LAB ASSISTANT SHORT NOTES BY ARCHANAKUMAR DHARMAPURI. Page 1
LAB ASSISTANT PHYSICAL SCIENCE
(SHORT NOTES FOR CHEMISTRY)
You must read and important to 10 TH 9 th 8th STD SCIENCE BOOKS)
REFERS
From 4
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th(samaser kalvi books)
mkpyq;fs;> fhuq;fs; kw;Wk; cg;Gfs;
( gUg;nghUs;fs; kw;Wk; mjd; jd;ikfs;)
| mkpyq;fs; (Acids) – mrpl]; - Gspg;G RitAilaJ.S
| (,yj;jPd; nrhy;) ( v.fh. japh;> vYk;gpr;ir rhW> MuQ;R> tpdpfh;> Gsp> jf;fhsp); md;whl tho;tpy gad;gLk; nghUl;fs;.
| mkpyk; - fiury; epiyapy; i`l;u[d; madp jUtJ (mhpdpa]; nfhs;if)
(H⁺) (,lg;ngah;r;rp nra;aj;jf;f i`l;u[d;)
| mkpyk; - fhpk mkpyk; ( jhtu tpyq;FfspypUe;J ngwg;gLtJ)
fdpk mkpyk; (fdpkq;fspy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gLtJ)
| fhpk mkpyk; - (COOH njhFjp nfhz;l fhpk Nrh;kq;fs;)
v.fh. CH₂ COOH,H COOH
| ,aw;ifapy; fpilf;Fk; fhpk mkpyq;fs;;:
tpdpfh;- mrpbf; mkpyk; ntz;iz – gpA+bf; mkpyk;
vYk;gpr;ir- rpl;hpf; mkpyk; vWk;G - ghh;kpf; mkpyk;
jf;fhsp - Mf;rhypf; mkpyk; Gsp - lhh;lhhpf; mkpyk;
jpuhl;ir - lhh;lhhpf; mkpyk; japh; - yhf;bf; mkpyk;
ghy; - yhf;bf; mkpyk; cool drinks – rpl;hpf;+ Mf;rhypf;
LAB ASSISTANT SHORT NOTES BY ARCHANAKUMAR DHARMAPURI. Page 2 mkpyk; (H₂ CO)
| fdpk mkpyk;: v.fh: i`l;Nuh FNshhpf; mkpyk; (HCL)
ry;G+hpf; mkpyk; (or) fe;jf mkpyk; (H₂ SO₄)
iel;hpf; mkpyk; (HNO₃)
| Ntjpg;nghUs;fspd; murd;- H₂ SO₄(ry;G+hpf; (or) fe;jf mkpyk;
| Battery a cid (or) kpd;fy mkpyk;- ePh;j;j H₂ SO₄
| cu mkpyk; (fertilizer acid ) – HNO₃
| fz;zhbia mhpf;Fk; mkpyk;- HF (i`l;Nuh g;Shpf; mkpyk;)
| tapw;wpy; nrhpkhzj;jpw;F Ruf;Fk; mkpyk;-HCL
| fdpk mkpyq;fs; mhpf;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;lit
| ,uh[ jpuhtfk; - mlh; HCL+mlh; HNO₃ – 3:1 vd;w tpfpjj;jpy;
| fhw;Wg;gl;l Fsph;ghdk;- H₂CO₃-fhh;Nghdpf; mkpyk;
| mkpyj;jpd; gz;Gfs;:
Gspg;G RitAilaJ> mhpf;Fk; jd;ik cilaJ
nghJthf vy;yh mkpyq;fspYk; ,lg;ngah;r;rp nra;aj;jf;f i`l;u[d; ,Uf;Fk;.
mkpyq;fs; cNyhfq;fSld; tpidGhpe;J i`l;u[d; thAit ntspg;gLj;Jk;.
mkpyq;fs; ePy ypl;k]; jhis rptg;ghf khw;Wk;.
mkpyq;fs; gpdhg;jypd; epwq;fhl;bAld; epwkw;wit nkj;jpy; ‘MuQ;Rld; rptg;G
epwj;ijAk;;’
jUk;.
| jq;fj;ij fiuf;fty;y mkpyk; : ,uh[ jpuhtfk; (mf;th hp[pah).
(HCL+HNO₃)
| fhuq;fs; (Bases (or) Alkalies):-
LAB ASSISTANT SHORT NOTES BY ARCHANAKUMAR DHARMAPURI. Page 3
‘Alkalies’ vd;gJ khh;rhk;gy;-,jpy; Nrhbak; kw;Wk; nghl;lhrpaj;jpd;
fhh;gNdl;Lfs; cs;sd.
| fhuq;fs; - fiurypy; i`l;uhf;irL madpia (OH)
(ePUld;)nfhLf;Fk;- (mhPdpa]; nfhs;ifgb)
v.fh:- nuhl;b Nrhlh> vhp Nrhlh> Nrhlh (ryit Nrhlh) vhpgl;lhR>;
fh];bf; Nrhlh.
| fhuq;fs; -tO tOg;ghdit> frg;G RitAilait.
| cNyhf Mf;i]Lfs; kw;Wk; i`l;uhf;i]Lfs; fhuq;fs; vdg;gLk;.
v.fh:- fhuj;jpd; ngah; - gad;ghl;L ngah;
(Ntjpg; ngah;)
| Nrhbak; i`l;uhf;i]L (NaoH) − fh];bf; Nrhlh ( vhp Nrhlh).
