110 people have been convicted of human trafficking offences. Following a UNODC cross-border cooperation workshop, the police in China and Viet Nam rescued dozens of female victims traf-ficked for forced marriages. More than 50 trafficking rings were disrupted by late 2006.
United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking In Persons, Especially Women and Children
• Provides the first internationally agreed definition of trafficking in persons; • Requires countries to criminalize
trafficking in persons;
• Provides a framework for assisting and protecting victims;
• Requires cooperation within and between countries.
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25 Colombia. Roasting coffee
The coffee business offers a good alternative to growing coca in the region of Southern Cauca. Former coca farmers are now producing, roasting and selling coffee for domestic and international markets
Photo: Alessandro Scotti A
Affrriiccaa aanndd tthhee MMiiddddllee EEaasstt
Egypt . . . .26 Kenya . . . .28 Nigeria . . . .30 Senegal . . . .31 South Africa . . . .34
E
Euurrooppee aanndd WWeesstt//CCeennttrraall AAssiiaa
Afghanistan . . . .36 Islamic Republic of Iran . . . .39 Pakistan . . . .40 Russian Federation . . . .42 Uzbekistan . . . .44
LLaattiinn AAmmeerriiccaa aanndd tthhee CCaarriibbbbeeaann
Bolivia . . . .47 Brazil . . . .49 Colombia . . . .50 Mexico . . . .53 Peru . . . .55
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Soouutthh--EEaasstt AAssiiaa aanndd tthhee PPaacciiffiicc
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The UNODC Regional Office for the Middle East and North Africa covers 19 countries, including those on the Arabian Peninsula, the Palestinian territories and Israel, an area with a total population of 194 million.
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As a facilitator of dialogue between the Palestinian and Israeli drug-control authorities, UNODC launched a project with the Palestinian Authority to improve its drug-control and law-enforcement capacities. This fol-lowed a meeting in 2005 between the Palestinian Narcotics General Administration and the Israeli Anti-Drug Authority, which agreed to strengthen coopera-tion and coordinacoopera-tion on drug control and related crime. UNODC will continue to mobilize support for institution-building and the training of Palestinian per-sonnel.
A training centre was established in the Palestinian Anti-Narcotics General Administration Headquarters in Gaza. Supervisors also went to Egypt and Jordan for extensive training in drug law enforcement and border control. Course graduates will supervise and train other staff of the anti-narcotics body and border-control per-sonnel.
In Libya, UNODC's project to upgrade the skills of the drug law enforcement authorities and to install equip-ment helped the authorities to detect illicit drugs, including in the postal service.
UNODC reacted promptly to the conflict in Lebanon in July and August, supporting a campaign to make dis-placed foreign domestic workers from Ethiopia, the Philippines and Sri Lanka aware of the risk of human trafficking. Working closely with the Lebanese Government and Caritas Migrant, a local NGO that operates a help-line for victims of trafficking, UNODC prepared information materials for shelters, embassies, churches, shops and markets. Beneficiaries and national authorities responded positively to the initiative.
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New regional drug information systems made it possible to carry out rapid assessments on drug-abuse trends. Run by UNODC's Global Assessment Programme on Drug Abuse, these networks give access to national sources of drug information, including health and mor-tality statistics, police files and surveys. Following the successful example of the Jordanian Drug Information System (JorDIS) launched in 2005, the Egyptian Secretariat for Mental Health began developing a Treatment Demand Information System. Both systems will serve as models for replication in other Middle Eastern and North African countries.
The Fourth Regional Working Group on Drug Abuse and HIV/AIDS, organized by UNODC and other United Nations agencies, took place in Cairo from 5 to 8 November. The workshop focused on building a com-prehensive regional approach to the problems of drug
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use and HIV/AIDS. In Egypt, the National Strategy for Treatment and Rehabilitation of Street Children, prepared by UNODC and the National Council for Childhood and Motherhood, helped bring improved services for the prevention and treatment of drug abuse among street children. Some 45 trainers from the Ministries of Social Affairs, Health, the Interior and Youth and seven NGO representatives received training based on the street children manual prepared by UNODC in 2005. UNODC refurbished two reception cen-tres for girls in the Imbaba and Al Marg districts, which have particularly high numbers of street children.
Under UNODC's school programme in Egypt, 750 stu-dents were trained to teach fellow stustu-dents about healthy lifestyles, HIV/AIDS and drug-abuse prevention. The trainees went on to provide 12,000 fellow students with preventive information on drug use and HIV/AIDS.
Some 250,000 scouts were trained by peer educators on the prevention of drug use and related HIV/AIDS in Egypt, Gaza, Jordan, Lebanon and the West Bank.
