Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation
IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development
Editorial Board
Anna Laura Pisello, Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Italy Dean Hawkes, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Hocine Bougdah, University for the Creative Arts, Farnham, UK Federica Rosso, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy Hassan Abdalla, University of East London, London, UK Sofia-Natalia Boemi, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Nabil Mohareb, Faculty of Architecture - Design and Built Environment, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
Saleh Mesbah Elkaffas, Arab Academy for Science, Technology, Egypt Emmanuel Bozonnet, University of la Rochelle, La Rochelle, France Gloria Pignatta, University of Perugia, Italy
Yasser Mahgoub, Qatar University, Qatar Luciano De Bonis, University of Molise, Italy
Stella Kostopoulou, Regional and Tourism Development, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Biswajeet Pradhan, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
Md. Abdul Mannan, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia Chaham Alalouch, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman Iman O. Gawad, Helwan University, Egypt
Anand Nayyar , Graduate School, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
Series Editor
Mourad Amer, International Experts for Research Enrichment and Knowledge Exchange (IEREK), Cairo, Egypt
Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation (ASTI)is a series of peer-reviewed books based on important emerging research that redefines the current disciplinary boundaries in science, technology and innovation (STI) in order to develop integrated concepts for sustainable development. It not only discusses the progress made towards securing more resources, allocating smarter solutions, and rebalancing the relationship between nature and people, but also provides in-depth insights from comprehensive research that addresses the 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs)as set out by the UN for 2030.
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Introduction
In light of ongoing circumstances, the world has changed profoundly. The health crisis, in the face of which even the richest countries found themselves unprepared, has somehow increased the perception of the other global crises—environmental, climatic, and social—which have been at the center of international debate for a long time, but have continued to deteriorate to date in the absence of major changes in development models in both advanced and emerging economies.
If, on the one hand, this more acute perception of the impending threats to mankind has accelerated mitigation and adaptation policies to global change, mobilizing significant resources towards the so-called ecological transition and the increase of urban resilience in the industrialized world; on the other hand, it is news these days the alarm raised by UN Secretary General, Antonio Guterres, on how the pandemic, increasing the gap between the Global North and South, is putting the planet off track to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals set by the UN Agenda 2030.
Focusing on SDG no. 11 “Sustainable Cities and Communities”—which deals with peo- ple’s living space, where social issues and impacts from human activities are concentrated, and is therefore the one more evidently linked with each of the other 16 SDGs—the papers that make up the three sections of this book give evidence of how disciplinary research is already able to provide advanced analysis tools and innovative design approaches to appropriately address, at all different scales and latitudes, the challenges we face.
Compiled and Edited during the pandemic, the Second Edition of Urban and Transportation Planning, we remain oblivious as to what the situation caused globally by the new Coron- avirus variants will be, when, in a few weeks, the volume will be finally released. Its preparation and whole production process, from the selection to the revision and editing of the papers, undertaken during the pandemic, is only incidentally mentioned in a few of its chapters, since for the most part, they derive from research previously initiated. In fact, only one, in part three, explores its cause-and-effect relationships with the built environment in the context of metropolitan cities in India.
With that being said, the hope is that the health tragedy we are going through can be soon left behind and remembered as a painful, late, but decisive turning point in the collective awareness and in worldwide governments’ assumption of responsibility, so that research lines and concepts such as those presented in the following pagesfind everywhere a fertile ground to germinate and hybridize, helping world regions, cities, and communities to become better places to live in.