| nghl;lhrpak; i`l;uhf;i]L(KOH)− fh];bf; nghl;lh~;
| fhy;rpak; i`l;uhf;i]L [Ca (OH₂)]− ePw;Wr; Rz;zhk;G (ePh; Rz;zhk;G)
| nkf;dPrpak; i`l;uhf;i]L[Mg(OH)₂]− mkpy ePf;fp (nkf;dPrpak; ghy;kh;)
| Nrhbak; kw;Wk; nghl;lhrpak;>
| i`l;uhf;i]L cg;Gfs; − Nrhg;G ( fhuj;jd;ik cilaJ)
| mNkhdpak; i`l;uhf;i]L (NH₄OH)− fz;zhb Rj;jk; nra;a
| fhy;rpak; Mf;i]L (Cao) − Rl;l Rz;zhk;G
| nkf;dPrpak; Mf;i]L (Mgo)
| Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; (Na₂ co₃) − ryit Nrhlh (Nrhlh)
| Nrhbak; ig fhh;gNdl; (NaHCO₃) − nuhl;b Nrhlh
(lhh;lhhpf; mkpyk;)
| Nrhbak; i`l;uhf;i]L (NaoH) - vhp Nrhlh
| nghl;lhrpak; i`l;uhf;i]L (KOH) - vhp gl;lhR
LAB ASSISTANT SHORT NOTES BY ARCHANAKUMAR DHARMAPURI. Page 4 | Rl;l Rz;zhk;G - Cao
| Rz;zhk;G fy; - CaCO₃
| fhyikd; - Zn CO₃
(Jj;jehf fhh;gNdl;)
| fhuj;jpd; gz;Gfs;:-
frg;G RitAilJ – i`l;uhf;i]L madp cilait
rptg;G ypl;ki] ePy epwkhf khw;Wk;
totog;ghf ,Uf;Fk;
| nkj;jpy; MuQ;R epwq;fhl;bAld; kQ;rs; epwj;ijAk; gPdhg;jypd; epwq;fhl;bAld; ,sQ;rptg;G epwj;ij jUk;;;.
|fhu> mkpyq;fs; fz;lwpa epwq;fhl;bfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
|fhu mkpy epwq;fhl;bfs;. v.fh:- ypl;k];> gpdhg;jyPd;
(nkj;jpy;) (MuQ;R)
|mkpyk; → ePy ypl;k]; jhis rptg;ghf khw;Wk;.
(Acid) Blue litmus to Red –Acid ( BRA)
|fhuk; → rptg;G ypl;k]; jhis ePy epwkhf khw;Wk;.
(Base) Red litmus to Blue - Base (RBB)
| mkpyk; → gPdhg;jypd; epwq;fhl;bapy; epwkw;wit.
→ gPl;&l; rhWld; ,sQ;rptg;G epwk;.
| rptg;G → rptg;G Kl;ilNfhR rhWld; rptg;G epwj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
| fhuk; → gPdhg;jypd; epwq;fhl;bapy; ,sQ;rptg;G epwk;.
→gPl;&l; rhWld; kQ;rs; epwk;
→rptg;G Kl;ilNfhR rhWld; gr;ir epwk;.
|ypl;k]; - Xh; ,aw;if rhak; - ypr;rd;];]py; ,Ue;J jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ –ePhpy; Cjh
LAB ASSISTANT SHORT NOTES BY ARCHANAKUMAR DHARMAPURI. Page 5 | mkpyk; kw;Wk; fhuk; Kw;wpYk; tpidGhptJ eLepiyahf;fy; tpid MFk;. ,jpy; mkpyk;
kw;Wk; fhuk; ,ize;J eLepiyahf;fYf;F cl;gl;L cg;Gk; ePUk; jUfpwJ.
mkpyk; + fhuk; →cg;G + ePh;
Hcl + NaOH → Nacl + H₂O
| i`l;Nuh FNshhpf; mkpyj;jpypUe;J cUthFk; cg;Gfs; FNshiuL cg;Gfs; MFk;.
v.fh:- Nrhbak; FNshiuL (Nacl).
| iel;hpf; mkpyj;jpypUe;J cUthFk; cg;Gfs; iel;Nul; cg;Gfs; MFk;.
v.fh:- fhg;gh; iel;Nul;
| ry;gpAhpf; mkpyj;jpypUe;J cUthFk; cg;Gfs; ry;Ngl; cg;Gfs; MFk;.
v.fh:- fhg;gh; ry;Ngl;.