In the Palestinian Territories, UNODC pilot-tested a comprehensive training package on drug abuse and HIV/AIDS prevention, early detection and counselling services for 60 professionals from health centres (including refugee camps), social services, drug-control authorities and NGOs.
UNODC helped to organize a Regional Media Training Workshop from 28 May to 1 June at which journalists from national and satellite television channels through-out the Arab world received training on issues related to street children, drug abuse and HIV/AIDS. The workshop led to a number of in-depth television pro-grammes, as well as newspaper and magazine articles.
Direct technical assistance was also provided to help countries of the Middle East and North Africa strength-en the legal regime against terrorism. UNODC organized a conference of the ministries of justice of 27 French-speaking African countries in Sharm-El Sheikh, Egypt, to help enhance counter-terrorism cooperation with regional organizations.
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Since July 2005, a juvenile justice programme imple-mented by UNODC has been in place in Jordan. Some 260 officials from the judiciary, police, social services and legal professions were trained in 2006. UNODC helped to draft a new juvenile law with the Jordanian Government, leading to better conditions for juveniles in detention. A coordination mechanism was estab-lished with other national and international organiza-tions.
In Egypt, a database system on juvenile cases was established in Alexandria, Cairo and Giza to help the Ministry of Justice gain a better understanding of crim-inal behaviour of children in conflict with the law and of gaps in the justice system. More than 250 people, including magistrates, social workers, police officers and prison personnel, received training. Representatives of the Ministries of Justice and Social Solidarity became trainers after receiving instruction from UNODC and the NGO Penal Reform International.
In Iraq, UNODC launched a series of activities and part-nerships to help the Iraqi authorities draft a comprehen-sive strategy for reform of the judiciary, law-enforce-ment agencies and the prison system.
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The UNODC Regional Office for Eastern Africa, which covers 13 countries, focuses on drug abuse, HIV/AIDS prevention and organized crime, a rising security chal-lenge for the region. The Office helps countries to tackle money-laundering and strengthen their legal framework to combat terrorism.
FFiig
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The region serves not only as a transit point for illicit narcotics from South-East Asia, but also for cocaine from South America. In March, UNODC was part of an operation to destroy a record 1.1 tonne consignment of cocaine seized in December 2004. The cocaine, with a street value of about $US 100 million in Europe or North America, was incinerated by order of the High Court in Nairobi. The Government of Kenya led the operation in cooperation with experts from the US and the UK, while UNODC advised on the safe disposal of the cocaine.
UNODC also helped Kenya to draft regulations on the seizure, analysis and disposal of narcotic drugs.
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UNODC continued work to curb injecting drug use and related HIV/AIDS among vulnerable populations in
Kenya. To improve the access of drug users to treatment and voluntary counselling and testing services for HIV, UNODC supported two drop-in centres. A youth network in Kenya received help to establish a resource centre on drugs and HIV/AIDS and to provide counselling to young people, including those on probation. Over 8,300 people were referred for voluntary counselling and test-ing, 1,300 joined the drug-treatment programme and nearly 200 enrolled in HIV care programmes.
UNODC organized two workshops in Mombasa, Kenya on drug abuse and HIV/AIDS in line with UNODC's Programme of Action for Africa 2006-2010. Experts focused on strategies for prisoners and vulnerable populations. Drug-control agencies and HIV/AIDS commissions from Arab and French-speaking countries agreed to establish working groups on drug-abuse and HIV/AIDS prevention to help make these issues national priorities.
UNODC participated in the East African Prison Games and produced promotional material with the slogan "Race against Drug Abuse and HIV/AIDS" featuring the world marathon champion, Catherine Ndereba, who works for the Kenya Prison Services and serves as a role model for young people.
To underline the Kenyan Government's appreciation for UNODC's technical aid, Minister of Health, Charity Ngilu, visited the project site in Mombasa in May and heard testimonies from recovering HIV-positive drug addicts.
UNODC also helped the Kenya Prison Service develop a policy document on HIV/AIDS and supported the Government in developing its National Drug Control Strategy 2007-2011.
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UNODC provided anti-money laundering training to officials in Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda. The Office pilot-tested computer-based training in May for over 50 investigators from the Kenya Anti-Corruption
Commission.
A workshop to assist money-laundering investigators, organized with the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol) subregional bureau for Eastern Africa, took place in December.
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UNODC prepared a technical assistance project with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), entitled Strengthening Counter-Terrorism Capacities for a Safer Kenya. A joint mission between UNDP, UNODC and the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate took place in May and a work-shop on Kenya's draft counter-terrorism legislation was held with national authorities.
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UNODC, the UN-HABITAT Safer Cities Programme and the Kenya Ministry of Local Government organized a
National Consultation Workshop in June. UNODC and UN-HABITAT will work to develop a joint technical assistance project on urban crime prevention and access to justice in selected East African cities.