Francesco Alberti
ix
Contents
Past and Future: City’s Image and Preservation
The Comparison Between Waterfront Space Renewal: Taking Shantang
Business Street and San Antonio River as Examples. . . 3 Jierui Wang
Past and Future: The Urban Landscape and the Virtuous Management
of Resource Flows for a Sustainable Environment. . . 17 Elvira Nicolini and Antonella Mamì
Territorial Identity and Sustainable Tourism; Resurrection of a Ghost Town:
The Vernacular Town of Zriba Oliya as a Case Study . . . 27 Nadya Bachouch
Toward an Inclusive City-System and User’s-Oriented Interventions:
Udine (IT), A Case Study . . . 41 Mickeal Milocco Borlini and Giovanni Tubaro
Transformative Actions in the Boston Harbor: Lessons Learned
from Past Projects Toward a Resilient and Sustainable Urban Future . . . 55 Dalia Munenzon and Yair Titelboim
Evaluation of Mitigation Strategies of the Urban Heat Island Effect in
Mediterranean Area. The Case Study of Largo Annigoni in Florence (Italy) . . . . 75 Rosa Romano, Paola Gallo, and Alessandra Donato
Linear Cities as an Alternative for the Sustainable Transition of Urban Areas
in Harmony with Natural Environment Principles . . . 87 Anna Zaręba, Alicja Krzemińska, Edward Truch, Magdalena Modelska,
Francisco Javier Grijalva, and Noriegae Rogelio Monrealf
City Planning: Urbanization and Development
Analysis of Quality Public Space—Case Study: Campus 2 State Islamic
University of Alauddin Makassar . . . 103 Sriany Ersina
Understanding the Role of Slums as ‘Poverty Traps’ or ‘Springboards’:
A Case Comparison of India and Latin America . . . 109 Debakshi Mitra
Changes in Urban Planning and Recommendation for Future Planning
in Ho Chi Minh City. . . 125 Pham Ngoc Quynh Giao, Pham Phi Phuong, and Petr Stanicky
xi
City Planning: Urbanization and Development
Analysis of Quality Public Space —Case Study: Campus 2 State Islamic University of Alauddin Makassar
Sriany Ersina
Abstract
Behavioral, social, cultural, and climatological factors currently influence the pattern of public space provision, especially on campus areas. At present the public space of the CAMPUS 2 area of State Islamic University of Alauddin Makassar tends to be “neglected” which is clearly seen from the arrangement of the physical design of the area; starting from the pedestrian ways, green open spaces/parks, gazebos, and the existing parking system do not yet appear as comfortable“containers” by its users, so these spaces are not yet in accordance with their functions. The theory of public space refers to elements of the quality of tropical city spaces by (Darmawan, Ruang Publik dan Kualitas Ruang Kota. Proceeding.
Seminar Nasional PESAT,2005a; Analisis Ruang Publik Arsitektur Kota,2005b), because they are considered to have the same activities of its users, namely: human scale and density, structure of clarity and identity, neatness-security-comfort, city/region management, visual variety, activity and mixed functions, special spaces, and pedestrian hospitality. This research is based on the rationalistic paradigm with a descriptive research method approach, namely: literature study on the basic theory of public space quality, field observations, ana- lyzing data using the Good Public Space Index (GPSI) method, as well as drawing conclusions so that it can be used as a guideline in the development and planning of public spaces in the CAMPUS 2 STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF ALAUDDIN MAKASSAR in the future.
Keywords
Quality
Public spaces Campus1 Introduction
State Islamic University of Alauddin Makassar (UINAM:
Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar) is a newly created campus of the Alauddin Islamic State Institute (IAIN), which has two campuses: currently, the campus 1 in Sultan Alauddin street no. 36 Makassar city is used as Strata Two (S2)/Magister and Strata Three (S3)/Doctorate lecture activities, training centers, lodgings/hotels, and hospitals, etc.; and campus 2 in HM. Yasin Limpo street no. 36, Samata, Gowa regency is used as a Strata One (S1)/
bachelor-level lecture activity.
Campus 2 State Islamic University of Alauddin Makassar consists of several buildings including convention building, rectorate building, faculty of science and technology, faculty of business and economy and all public facilities. Where the accessibility between buildings is still difficult to reach on foot due to the design of the area since there is still no connection between the buildings in the form of pedestrian ways. In a regional scale scientific study of urban (Sepideh Movahed et al., 2012), pedestrian ways are part of public space that must be considered because that is where social activities occur.