| Nrhbak; FNshiuL (Nacl) - rhjhuzkhd cg;G ( rikay; cg;G)
| Nrhbak; ig fhh;gNdl; - nuhl;b Nrhlh> Fsph;ghdk;
| Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; - ryit Nrhlh
| nghl;lhrpak; iel;Nul; - ntb nghUl;fspy;
| Nkhh;]; cg;G kw;Wk; ,ul;il cg;G> ePNuw;wg;gl;l nghl;lhrpak;> mYkpdpak; ry;Ngl;
| Cuso₄ - fhg;gh; ry;Ngl; - g+r;rp nfhy;yp
| kapy; Jj;jk; (Blue vitriol) – ePNuw;wg;gl;l fhg;gh; ry;Ngl; (Cuso₄– 5H₂o)
| ntz; Jj;jk; (white vitriol) – [pq;fh; ry;Ngl;
| gr;ir Jj;jk; (Green vitriol)- Fe so₄
| white vitriol – H₂so₄ (oil of vitriol) fz;zhb vz;nza;
| Gifg;glj; njhopy; gad;gLk; cg;G – AgBr (rpy;th; GNuhikL)
| gbfhu fy; - nghl;lh~; Myk;
| [pg;rk; - CaSAO₄, 2H₂O Y}dhh; fh];bf; -AgNO₃
LAB ASSISTANT SHORT NOTES BY ARCHANAKUMAR DHARMAPURI. Page 6 | ghhp]; rhe;J (plaster of pain) – CaSO₄, 1/2H₂O (khTf; fl;L)
| ntz;ikepw ryit fy; - Caco₃
| nrhpkhdkpd;ik rhp nra;a gad;gLtJ – nkf;dpah ghy;kk;.
| vWk;G fbj;jYf;F kUe;Jfspy; gad;gLtJ – fhyikd; (Jj;jehf fhh;gNdl;)
| tpl;lkpd; - C (rpl;hpf; mkpyk;) – m];fhh;gpf; mkpyk;
| nkf;dPrpak; (Ms) fhw;Wld; gpufhrkhf vhpe;J nkf;dprpak; Mf;i]ilAk; mJ ePhpy;
fiuf;fg;gl;lhy; nkf;dprpak; i`l;uhf;i]ilAk; (nkf;dPrpah ghy;kk;) jUfpwJ.
| gbkq;fs;> fha;fwpfs; fhw;wpy; ntl;lg;gl;L jpwe;J itj;jhy; mJ gOg;G epwkhf khw
fhuzk; mjpy; cs;s gPdhypf; njhFjp Nrh;kq;fs; gOg;G epw nkyhdpd; Nrh;kkhf
Mf;]p[Ndw;wk; milfpwJ.
| nts;sp> ghj;jpuq;fs;> nfhYRfs;> gsg;gsg;ig ,of;f fhuzk; mJ fhw;wpYs;s ry;gUld; tpidg;gl;L ry;igL Nrh;kkhf khw;WtNj MFk;.
| mkpyq;fs; nghJthf Na₂ CO₃ Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; my;yJ Na₂ CO₃ Nrhbak; ig
fhh;gNdl;Lld; Eiuj;J nghq;Fjy; epfo fhuzk; CO₂ ntsptUtJ MFk;.
|fz;zhbia mhpf;Fk; mkpyk; - HF (i`l;Nuh g;Shpf; mkpyk;) (i`l;u[d; g;SiuL)
| cyfpd; mjpf typikkpf;f mkpyk; - HFSO₃ (g;SNuh ry;g+hpf; mkpyk;)
cuq;fspdhy; kz; mkpyj;jd;ik ngWfpwJ.
|ryitj; Js; (Bleaching powder) - Caocl₂ (fhy;rpak; Mf;]p FNshiuL)> FbePhpy; ghf;Bhpahit mspg;gJ.
| ePhpy; cs;s ghf;Bhpahit mspf;f (ePiuj; Ja;ikahf;f) gad;gLtJ- CaoCl₂
(gpspr;rpq; gTlh;)
|fhpk mkpyq;fs; fhpk mkpyq;fis tpl
typik kpFe;jit nfhOg;G mkpyq;fs; - fhh;ghypf; mkpyq;fs;.
typik Fiwe;j mkpyq;fs; ( fhpk mkpyq;fs;)- HCOOH, CH₃COOH (mrpl;bf; mkpyk;
- tpdpfh;)
LAB ASSISTANT SHORT NOTES BY ARCHANAKUMAR DHARMAPURI. Page 7 typik Fiwe;j fhuk; - mNkhdpak; i`l;uhf;i]L (NH₄OH)
mkpyj;jd;ikia Fwpg;gpl fhuj;Jtk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
fhuj;jd;ikia Fwpg;gpl mkpyj;Jtk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
xU fhuj;Jt mkpyk; HCL,HNO₃ Kf;fhuj;Jt mkpyk;
,U fhuj;Jt mkpyk; H₃SO₄, H₃PO₃ H₃PO4
xU mkpyj;Jt fhuk; NaOH,KOH
,U mkpyj;Jt fhuk; CaCOH
| xU fiurypd; mkpyk; kw;Wk; fhuj;jpd; typikia mstpl gad;gLk; mstPL – PH
mstPL.
PH mstPL- i`l;u[d; madpapd; nrwpit mbg;gilahf nfhz;lJ.
PH = log 10 [H+]
PH msTNfhy;;: 0 Kjy; 14 tiu
0→7→14
mkpyj;jd;ik↓ fhuj;jd;ik
eLepiy
| mkpyj;jpw;fhd PH msTNfhy; : 7ypUe;J 0 tiu Fiwa Fiwa mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
(0 Kjy; 7 tiu) PH₇ tpl FiwT
| fhuj;jpw;fhd PH msTNfhy; : 7 ypUe;J 14 tiu mjpfhpf;f fhuj;jd;ik.
