Correlation between Light Acute Respiratory Infection Symptom and Long Exposure of Dust from PT. Gamatara Trans Ocean Worker in Cirebon 2017

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International Seminar on Global Health (ISGH) 2017 Stikes Jenderal Achmad Yani Cimahi

Correlation between Light Acute Respiratory Infection Symptom and Long Exposure of Dust from PT. Gamatara

Trans Ocean Worker in Cirebon 2017

1

**Budiman*,**

²

Selamat Jaya Sukmana,

³

Asep Dian Abdilah

1,2,3

Program Study Publich Health Stikes A. Yani Cimahi

*email: budiman_1974@yahoo.com

Abstract

ARI (Acute Respiratory Inspection) light is a sign of the onset of symptoms of respiratory tract infection. Exposure to dust and long exposure are factors that influence the incidence of light respiratory symptoms.Shipyard industry using media sand as raw materials for cleaning the vessel from rust resulting dust particles. Health problems due to exposure to the dust is important in shipbuilding industry PT. Gamatara Trans Ocean Shipyard. The purpose of this research was to know how strong the relationship long exposure to dust with light respiratory symptoms at the employees of dock master, and was to know total dust levels in the docks area. This research uses descriptive corelative approaching with cross sectional design. The number of samples was 50 persons. The instruments used are questionnaire sheet. Fate dust had been taken using Low Volume Sampler or LVS with gravimetric. Research results showing fate dust in dok 1 is 260 ug/Nm3 and dok 2 is 240 ug/Nm3,There was a long exposure effect with light ISPA symptoms p = 0,003 with PR = 12.75.

Based on the results of the study it is recommended that companies need to replace existing masks with special dust specific masks, and companies make rules related to employee overtime.

Key words : Fate dust, Light ARI symptom, Long exsposure

Introduction

Acute Respiratory Inspection may occur with a variety of clinical symptoms including cough with fever and shortness of breath, Acute Respiratory Infections (ISPA) is upper or lower respiratory tract disease (WHO, 2008). ARDs affected by pathogenic factors such as occurrence of certain ARDs vary according to several factors: environmental conditions (eg, air pollutants, occupancy density), humidity, cleanliness, season, temperature).WHO 2007 Response Acute Respiratory Infections (ISPAs) are upper or lower respiratory tract diseases, usually contagious, which can lead to a wide spectrum of diseases ranging from asymptomatic or mild infections to severe and fatal illness, depending on the pathogen, environmental factors , and host factors.

Symptoms of ARI are characterized by a red and swollen nose mucosal surface which eventually occurs with fever inflammation, swelling of certain tissues to redness. The infection may spread to the lungs, and cause shortness of breath or respiration, the inhaled oxygen is reduced after 3-5 days. Complications that may occur are sinusitis, pharyngitis, middle ear infections, tubal infections eustachii, to bronchitis and pneumonia (Halim, 2012).

The increasingly rapid development of shipbuilding industry to be an indictor of the progress of a nation, increasing welfare, and the availability of employment in this sector is a good example of the increasing shipbuilding industry. The role of shipyards in the context, social, economic, and defense of the country is very important (Abdullah, 2014).

The development of shipbuilding industry in addition will produce products that benefit the shipping community will also bring a negative impact on the surrounding environment. One of them is the increase of dust in the air free due to activity of sand balasting. Sand blasting method is to clean the dirt or rust of iron on the ship using sand media (Djatmiko, 2008).

Air pollution is an increase in the concentration of substances in the air that can be caused by human activities. In air pollution is always associated with sources that produce pollution to the air that is moving sources (generally motor vehicles) and immovable sources (generally industrial activity) while the control is always associated with a series of control activities that leads to air quality standards (Government Regulation No .41, 1999). Air is a mixture of gases found in layers

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not always constant. The most varied components of concentration are water in the form of H2O vapor and carbon dioxide. The amount of water vapor in the air varies depending on weather and temperature, air can be interpreted as a mixture of some gases that the ratio is not fixed, depending on the conditions of air temperature, air pressure and the surrounding environment.

Major environmental disturbances in ship reparation work are air pollution caused by dust from sand blasting activities (Hayes, 2004). Dust sucked by workers can cause lung function disorder which is the main organs of breathing. It is characterized by decreasing lung function which in advanced stage can cause decreasing of lung elasticity. The decrease of lung elasticity can then reduce volume of air volume reservoir (Halim, 2000).