At present the public space of the CAMPUS 2 State Islamic University of Alauddin Makassar tends to be “ne- glected” which is clearly seen from the arrangement of the physical design of the area; starting from pedestrian ways, green open spaces/parks, gazebos, and the existing parking system do not yet appear as comfortable“containers” by its users, so these spaces are not yet in accordance with their functions. Campus 2 of State Islamic University of Alauddin Makassar is also a unique campus that has open public space and many activities inside; among others, it is used as a S. Ersina (&)
Department of Architecture, Urban Design Data Lab, State Islamic University of Alauddin Makassar, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
e-mail:[email protected]
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022
F. Alberti et al. (eds.), Urban and Transit Planning, Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97046-8_8
103
national ceremonial activity, learning and discussion for students, and sports activities such as football, basketball/futsal and sometimes the universityfield is used for animals like goats and cows for preparation Qurban of celebration Eid al-Adha.
Therefore, it is important to manage these public space campus in terms of planning and design through public space maintenance programs, enhancing the design of public spaces, as well as improving the quality of Campus 2 environment, State Islamic University of Alauddin Makassar (UINAM). It is expected that this improvement of the quality of public spaces including connecting these public spaces is made in order to create a campus area that is comfortable to humans.
The theory of public space refers to elements of the quality of tropical city spaces by Darmawan (2005a, b), because they are considered to have the same activities for its users, namely: human scale and density, structure of clarity and identity, neatness-security-comfort, city/region management, visual variety, activity and mixed functions, special space, and pedestrian hospitality.
In this research (Fig. 1), it is based on the rationalistic paradigm with a descriptive research method approach, namely: literature study on the basic theory of public space quality, field observations, analyzing data using the GPSI method, as well as drawing conclusions so that it can be used as a guideline in the development and planning of public
spaces in the CAMPUS 2 STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF ALAUDDIN MAKASSAR in the future.
Quality public space according to Carr (1992) can be seen from the ongoing activities in that space. Activities in open public spaces include telling stories, playing games, and greeting each other, or just passive contact such as sitting down to watch the surroundings and listening to the crowd and also creating an active and festive atmosphere.
Several indicators of the use of public spaces that serve as benchmarks for quality in an area are: (1) number of users;
social activities in public spaces that occur because of the presence of other people in that place; public spaces that function well are indicated by more people using the space which in turn can invite more and more people to visit (Gehl, 1987). (2) The level of social activity is indicated by the high proportion of users who come together or in groups; people who come in groups have used a room to meet regularly (Whyte,1979). (3) The time of the activity is reviewed based on the use of space that varies according to time and day of the week.
2 Literature Review and Theory
Public space, according to the Project for Public Spaces in New York in Darmawan (2005a, b), in a city is generally referred to a form of space that humans use together in the
Information:
Zone 1 : Convention building Zone 2 : Convention building and its surroundings
Zone 3 : Plaza University/UINAM Zone 4 : Lecturer Building and its surroundings
Zone 5 : Parking of Science and technology faculty building and its surroundings
Zone 6 : Ushuluddin and philosophy faculty building
Zone 7 : Pedestrian way connecting Zone 8 : Gate 2 University/Campus Zone 9 : Football field
Zone 10 : Basketball / Futsal court Zone 11 : Garden fountains university and its surrounding
Zone 12 : Da'wah and Communication faculty building
Zone 13 : Health and Medicine faculty building
Zone 14 : Health and Medicine faculty building and its surroundings
Fig. 1 Map of research zone distribution (Source Personal Editing, 2018)
104 S. Ersina
form of roads, pedestrians, parks, plazas, public transporta- tion facilities (bus stop), and museum.
In general, public space is an open space that can accommodate the need for meeting places and joint activities in the open air. This space enables human encounters to interact with one another. Because these spaces often arise in a variety of joint activities, these open spaces are categorized as public spaces.
Meanwhile, according to Roger Scruton in Darmawan (2005a,b), each public space has the following meanings: a location that is designed to have maximum access to the surrounding environment, where humans interact and the behavior of the public space users.