(7 Kjy; 14 tiu) PH₇ tpl mjpfk; mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
| eLepiy fiury; ePhpd; kjpg;G PH4 kjpg;G :7
fiury; PH4 kjpg;G
kdpj uj;jk; → 7.3
kdpj ckpo; ePh; → 6.5 to 7.5
LAB ASSISTANT SHORT NOTES BY ARCHANAKUMAR DHARMAPURI. Page 8 vYk;gpr;ir rhW → 2.2 to 2;.4
fhgp → 4.4 to 5.5
| kioePhpd; PH7 - (PH kjpg;G 7 tpl FiwT vdpy; mJ mkpy kio)
| rikay; Nrhlh PH – 8.2 ePhpd; madpg; ngUf;f kjpg;G 10⁻ˡ⁴
| tpdpfh; PH kjpg;G – 2.5 Nkhy; yp -2
| ePhpy; [H+]= [o⁴] = 10 ⁻⁷ Nkhy; yp -1
( eLepiy fiury;)
vdNt ePhpd; PH = 7 ( eLepiy fiurYf;F)
| ghhP]; rhe;J (plaster of pains) – Caso₄. ½ H₂o fhy;rpak; ry;Ngl;
(gpsh];lh; Mg; ghhp];) khTf;fl;L n`kp i`l;Nul;
| fhh;gd; iyl; - Nrhbak; ry;Ngl; (Na₂So₄)
| vYk;Gr; rhk;gypy; ,Ug;gJ - fhy;rpak; gh];Ngl;
| fly; ePhpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; jdpkk; - Nrhbak;
| fjphpaf;f jdpkk; Nubaj;ij fz;lwpe;jth; - Nkhp Faphp
| fjphpaf;fj;ij fz;lwpe;jth; - n`d;wp ngf;Nfhuy;.
| ,Uk;G JUg;gpbj;jy; - cNyhf mhpkhdk; - kpd; Ntjptpid
| ,Uk;G -Neh; kpd; vjph;Kid
| tspkz;ly fhh;gd; Jfs; - vjph; kpd; Kid
| Co₂ fiue;j ePh; (H₂CO₃) fhh;Nghdpf; mkpyk; - kpd; gFsp | ,Uk;G JUg;gpbj;jy; jLj;jy; - ehf Kyhk; g+Rjy;
| ,Uk;gpd; kPJ Zn [pq;f; (fhy; tid]; nra;jy;) (Jj;jehfk;) Kyhk; g+Rjy;.
| ry;igL jhJ mlh;gpf;Fk; Kiw – Eiu kpjg;G Kiw (igd; vz;nza;).
| Mf;i]L jhJ mlh;gpf;Fk; Kwi – Gtp <h;g;G Kiw.
mZ mikg;G
LAB ASSISTANT SHORT NOTES BY ARCHANAKUMAR DHARMAPURI. Page 9 mZitg; gw;wpa Kjy; nfhs;ifia ntspapl;lth; (fz;lwpe;jth;) – [hd; lhy;ld;.
gUg;nghUl;fspd; kpf Ez;zpa Jfs; - mZ.
| mZtpd; cUtsT Vwj;jho 10⁻¹⁰ m (IA).
| gUg;nghUl;fspd; kpd; jd;ik gw;wpa Nrhjid %yk; Kjypy; cWjp nra;jth; -
ikf;nfy; ghuNl.
| gUg;nghUl;fspd; kpd;jd;ikahdJ kpd; mZf;fs; vd;w Jfs; mjhtJ vyf;l;uhd;fs;
MdJ – [hd; ];Nlhd;.
| vyl;uhd;id fz;lwpe;jth; - J.J. jhk;]d;.
| vyf;l;uhdpd; kpd;Rik – vjph; kpd; Rik (-vc) cila mZj;Jfs;.
| vyl;uhd; fz;lwpe;j Nrhjid –ntw;wplkhf;fg;gl;l vjph; kpd;dpwf;ff;Foha; - Nrhjidapy;
vjph;kpd;thapy; ,Ue;J tUk; fjph; Zns
| [pq;f; ry;igL (jpiuapy;) xsph;jiy cz;lhf;Fk;. - ,it vjph;kpd; tha; fjph;fs; (NfNjhL fjph;fs;)- vyf;l;uhd;fs;.
| GNuhl;lhid fz;lwpe;jth;- Nfhy;L];Bd; (1886)
| GNuhl;lhdpd; kpd;Rik – Neh;kpd;Rik cila mZj;Jfs;.
| GNuhl;lhd; fz;lwpe;j Nrhjid – Jisaplg;gl;l vjph;kpd;tha; nfhz;l
kpd;dpwf;ff; Foha;-vjph;kpd;thapd; gpd;Gwk; rptg;G epw xsph;jy; Neh;kpd;thapy; ,Ue;J cUthdjhy; - Neh;kpd;tha; fjph;fs; my;yJ fhy;tha; fjph;fs; - GNuhl;lhd;fs; ( Neh;kpd;Rik nfhz;l mZj;Jfs;.
i`l;u[d; mZ → GNuhl;lhd; + vyf;l;uhd;
(H → H+e-)
| vyf;l;uhd; kw;Wk; GNuhl;lhd; ,uz;Lk; kpd;Gyk; kw;Wk; fhe;jg;Gyj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gLk;.
| fhe;j Gyj;jhy; ghjpf;fhj fjph; - fjph; ( fhkh fjph; )
| epAl;uhid fz;lwpe;jth; - rhl;tpf; (1932)
LAB ASSISTANT SHORT NOTES BY ARCHANAKUMAR DHARMAPURI. Page 10 | epAl;uhd; fz;lwpe;j Nrhjid – Nghuhd; (my;yJ) nghpypak; mZit
( nghpypak; → fhh;gd; ) (My;gh fjph;) α fjph; nfhz;L jhf;fpdhh;.