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A UNODC technical assistance project was finalized to create a regional action plan to combat human traf-ficking in 11 East African countries. UNODC and Interpol will execute the project, endorsed by the Eastern African Police Chiefs Cooperation Organization.
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UNNOODDCC ppaarrttnneerr wwiinnss UUnniitteedd NNaattiioonnss VViieennnnaa CCiivviill SSoocciieettyy AAwwaarrdd
Murad Abdulkarim Saad (standing second from left), an out-standing Kenyan campaigner in the field of drug abuse and HIV/AIDS prevention, received the 2006 United Nations Vienna Civil Society Award in December. His work with vulnerable populations, such as drug users, sex workers and trafficked women, has enabled thousands of people in Kenya’s Coastal Province to have access to treatment and preventive services.
Mr. Saad made the Province’s authorities aware of the dangers of drug abuse and HIV/AIDS, and of related issues such as drug trafficking, organized crime and insecurity. His campaigns have targeted faith-based organizations, especially the Islamic clergy, whose support he has won. He has also developed excellent relations with community radio stations.
To deal with the rapid increase in the number of heroin addicts, Mr. Saad opened the Reachout Rehabilitation Centre in 2003, which offers mod-ern facilities for the treatment of drug addicts. In collaboration with UNODC, he has been involved
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UNODC focused in 2006 on providing technical assis-tance to the Nigerian Government's criminal justice reform programme. Much of its work centred on strengthening national anti-corruption efforts, especially against financial crime. UNODC also supported drug con-trol and national initiatives to tackle human trafficking.
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In March, President Olusegun Obasanjo inaugurated the Presidential Commission on the Reform of the Administration of Justice, which included a representa-tive of UNODC Nigeria.
Some of the Commission's key recommendations for reform included the development of Fast-Track Courts, more efficient coordination of the justice system, a national crime-prevention strategy and a legislative framework for the protection of the rights of victims of crime. Two studies were undertaken on the police and prison system, and recommendations on strengthening the rule of law and access to justice in Nigeria were presented to President Obasanjo in November. UNODC will support the Government in its efforts to implement those recommendations.
At the request of the Federal Government, UNODC under-took an assessment of the country's prison system in or-der to design a technical assistance programme for prison reform. Following the assessment, which exposed major shortcomings in the prison services, UNODC proposed to coordinate national and international support for reform under a programme that includes the training of staff and the rehabilitation and social reintegration of inmates. UNODC also helped to raise funds for prison reform.
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UNODC supported the development of a Drug-Control Master Plan for 2007-2011 by the Nigerian Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA), approved by the Government in December. UNODC experts contributed to the planning by focusing on data collection and research, advice on drug-demand reduction, treatment and drug-law enforcement.
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UNODC established a project to build partnerships for drug-abuse and HIV/AIDS prevention in Nigeria.
Ahmadu Bello University, Delta State University and the University of Abuja began carrying out prevention activities and the Technical Advisory Committee of the University of Abuja was inaugurated in May. Made up of the NDLEA, the National Action Committee against AIDS, academics and NGOs, the Committee will provide input into Government decision-making.
Under the project, 600 students were trained as peer educators and 12 HIV/AIDS drug-free clubs were estab-lished on university campuses.
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Observances of the International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking on 26 June included activi-ties ranging from a seminar by the Federal Government in collaboration with UNODC, NGO activities across Nigeria and a "Walk against Drugs" to a Children's Parliament on Drugs.
About 600 children from 14 schools in the Federal Capital Territory, as well as national youth service corps members and university students, took part in these events.
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UNODC launched a programme in March to support Nigeria's foremost corruption-fighting agency, the Economic and Financial Crime Commission. The $US 32 million project funded by the European Union (EU) will enhance good governance and financial accountability while helping to reduce fraud, waste and corruption.
UNODC also began to develop specialized legal and anti-money laundering software. The goAML pro-gramme will help Nigeria's Financial Intelligence Unit manage its investigations of financial and economic crimes and comply with the requirements of the Financial Sector Assessment Programme of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. Under the same project, in April and November, the National Working Group on Judicial Integrity met the chief judges and registrars of 10 Nigerian states that were receiving assistance.
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The International Day against Corruption was celebrated on 8 and 9 December in Abuja and other parts of the country. Activities to mark the occasion included a symposium on the war against corruption in Nigeria. Representatives of Government crime and anti-drugs agencies, the Ministry of Justice, the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission, the National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons, the Prisons and Immigration Services and business leaders partici-pated in the event. On 9 December, 5,000 people took part in simultaneous "Marches against Corruption" in Abuja, Kano, Lagos and Port Harcourt.