Although some experts say that public space is generally open space, Rustam Hakim (2003) says that public space is a container that can accommodate certain activities of the community, both individually and in groups, where the form of public space is very dependent on the pattern and building mass composition. By their nature, public space is divided into two types, namely:
1. Closed public space: is a public space contained in a building.
2. Open public space: public space outside the building which is often also called open space.
In assessing the quality of regional public spaces there are eight important elements, namely:
1. Mixed activities and functions 2. Special space
3. Pedestrian hospitality 4. Human scale and density 5. Structure, clarity, and identity 6. Neatness, safety, and comfort 7. Regional management 8. Visual variety
According to Gehl (2011), outdoor activities in public space are divided into three categories, namely: necessary activities, optional activities, and social activities.
Furthermore he also explained that it includes (1) Neces- sary activities such as going to school or to work, shopping, waiting for a bus or a person, running errands, and dis- tributing mail; (2) Optional activities such as activities as taking a walk to breath fresh air, standing around enjoying life, or sitting and sunbathing; and (3) Social activities; all these activities highly depend on the physical conditions of the outdoor in public space. If the outdoor area is of high quality, then many outdoor activities can take place with about the same frequency—although obviously, people tend to take longer, due to better physical condition.
3 Method
The research method used is a descriptive research method:
1. Literature study of the basic theory of public space.
2. Field observations at locations that have been identified and determined.
3. Analysis of data obtained in the field, using the GPSI method, using 6 variables (Mehta,2007).
1:IU Intensity of Useð Þ :
IU¼average number of people highest amount 2:ISU Intensity of Social Useð Þ :
ISU¼the number of people involved in the group highest amount
3:PDS People’s Duration of Stayð Þ : PDS¼average time
highest time
4:TDU Temporal Diversity of Useð Þ :
D = N Nð 1Þ=Total n n 1ð Þ Simpson’s Diversity Indexð Þ 5:VU Variety of Useð Þ :
D = N Nð 1Þ=Total n n 1ð Þ Simpson’s Diversity Indexð Þ 6:DU Diversity of Usersð Þ :
D = N Nð 1Þ=Total n n 1ð Þ Simpson’s Diversity Indexð Þ
By using the GPSI method, the activities and its users can be well studied with certainty and quickly. The sample in this study is all those who use public spaces in the campus UINAM. The study was conducted from Monday to Sunday, starting at 8:00 a.m. to 21:00 p.m. local time.
4 Results and Discussions
GPSI method was used to analyze the data and used as a tool to measure the quality of public space to work as planned.
The effectiveness of public space was indicated by a score from 0 to 1 described as follows:
a. Basic interpretation
• GPSI is obtained by adding up the values of all variables.
• By using the six variables, where each variable has a range of values from 0 to 1 and also has the same interpretation where the value approaching 1 is posi- tive; thus the minimum value is“0” and maximum “1.”
• A value close to “0” interpreted that the analysis segment has a very low value in terms of outdoor space utilization.
Analysis of Quality Public Space. Case Study: Campus 2 … 105
• Low scores are discussed in more detail by reviewing the value of each of the constituent variables: low number of users, low social interaction, not long duration of the activity, no diversity of activities or the dominance of certain groups of individuals in the use of space.
• GPSI values that are close to “1” indicate that the analysis segment has a higher democratic nature (used by diverse individuals), which is more responsive (able to accommodate diverse activities and more individuals) so that it is preferred by users because it has meaning.
b. Modification method
• This method can be used to analyze the use of space on a day of observation or use of space in a time segment, where the use of space in the morning compared with the use of space during the other times in a day, afternoon or night.
The average GPSI value of QUALITY PUBLIC SPACE
at CAMPUS 2 STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
OF ALAUDDIN MAKASSAR indicates a high level.
Table1consists of the results of each variable index, where
from the overall research zone there are 3 places that show a high significance value approaching the positive value of 1.
Figure2 provides information about the analysis of the GPSI. It indicates that (1) Plaza UINAM, amounting to 0.776501291; (2) Basketball/Futsal Field UINAM, amounting to 0.775949823; and (3) Faculty of Health and Medicine UINAM, amounting to 0.732590436; where the values are approaching 1 which is positive, and have become great public spaces on the UINAM campus.