fjph; epAl;uhd;
| epA+l;uhd; GNuhl;lhDf;F ,izahd epiw cila mZj;Jfs;.
| epA+l;uhd; ,y;yhj mZ – i`l;u[d; (H)
| GNuhl;lhDk; epa+l;uhDk; Nrh;e;j gFjp cl;fU (my;yJ) mZf;fU
| GNuhl;lhDk; epa+l;uhDk; Nrh;e;j Jfs;fs; - epa+f;spahd;fs; - cl;fU Jfs;fs;
| mZ cl;fUit fz;lwpe;jth; - &jh;Nghh;L
| mZ cl;fU fz;lwpe;j Nrhjid – nky;ypa jq;f jfl;bd; kPJ My;gh fjph;fis tpor; nra;jy;.
| mZ cl;fUtpd; cUtsT ngh;kp vd;w msthy; msf;fg;gLfpwJ.
| mZtpd; GNuhl;lhd; kw;Wk; epAl;uhd; mZtpd; ikag;gFjpapy; rpwpa cl;fU gFjpajfTk; mijr; Rw;wp gy Mw;wy; epiyfspy; cl;fUit Rw;wp tUk; Jfshf vyl;uhd;fSk; cs;sd.
| mZ eLepiyj;jd;ik cilaJ- mZtpy; cs;s vjph;kpd;Rik nfhz;l vyl;uhd; vz;zpf;ifAk; Neh;kpd; Rik nfhz;l GNuhl;lhd;fspd; vz;zpf;ifAk; rkk;.
| GNuhl;lhd; kw;Wk; epAl;uhd;fs; rk epiwcila Jfs;fs; ,tw;iw xg;gpLk; NghJ vyf;l;uhdpd; epiw Gwfzpf;fhf;fjhFk;. Vnddpy; vyf;l;uhdpd; epiwahdJ
i`l;u[d; mZtpd; epiwapy; 1 ̸ 1837 klq;F MFk;.
| mZ vz; vyl;uhd;fs; vz;zpf;if my;yJ GNuhl;lhd;fspd; vz;zpf;if. (,uz;Lk; mZtpy; rkkhf cs;sJ.
| mZ epiw : GNuhl;lhd;fs; vz;zpf;if + epAl;uhd;fs; vz;zpf;if =
epAf;spahd;fspd; vz;zpf;if.
GNuhl;lhd;fs; kw;Wk; epAl;uhd;fs; vz;zpf;ifapd; $Ljy; MFk;.
mZ cl;fUtpd; epiwia (epAl;uhd;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia) kl;LNl nfhz;lJ. Vnddpy; vyf;l;uhd;fspd; epiw kpfTk; FiwthFk;.
LAB ASSISTANT SHORT NOTES BY ARCHANAKUMAR DHARMAPURI. Page 11 vdNt fhh;gd; - cˡ² epiw vz; (A)
| (Z) mZ vz;
v.fh. ANudpak; mZ ₉₂ U ²³⁵ → vyf;l;uhd; vz;zpf;if 92 →GNuhl;lhd; vz;zpf;if 92
→ epAl;uhd; vz;zpf;if 235- 92
epAl;uhd; vz;zpf;if GNuhl;lhd; vz;zpf;iff;F rkkhf ,Uf;fyhk; ( vspa mZf;fs; ) my;yJ epAl;uhd; vz;zpf;if GNuhl;lhd; vz;zpf;ifia tpl mjpfkhf
| INrhNlhg;G xj;j mZ vz; NtWgl;l epiw vz; nfhz;l xNu jdpkj;jpd; ntt;NtW mZf;fs;.
v.fh. i`l;u[d; jdpkj;jpd; mZ vz; 1 ntt;NtW epiw nfhz;l ntt;NtW mZf;fs; ( %d;W INrhNlhg;Gfs;)₁H¹ ,₁ H²,₁ H³ GNuhl;Bak; (H¹) bAl;hpak; (₁ H², ₁D²)
bhpl;Bhpak; (₁ H³ (or) ₁ T¹)
FNshhpd; mZtpd; INrhNlhg;Gfs; - 2 (₁F³⁵, ₁₇ CI ³⁷)
fhh;gd; jdpkj;jpd; INrhNlhg;Gfs; - 2 (₆ C ¹² , ₆ C ¹⁴)
ANudpak; jdpkj;jpd; INrhNlhg;Gfs; - 2 (₉₂ U²³⁵, ₉₂ U ²³⁸)
| INrhghh; xj;j epiw vz; NtWgl;l mZ vz; nfhz;l xNujdpkj;jpd; ntt;NtW mZf;fs; - INrhghh;.
v.fh.
1. ₁₈ Ar⁴⁰, ₂₀Ca ⁴⁰, 2. ₁ H ³, ₂Hc³ 3. ₉₀ Th ²³⁴, ₉₂U²³⁴
| INrhNlhd; xj;j vz;zpf;ifapy; epAl;uhd;fis nfhz;lJ.
v.fh.