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Law-enforcement officers from the subregion continued to benefit from the UNODC project to upgrade the NDLEA in Jos.
In 2006, regional training curricula were developed and the UNODC computer-based training package for West Africa was installed and adapted for local use. The proj-ect also helped to foster collaboration between English-and French-speaking West African drug law-enforce-ment agencies.
UNODC and the National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons finalized the National Action Plan and established a National Task Force on human trafficking.
UNODC Nigeria, in close cooperation with the UNODC Regional Office in Senegal, provided support to Benin, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Niger, Nigeria and Togo to help establish a mechanism to prevent human trafficking in West Africa. In November, a "train-the-trainers" work-shop took place to enable Nigeria's criminal justice per-sonnel to learn about investigating and prosecuting international cases of human trafficking.
During 2006, UNODC supported ECOWAS in the imple-mentation of its Plan of Action against Trafficking in Persons.
In July, UNODC and ECOWAS organized a training sem-inar in Abuja on international legal instruments against terrorism for participants from 14 ECOWAS Member States.
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The Regional Office of UNODC for West and Central Africa, based in Dakar, Senegal, covers 22 countries—15 in West Africa (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Sierra Leone, Senegal and Togo) and seven in Central Africa (Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and São Tomé and Príncipe).
Criminal networks exploit weak governance in this con-flict-ridden region. UNODC provides advice and techni-cal assistance to countries in their efforts to boost
secu-rity, guarantee the rule of law, administer justice, help victims of crime and reduce the impact of illicit drugs.
The Cape Verde Integrated Crime and Narcotics
Programme (CAVE INTECRIN) was developed by UNODC in 2005 to reduce the risk of Cape Verde being used for trafficking operations. The project is built around four goals: border and territorial control; good financial management (anti-money laundering and corruption); drug-demand reduction; and anti-terrorism legislation. The country's five law-enforcement agencies fighting drugs and organized crime collaborated more closely in
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2006 under a crucial law-enforcement reform led by the Government.
UNODC concluded the first International Crime Victims Survey 2006to gain more knowledge of crime in the country, gauge how citizens perceived the threat and help to build strategies to tackle trans-border crime.
The Office assisted the Government of Cape Verde in developing and implementing an anti-corruption strategy. A Financial Intelligence Unit was set up to combat money-laundering. UNODC and the national Anti-Corruption Working Group published a manual entitled Towards an Anti-Corruption Strategy for Cape Verde: Basic Instruments to Fight Corruption.
UNODC also helped strengthen the Anti-Narcotics Coordination Commission by developing treatment and rehabilitation services and designing drug-demand pre-vention strategies.
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As part of UNODC's Global Container Control Programme, already functioning in Ecuador, officers from the police, gendarmerie and customs began opera-tions in the port of Dakar, Senegal. The team, trained with UNODC assistance in data collection, analysis,
inspection and searches, will monitor containers to try to prevent them being used for smuggling by criminals and terrorists. UNODC also set up an e-learning and mentorship programme to help the container teams upgrade their skills. UNODC planned to extend the pro-ject to the port of Tema, in Accra, Ghana early in 2007.
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School surveys on drug use were conducted in Burkino Faso, Senegal and Togo.
UNODC established two new treatment centres in Togo and Benin, spearheading regional efforts to establish high-quality treatment and rehabilitation in West Africa.
In many West African countries, prison populations are vulnerable to drug abuse and HIV/AIDS. UNODC designed programmes for HIV/AIDS prevention and care, including information, voluntary counselling and testing and training of prison personnel. The pro-grammes are due to be implemented in 2007. UNODC also collected data on drug abuse and related HIV/AIDS among prisoners in Cape Verde and Sierra Leone.
UNODC undertook awareness-raising projects in West Africa, including the production of a leaflet for use in schools on the prevention of cannabis consumption. UNODC organized a concert for schoolchildren, parents and teachers, during which two Dakar-based choirs per-formed songs on drug abuse and HIV/AIDS prevention. Coumba Gawlo Seck, a famous Senegalese musician and UNODC Senegal Goodwill Ambassador, started the "School Tour," a series of activities to warn secondary school students in Dakar about the dangers of drug abuse.
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To mark the International Day against Corruption on 9 December, UNODC, the University of Delaware (USA) and the Government of Cape Verde organized a “Basketball Clinic,” opened by Jose Manuel Andrade, Cape Verde's Minister of Justice. NBA players Rolando Blackman and Amadou Gallo Fall and Senegalese Basketball Champion Fatou Kiné Ndiaye led the “com-petition against corruption” bringing together some 150 youngsters from secondary schools and the national Basketball Federation.