Nevertheless, the public space is still considered unre- sponsive to its users; as well as meaningless to them as a really comfortable public space for activities. Therefore, it is necessary to plan and design for improvement in order to increase the effectiveness of activities on the UINAM campus.
From Fig.3, it can be seen that the highest of Variety of Use (VU) in the Plaza UINAM shows a value of 0.996443874, where the value approaching 1 is positive and is interpreted as a quality public space with a variety of activities from morning to night. Likewise, in the People’s Duration of Stay (PDS) variable in the Garden fountains of the university and its surrounding shows a value of 0.937511, where the value approaching 1 is positive and is
Table 1 Summary of analysis and discussion of research data results (Source Researcher’s Analysis, 2018) Instrumen
Ruang Publik IU ISU PDS TDU VU DU
Summary Indeks 01 Fakultas Sains & Teknologi (Tik 5A) 0.525823 0.637346 0.660714 0.753695 0.493327208 0.147058824 0.536327339 02 Fakultas Sains & Teknologi (Tik 5B) 0.648377 0.673214 0.493902 0.750794 0.536215051 0.620689655 0.620531951 03 Fakultas Sains & Teknologi (Tik 7A) 0.582938 0.624317 0.775111 0.765766 0.36786975 0.685785417 0.633631195 04 Fakultas Sains & Teknologi (Tik 7B) 0.614326 0.576841 0.713964 0.761141 0.450724591 0.728215328 0.640868653 05 Fakultas Sains & Teknologi (Antara Gedung C, Rektorat, &
Ruang Dosen)(4) 0.676375 0.631944 0.910494 0.756411 0.547896397 0.699113079 0.703705579
06 Audiotorium UINAM & Sekitarnya (Tik 2A) 0.667062 0.825949 0.502778 0.750505 0.512450327 0.746629602 0.667562322 07 Audiotorium UINAM & Sekitarnya (Tik 2B) 0.633421 0.591121 0.648551 0.760976 0.458810281 0.752959892 0.640973196 08 Taman Air Mancur UINAM & Sekitarnya (Tik 11A) 0.613501 0.746971 0.937511 0.768067 0.404718153 0.751284912 0.703675511 09 Taman Air Mancur UINAM & Sekitarnya (Tik 11B) 0.659487 0.673451 0.650273 0.756098 0.362775708 0.748827951 0.641818777 10 Lapangan Sepak Bola UINAM (9) 0.623233 0.620915 0.637511 0.769231 0.723041153 0.744985843 0.686486166 11 Lapangan Basket/Futsal UINAM (10) 0.841667 0.575301 0.854369 0.764121 0.870087898 0.750153042 0.775949823 12 Fak.Kesehatan & Kedokteran UINAM (13) 0.597902 0.717448 0.577381 0.769841 0.209771751 0.723159228 0.599250497 13 Fak.Kesehatan & Kedokteran UINAM (14) 0.690476 0.736486 0.848921 0.765032 0.671232508 0.683395109 0.732590436
14 Plaza UINAM (03) 0.715972 0.775111 0.685938 0.760317 0.996443874 0.725225873 0.776501291
15 Fak.Ushuluddin & Filsafat (6) 0.659622 0.635057 0.627358 0.767881 0.526534135 0.75094258 0.661232453
16 Pintu 2 UINAM (8) 0.605442 0.646041 0.527083 0.770053 0.205260886 0.75262158 0.584416911
17 Depan Fak.Dakwah & Komunikasi (12) 0.675895 0.846939 0.802198 0.763012 0.520040764 0.751414605 0.726583228 Information: IU : Intensity of Use, ISU : Intensity of Social Use, PDS : People’s Duration of Stay, TDU : Temporal Diversity of
Use, VU : Variety of Use, DU : Diversity of Users
106 S. Ersina
interpreted as a quality public space with duration time average in the place approximately 2 h.