1. ₆C¹³, ₇N¹⁴
2.₁ H ³,₂Hc⁴
LAB ASSISTANT SHORT NOTES BY ARCHANAKUMAR DHARMAPURI. Page 12
II. jhk;rdpd; mZkhjphp cyh; jpuhl;ir Gl;bq; khjphp my;yJ xOq;fhd Nfhs
khjphp(jh;Grzp goj;ij xj;j mZkhjphp) rptg;G epw rij gFjp Neh;kpd; Nfhsk; vdTk;l mjpy; fUik epw tpihfs; vyf;l;uhd;fs; vdTk; ,it rkkhf cs;sjhy; mZ kpd; eLepiy.
III. &jh;Nghh;L khjphp mZtpy; kpfr; rpwpa Neh;kpd; mlh;j;jp mjpfKs;s mZf;fU ikaj;jpy; cs;sJ. mZfUit Rw;wp vyf;l;uhd;fs; efh;fpwJ mZtpw;Fk;
vyf;l;uhDf;Fk; ,ilNa mZtpd; ngUk; gFjp ntw;wplkhf cs;sJ. cl;fUtpy; GNuhl;lhd; kw;Wk; epAl;uhd;fs; mjhtJ epAf;spahd;fs; cs;sd.
IV. ePy;];- Nghh; mZnfhs;if mZtpy; cl;fUit Rw;wp vyf;l;uhd;fs; gy khWgl;l Mw;wy; nfhz;l tl;lghijapy; Rw;wp tUfpd;wd.,t;tl;lg;ghijfs; Mh;gpl;Lfs; my;yJ Mw;wy; kl;lq;fs; my;yJ epiyahd epiyfs; vd;W ngah;. ,t;tl;lg;ghijfs; fPo;fz;lthW Mw;wy; kl;lj;jpy; cs;s mjpf gl;r vyf;l;uhd;.
Kjy; tl;l ghij (n=1) K Mw;wy; kl;lk;; .→ 2(1)²=2
,uz;lhk; tl;l ghij (n=2) L Mw;wy; kl;lk;;. → 2(2)² =8
%d;whk; tl;l ghij (n=3) M Mw;wy; kl;lk;;. → 2(3)² =18
ehd;fhk; tl;l ghij (n=4) N Mw;wy; kl;lk;;. → 2(4)² =32
Mh;gpl; cUtsT rpwpajhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ mjd; Mw;wYk; Fiwthf ,Uf;f K Mw;wy; kl;lk; Fiwe;j Mw;wiyAk; N Mw;wy; kl;lk; mjpfgl;r Mw;wy; nfhz;L cs;sJ.
xU Mw;wy; kl;lj;jpy; ,lq;nfhs;Sk; mjpfgl;r vyf;l;uhd; vz;zpf;if.
My;gpl; - vyf;l;uhd; cl;fUit Rw;wp; ghij K,L tUk,M,N Mw;wy;
VI Nrhkh; gPy;L nfhs;if mZtpy; cl;fUit Rw;wp vyf;l;;uhd;fs; gy NtWgl;l Mw;wy; kl;lq;fspy; tl;lghijapy; kl;LNk Rw;wp tuhky; xt;nthU tl;lghijf;Fk; (Mw;wy; kl;lj;jpw;f;F) fy Jiz tl;lghij mjhtJ ePs; tl;lghijfs; (Jiz Mw;wy; kl;lq;fs; %yk; vyf;l;uhd;fs; Rw;wp tUfpwJ.
| Kjd;ik Mw;wy; kl;lq;fs; K,L,M,N
| Jiz Mw;wy; kl;lq;fs; (my;yJ) Mh;gpl;lhy;fs; S, P,D,F ; mZtpy; vyf;l;uhid fhZk; tha;g;G mjpfkhf cs;s cl;fUit Rw;wp> xt;nthU Jiz Mw;wy; kl;lj;jpYk; (Mh;gpl;lhy;fspYk;) ,lk; ngWk;> mjpf gl;r vyf;l;uhd; vz;zpf;if
S Mh;gpl;lhy;fs; - 2 vyf;l;uhd;fs;
LAB ASSISTANT SHORT NOTES BY ARCHANAKUMAR DHARMAPURI. Page 13 D Mh;gpl;lhy;fs; -10 vyf;l;uhd;fs;
F Mh;gpl;lhy;fs; - 14 vyf;l;uhd;fs;
mZtpy; vyf;l;uhd;fspd; epiyapid Jy;ypakhf tiuaWf;f gad;gL;k; vz;fNs Fthz;lk; vz;fs; MFk;. ,it ehd;F tifg;gLk;.
1. Kjd;ik Fthz;lk; vz; (n) 2. Jiz Fthz;lk; vz; (l) 3. fhe;j Fthz;lk; vz; (m) 4. Row;rp Fthz;lk; vz; (s)
| mZf;fl;L vz; xU jdpkj;jpd; %yf;$wpy; cs;s mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if
mZf;fl;L vz; 1 cila jdpkq;fs; He, Ne, K, Na
mZf;fl;L vz; 2 cila jdpkq;fs; H₂,O₂,N₂, CL₂
mZf;fl;L vz; 3 cila jdpkq;fs; - XNrhd; (O₃)
gd;k mZf;fl;L vz; cila jdpkq;fs;. (P₄, S₈)
mZf;fl;L vz; %yf;$W epiw mZ epiw
2x Mtp mlh;j;jp %yf;$W epiw.
| mtfl;Nuh vz; 6.023×𝟏𝟎²³ Jfs; -12g fhh;gd; -12 cs;s mZf;fspd;
vz;zpf;if 6.023×𝟏𝟎²³ Jfs; vz;zpf;if msT . 1 Nkhy; msT.