Dust is a pollutant material commonly called pollutants, the dust itself is included into the particle-shaped part of the pollutant. Particles are air pollutants that can be together with other contaminated materials or forms. Dust is usually present in the air in the form of dense granules that are scattered and floated due to wind gusts with the size of 1 micron up to 500 microns (Wardhana, 2004). The technique used in sampling in this research is LVS, this technique can be used to measure indoor and outdoor particulate. The vacuum pump aims to pull the particulate in the air into the tool, then the particulate size is sorted by the separator (impactor) and the dust particles are deposited on the filter. After that will be done gravimetric analysis.

The results of preliminary study conducted by the research on March 15, 2017, through interviews with 10 workers in the general section obtained 4 respondents had experienced mild respiratory symptoms such as coughs, dry throat, accompanied by itching in the nasal passages. Pain data of PT.Gamatara Trans Ocean Shipyard in the last 3 months of last year mention that ISPA disease is one cause of employees absent due to illness with the recorded number is 15 cases (Monthly Report of PT.Gamatara Trans Ocean Shipyard, 2017). The purpose of this study to determine the relationship between the duration of exposure with mild ISPA symptoms in employees exposed to dust levels in Master Doc PT.Gamatara Trans Ocean Shipyard Cirebon Year 2017.

Method

The research method used is cross sectional study. The population of this research is 50 employees with total sampling technique. The total variable of dust content is done by taking air samples from two monitoring points, namely the dock area and the second docks, including the first step of preparing the low volume sample tool, then LVS is set up using a tripod, after the tool is ready and then turned on and sampling, when sampling weather conditions and wind direction is very supportive so that the samples taken purely air around the monitoring point area, so that air is not affected other activities such as loading and unloading of coal. Data analysis using chi square statistic test at alpha 5%.

Result

1. Levels of dust, duration of exposure, and symptoms of mild ISPA in shipyard workers Table 1. Distribution levels of dust, duration of exposure, and symptoms of mild ISPA

in shipyard workers years 2017

No Variable Frequency %

1. Level of dust

260 25 50

245 25 50

2. Duration of exposure

8 hours of work 16 32

> 8 hours of work 34 68

3. Symtoms of mild ISPA

Yes 43 86

No 7 14

Total 50 100

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2. Correlation duration of exposure with symtoms of mild ISPA

Table 2. Correlation duration of exposure with symtoms of mild ISPA in shipyard workers years 2017

No Duration exposure

of

Symtoms of mild ISPA

yes No

n % n %

Total

n %

p-value

1. 8 hours of work 6 37,5 10 52,5 16 100 0,003

2. > 8 hours of work 1 2,9 33 97,1 34 100

Total 7 14 43 100 50 100

Discussion

Based on table 1.1. it can be seen that the value of laboratory tests conducted at two points ie in Doc 1 is 260 ug / Nm3 ¬ and in Doc 2 is 245 ug / Nm3 with the number of employees each - each counted 25 people. The result of these two measurements means that it has exceeded the threshold value (NAB) of 230 ug / Nm3. This research is supported by result of research conducted by Sandra (2013) at traffic post Polwiltabes Surabaya got that result of measurement of dust 2,9602 ug / Nm3 exceeded threshold. The increase of dust level is caused by the activity of ship cleaning using sand media.

The sand used is sea sand which is sprayed directly kebadan ship which will be done cleaning.

Inhaled dust will cause mild ARI symptoms and this is one of the respiratory problems (Chandra, 2005), respiratory distress characterized by mild ARD symptoms, not only caused by dust but external factors that may result in respiratory disturbances, such as weather , wind and humidity.

Employee habits factors do not comply with the rules to use dust masks to be one cause of increased symptoms of mild ARI.

Total dust levels are particles in air that have a diameter of less than 100 μm (micrometers), between total dust levels, including particles that can be inhaled by the respiratory system. These particles are particles in the atmosphere that have a size equal to or even less than 10 μm (MOH, 2002). Increasing dust levels in gamatara docks are also influenced by the activities of other companies in the port area such as loading and unloading of coal, cringkel, cement and bulk flour.