5 Conclusion
The results showed that there were 3 zones of public spaces in the UINAM campus area which were classified as high, namely Plaza UINAM, Basketball/Futsal Field UINAM, and Faculty of Health and Medicine UINAM. Likewise, VU (Variety of Use) and PDS (People’s Duration of Stay)
showed a positive significance value. This can be seen from the values shown. Nevertheless, there are several gaps important to follow up. In general, the problem identified is the lack of lee, such as plant, to protect users of these public spaces from the sun's heat. Another problem is the domi- nance of passive activities, such as sitting, conversing, playing in cellphone, and taking pictures but they run short of supporting facilities for sports, pedestrians, and parking.
This is not parallel to the concept and theory of quality of public open space which needs an active and festive envi- ronment and also supported by better physical conditions.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Good Public Space Index
At State Islamic University of Alauddin Makassar
IU ISU PDS TDU VU DU Summary Indeks
01 Faculty of Science and Technology (Point 5A) 02 Faculty of Science and Technology (Point 5B) 03 Faculty of Science and Technology (Point 7A) 04 Faculty of Science and Technology (Point 7B) 05 Faculty of Science and Technology (Point 4) 06 Convention Building (Point 2A)
07 Convention Building (Point 2B) 08 Garden fountains university (Point 11A) 09 Garden fountains university (Point 11B) 10 Football field (Point 9)
11 Basketball / Futsal court (Point 10) 12 Health and Medicine faculty (Point 15) 13 Health and Medicine faculty (Point 14) 14 Plaza University/UINAM (Point 3) 15 Ushuluddin and philosophy faculty (Point 6) 16 Gate 2 University (Point 8)
17 Da'wah and Communication faculty (Point 12)
Information:
IU : Intensity of Use ISU : Intensity of Social Use PDS : People’s Duration of Stay TDU : Temporal Diversity of Use VU : Variety of Use
DU : Diversity of Users
Fig. 2 Good public space index at State Islamic University of Alauddin Makassar (Source Researcher's Analysis, 2018)
Analysis of Quality Public Space. Case Study: Campus 2 … 107
References
Carr, S. E. (1992). Public space. Cambridge University Press.
Darmawan, E. (2005a). Ruang Publik dan Kualitas Ruang Kota.
Proceeding. Seminar Nasional PESAT. Auditorium Universitas Gunadarma. ISSN 18582559.
Darmawan, E. (2005b). Analisis Ruang Publik Arsitektur Kota. Badan Penerbit UNDIP.
Gehl, J. (1987). Life between buildings. Van Nostrand Reinbold Company.
Gehl, J. (2011). The life between buildings. Island Press.
Hakim, R. (2003). Konsep Perancangan Arsitektur Lansekap. Balai Pustaka.
Mehta, V. (2007). A toolkit for performance measures of public space.
43rd ISOCARP Congress.
Movahed, S. et al. (2012). A safe pedestrian walkway; Creation a safe public space based on pedestrian safety. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences, 35, 572–585.
Whyte, W. H. (1979). The social life of small urban spaces. The Conservation Foundation.
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Good Public Space Index
At State Islamic University of Alauddin Makassar
IU ISU PDS TDU VU DU Summary Indeks
01 Faculty of Science and Technology (Point 5A)
02 Faculty of Science and Technology (Point 5B)
03 Faculty of Science and Technology (Point 7A)
04 Faculty of Science and Technology (Point 7B)
05 Faculty of Science and Technology (Point 4)
06 Convention Building (Point 2A) 07 Convention Building (Point 2B) 08 Garden fountains university (Point 11A)
09 Garden fountains university (Point 11B)
10 Football field (Point 9)
11 Basketball / Futsal court (Point 10) 12 Health and Medicine faculty (Point 15)
13 Health and Medicine faculty (Point 14)
14 Plaza University/UINAM (Point 3) 15 Ushuluddin and philosophy faculty (Point 6)
16 Gate 2 University (Point 8) 17 Da'wah and Communication faculty (Point 12)
Information:
IU : Intensity of Use ISU : Intensity of Social Use PDS : People’s Duration of Stay TDU : Temporal Diversity of Use VU : Variety of Use
DU : Diversity of Users
Fig. 3 Detail of good public space index at State Islamic University of Alauddin Makassar (Source Researcher's Analysis, 2018)
108 S. Ersina