Nkhy; vz;zpf;if
| J}ag; nghUl;fs; - jdpkk; kw;Wk; Nrh;kk;
jdpkk; vd;gJ
→ve;j xU J}a nghUl;fis ,aw;gpay; kw;Wk; Ntjpapay; Kiwapdhy; NkYk; gphpf;f KbahNjh mJ jdpkk; MFk;. ( ghapy; $w;W)
→ ve;j xU njhlf;f epiyapYs;s gUg; nghUisr; rpwpa nghUshf cilf;f KbahNjh mJ jdpkkhFk;.( yhthrpah;)
| xNu tif mZf;fshy; MditNa jdpkkhFk;.( jw;fhy mZf; nfhs;if).
LAB ASSISTANT SHORT NOTES BY ARCHANAKUMAR DHARMAPURI. Page 14 | xNu tif (m) ntt;NtW tif mZf;fshy; Mdit %yf;$W MFk;.
| ,Jtiuapy; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;s jdpkq;fs; vz;zpf;if – 118 (IUPAC y;
mq;fpfhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.)
| ,tw;Ws; 92 jdpkq;fs; ,aw;ifapYk;> nraw;ifapYk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.-26 jdpkq;fs; MFk;
| Ntjpapay; Jiwr; rhh;e;j gd;dhl;L ju mikg;G – IUPAC
| IUPAC- International Union of Pure and Applied chemistry
| IUPAC mjpfhug;G+h;tkhf FwpaPL ntspaplg;gl;Ls;s jdpkq;fs; -112
| tsp kz;lyj;jpy; mjpfstpy; cs;sJ - iel;u[d; vz;zpf;if (76%).
| Gtpapy; mjpf mstpy; cs;s jdpkk; - Mf;]p[d; (46.6%)
| ,uz;lhtJ mjpfstpy; cs;s jdpkk;- si rpypf;fhd; (27.7%) Mf;]p[d;> rpypf;fhd; ,uz;Lk; ehd;fpy; %d;W gq;F Gtpapy; cs;sJ.
| kdpj clypy; epiw Vwj;jho 99 % MW jdpkq;fshFk;.
(Mf;]p[d;> fhh;gd;> i`l;u[d;> iel;u[d;> fhy;rpak;> kw;Wk; gh];gu];) mjpy; mjpfstpy; cs;s jdpkk; - Mf;]p[d; (65%) > kdpj clypy; cs;s ,uz;lhtJ
mjpfsT jdpkk; - fhh;gd; (18%) i`l;u[d; (10%) iel;u[d; (3%) > fhy;rpak; (2%)
| mz;lk; kw;Wk; tpz;kPd;fspy; cs;s Kf;fpakhd jdpkq;fs; i`l;u[d; kw;Wk; `Pypak; (He)
|ePh;k epiyapy; cs;s jdpkk; - nkh;Fhp(Hg) kw;Wk; GNuhkpd;( Br) > nkf;dprpak;(Cs)
kw;Wk; fhy;rpak; ha →30 ̊c-y; ePh;kkhf cs;sJ kdpj cly; ntg;gj;jpd; cUFk;.
|thA epiyapy; cs;s jdpkk; - i`l;u[d; (H₂) iel;u[d;(N₂) > Mf;]p[d; ( O₂)
LAB ASSISTANT SHORT NOTES BY ARCHANAKUMAR DHARMAPURI. Page 15
TEST YOUR SKILLS PART-1-
CHEMISTRY
mkpyq;fs;> fhuq;fs; kw;Wk; cg;Gfs
; mkpyq;fs; ( Acids) - mrpl]; (Acidus) - Gspg;G RitAilaJ
( vLj;Jf;fhl;L: japh;> vYkpr;ir rhW> MuQ;R)
md;whl tho;tpy; gad;gLk; nghUl;fs; : tpdpfh;> Gsp> jf;fhsp
mrpl]; (Acidus) - ,yj;jPd; nkhopr;nrhy;
mkpyk; - fiury; epiyapy; i`l;u[d; madp jUtJ ( mhPdpa]; nfhs;if)
( H+) (,lg;ngaw;rp nra;aj;jf;f i`l;u[d;)
mkpyk; : fhpk mkpyk; ( jhtu tpyq;FfspypUe;J ngwg;gLtJ)
: fdpk mkpyk; ( fdpkq;fspypUe;J ngwg;gLtJ)
fhpk mkpyk; -C- COOH njhFjp nfhz;l fhpk Nrh;kq;fs;
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: CH3 COOH, HCOOH
,aw;ifapy; fpilf;Fk; fhpk mkpyq;fs;:
tpdpfh; - mrpl;bf;mkpyk;
(Gspfhb)
vYkpr;ir - rpl;hpf; mkpyk;
jf;fhsp - Mf;rhypf; mkpyk;
jpuhl;ir - lhh;lhhpf; mkpyk;
ghy; - yhf;bf; mkpyk;
Mg;gps; - khypf; mkpyk;
ntz;nza; - gpA+l;hpf; mkpyk;
LAB ASSISTANT SHORT NOTES BY ARCHANAKUMAR DHARMAPURI. Page 16 Gsp - lhh;lhhpf; mkpyk;
japh; - yhf;bf; mkpyk;
Fsph;ghdq;fs; - rpl;hpf; + Mf;rhypf; mkpyk;
fhh;Nghdpf; mkpyk; - CO2Vw;wg;gl;l ePh; (H2CO3)
fdpk mkpyk; - vLj;Jf;fhl;L: i`l;Nuh FNshhpf; mkpyk; ( HCL)
ry;gpA+hpf; mkpyk; (m) fe;jf mkpyk; (H2SO4)
iel;hpf; mkpyk; (HNo3)
Ntjpg;nghUl;fspd; murd;- H2SO4 ( ry;gpA+hpf; (m) fe;jf mkpyk; )
Battery acid ( or ) kpd;fy mkpyk; - ePh;j;j H2SO4
cumkpyk; (Fertilizer acid) - HNO3
fz;zhbia mhpf;Fk; mkpyk; - HF ( i`l;Nuh g;Shpf; mkpyk;)
tapw;wpy; nrhpkhdj;jpw;F Ruf;Fk; mkpyk; - HCL
fdpk mkpyq;fs; mhpf;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;lit
,uh[jpuhtfk; : mlh; HCL + mlh; HNO3 - 3:1 vd;w tpfpjj;jpy;
fhw;W}l;lg;gl;l Fsph;ghdk; - H2CO3–fhh;Nghdpf; mkpyk;
mkpyj;jpd; gz;Gfs;:
Gspg;G RitAilait> mhpf;Fk; jd;ik cilait
nghJthf vy;yh mkpyq;fspYk; ,lg;ngah;r;rp nra;aj;jf;f i`l;u[d; ,Uf;Fk;.