Dust particle mechanisms enter the human body mainly through the respiratory system, therefore the adverse effects mainly occur in the respiratory system. Another factor that is most influential to the respiratory system is mainly the particle size, because the particle size determines how far the penetration of particles into the breathing. Dust is a small solid particle, which is particles of a diameter measuring between 5-10 microns and can be reduced in weight but will persist for some time (Suma "myrrh, 2009)

Increased dust concentration of PT.Gamatara Trans Ocean Shipyard dust is not very significant increase, increasing concentration of dust level is the impact of the number of ship making and repair.

Efforts taken as a precautionary measure and control on the shipyard industry is to increase the socialization of the use of special masks at the time of cleaning activities using the sand media.

Judging from the value of the lab test results the concentration of dust has exceeded the quality standard although not very significant, according to the authors to be able to reduce the dust level diarea dock can use water media sprayed into the air so that the dust particles that fly dissolved by water and fall, then on land - vacant land in the dock area can be planted trees titled can be a natural filter. Because the test values are homogeneous then dust levels can not be performed statistical analysis process associated with the relationship of dust levels with mild ARI symptoms. But in total the dust content can be dinterprestasikan in accordance with the value generated from two dust testing points.

The result of data analysis showed that most of respondent with 8 hours exposure time indicated mild ISPA symptoms as much as 10 people (60.2%) and for respondent with duration of exposure>

8 hours indicated mild ARI symptoms of 33 people (97.1%), the time allowed by the individual to be exposed so as not to cause health problems to the individual, so that if the duration of exposure exceeds the specified limits the health status and comfort of the individual may be disrupted (Chandra, 2005). At the time of the study the authors saw that the overtime arrangements were not well scheduled, the overtime arrangements in the masters section were more to the intervention that

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provisions of law no 13 of 2013 ie 3 hours in a day and 14 hours in one week when there is a delayed job, this causes the employee working hours to exceed normal.

The effect of prolonged exposure is determined from the concentration at exposure and duration of exposure (Handayani, 2003). The longer employees work, the greater the risk of exposure to dust, the effort taken to prevent the increased incidence of mild respiratory symptoms due to the duration of dust exposure is to create a shift schedule appropriate to normal working hours, as well as providing additional nutrition for employees, and maximizing the socialization of special dust masks Symptoms of mild respiratory infection are indicative of ARF, ISPA is one type of water bone disease or other airborne disease. When this happens it will cause irritation of the respiratory tract, this irritation will cause more mucus secretion resulting in mild ISPA symptoms (Chandra, 2005).

Symptoms of mild ARDs may occur if employees do not comply with the safety aspect, for example, disobedience of employees to use dust masks.

How to prevent the occurrence of mild ARI symptoms by increasing the immune system so as not susceptible to disease, other things that can be done by industry players to improve work nutrition, if the body's immune system increases it will be free from disturbing health. Dust mask suitable for use by the master dock officer is mask type N95 because it can filter dust up to 95%

.The physical condition of employees also greatly affect the mild symptoms of mild the more fit the employee then the risk of exposure to symptoms of ISPA will be smaller.

Refer to table 1.2. The result showed that there was correlation between the duration of exposure with mild ISPA symptoms (p value = 0,003), from the result of the field research, it was found that the workers with mild symptom symptom with the duration of 8 hours exposure per day was 62.5%.

Researchers get information that when new employees start work, not maximized socialization of SOP and orientation thorough both field orientation and training when apprenticeship on new employees related to prevention of exposure to dust. The results of the study also obtained employees with a long exposure over> 8 hours of 97.%.

The duration of exposure indicates a specific time limit allowed by the individual to be exposed so as not to cause health problems to the individual, so that if exposure exceeds the specified limits the health status and comfort of the individual may be impaired (Chandra, 2005). Docking activity using sand media as a tool to clean the ship and work hours exceeds the normal employees due to the target completion of contracts with customers and the activities of neighboring companies around PT, Gamatara which equally produce dust greatly affects the health status of the master doc employee.

Conslusion

The duration of exposure has a significant association causing mild ARF symptoms in shipyard work. The need for overtime adjustment by making overtime schedule if it is in the activity takes additional time to complete this task to prevent the occurrence of Occupational Diseases caused due to the duration exposed to dust exposure in the shipyard location.

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