mkpyq;fs; cNyhfq;fSld; tpidGhpe;J i`l;u[d; thAit ntspg;gLj;Jk;
mkpyq;fs; ePy ypl;k]; jhis rptg;ghf khw;Wk;
mkpyq;fs; gpdhg;jypd; epwq;fhl;bAld; epwkw;wit nkj;jpy; MuQ;Rld; rptg;G epwj;ijAk; jUk;
jq;fj;ij fiuf;fty;y mkpyk; - ,uh[jpuhtfk; ( mf;thhp[pah) ( HCL + HNO3)
fhuq;fs; - Bases ( or ) Alkalics
LAB ASSISTANT SHORT NOTES BY ARCHANAKUMAR DHARMAPURI. Page 17
“Alkali” vd;gJ kur;rhk;gy; - ,jpy; Nrhbak; kw;Wk; nghl;lhrpaj;jpd; fhh;gNdl;Lfs;
cs;sd
fhuq;fs; - fiurypy; i`l;uhf;i]L madpia (OH) ePUld; nfhLf;Fk; (mhPdpa];
nfhs;if top)
vLj;Jf;fhl;L: nuhl;bNrhlh> vhpNrhlh> Nrhlh ( ryitNrhlh) vhpnghl;lhR> fh];bf; Nrhlh
fhuq;fs; tOtOg;ghdit> frg;G RitAilait.
cNyhf Mf;i]Lfs; kw;Wk; i`l;uhf;i]Lfs; fhuq;fs; vdg;gLk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;:
fhuj;jpd; ngah; - gad;ghl;L ngah;
(Ntjpg;ngah;)
Nrhbak; i`l;uhf;i]L - fh];bf; Nrhlh ( vhpNrhlh) nghl;lhrpak; i`l;uhf;i]L - fh];bf; nghl;lh\;
fhy;rpak; i`l;uhf;i]L - ePw;Wr; Rz;zhk;G (Rz;zhk;G ePH) nkf;dPrpak; i`l;uhf;i]L - mkpyePf;fp
(nkf;dPrpak; ghy;kk;) Nrhbak; kw;Wk; nghl;lhrpak; - Nrhg;G
i`l;uhf;i]bd; cg;Gfs; (fhuj;jd;ik cilaJ) mNkhdpak; i`l;uhf;i]L - fz;zhb je;jk; nra;a fhu Mf;i]Lfs;
fhy;rpak; Mf;i]L - Rl;lRz;zhk;G
nkf;dPrpak; Mf;i]L -
Nrhbak; fhh;gNdl; - ryit Nrhlh (Nrhlh)
Nrhbak; ig fhh;gNdl; - nuhl;bNrhlh
(+ lhh;lhhpf; mkpyk;)
Nrhbak; i`l;uhf;i]L - vhpNrhlh
ALL THE QUESTIONS HAVE PUBLISHED FROM SAMASER KALVI BOOKS (4TH TO 12 TH)
YOU MUST LOOK AT SAMASER KALVI BOOKS (SSLC NEW EDITION 2015-2016)
ALL THE BEST
LAB ASSISTANT SHORT NOTES BY ARCHANAKUMAR DHARMAPURI. Page 18 ALL TNPSC ,(SAMASER KALVI)
SEED’S & ARCHANA CENTRE
QUESTIONS AND STUDY MATERIALS AVAILABLE.
TET- ALL SUBJECT QUESTIONS AVAILABLE.(SAMASER KALVI BOOKS)
PG TRB-ENGLISH/HISTORY/TAMIL AND ECONOMICS- AVAILABLE
TUITION FOR IX,X,XI,XII.
SPOKEN ENGLISH FOR ALL.
LAB ASSISTANT MODAL QUESTION PAPERS
AVAILABLE. ONLY PDF
FOR PHYSICS/CHEMISTRY/BIOLOGY
