Spatial information is particularly complex as it requires two descriptors—

(1)

Taufik Hery Purwanto, S.Si., M.Si.

Laboratorium SIG Prodi Kartografi dan Penginderaan Jauh

Jurusan Sains Informasi Geografis dan Pengembangan Wilayah

Fakultas Geografi

(2)

(3)

Information

has always been the cornerstone of

effective decisions

.

Spatial information is particularly complex as it requires two descriptors—

(4)

(5)

Non-Spasial

Spasial

Sistem Informasi

Non-Geografi

Sistem Informasi

CAD/CAM

Liputan Lahan

Penduduk

Non-Geografi

Sistem Informasi

Geografis

(6)

GIS is fundamentally about solving

real-world problems.

(7)

(8)

Where has GIS come from?

Relative Dominance of the Disciplines of

Spatial Information Technology Professionals

1960s

 mainframe computers

 automated cartography beginning; remote

 automated cartography beginning; remote sensing & GIS are mostly just concepts

 CGIS - Roger Tomlinson

 Harvard Lab for Computer Graphics And Spatial Analysis

1970s

 Landsat program establishes remote sensing

 GIS still being developed but overshadowed by remote sensing

 MAP analysis program - Dana Tomlin & Joseph Berry

(9)

Where has GIS come from?

1980s

 GIS comes of age: ARC/INFO, GRASS, SPANS

 IBM PC begins the desktop computing revolution

 Automated Cartography practitioners evolve into GIS practitioners

fromPiwowar, 1999. "A Brief History of Time",Cartouche, No. 34:

evolve into GIS practitioners

(10)

Where has GIS come from?

1990s

 GIS dominates spatial information technologies

 GISs are now being used by people who have no formal training in geography, cartography or remote sensing

o on one hand, this can be seen as a

measure of the success of GIS

o it should also be viewed as a

warning flag that some of this warning flag that some of this development may be happening too quickly: sound principles of map design are frequently abused in GIS output

 "Geomatics"term adopted by the Canadian government to encompass all the spatial information technology disciplines

 GPS becomes an important tool (see

Piwowar, 1988. "A GPS Primer",Cartouche_{, No. 27}_).

 first-generation spatial data archives are becoming obsolete (seePiwowar, 1988. "Putting Your Data Out to Pasture",

(11)

Where has GIS come from?

2000s

 renewed interest in remote sensing as a suite of new generation of

high-resolution and hyperspectral sensors are launched (see Piwowar, 1998. "Remote Sensing: The Next Generation",

Cartouche_{, No. 28}_).

 the emergence of seamlessly integrated "spatial information systems" which embrace the traditional sub-disciplines of cartography, remote sensing and GIS in a cartography, remote sensing and GIS in a unified package

 these new GISs will also become more integrated into our everyday lives so that, in many cases, we may not even be aware that we are using a GIS (see Piwowar, 1998. "2001: A Societal GIS Odyssey",

Cartouche_{, No. 31} _and_{Homes Online}₎

 the internet (or its successors) will become the medium for spatial data distribution and communication (see

Piwowar, 1998. "Interactive Web Map Publishing", Cartouche_{, No. 30}_and_The

National Atlas of Canada Online).

 there will be a paradigm change in the map itself - virtual maps will become a reality (see Virtual Cities Resource Centre:

(12)

(13)

• Geographic Information

information about places on the earth's surface

knowledge about "

what is where

“

• Geographic Information Technologies

Automated Cartography

Remote Sensing (RS)

Global Positioning Systems (GPS)

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

• GIS--what's in the S?

Systems : teknologinya

Science : konsep dan teori

Studies : aplikasi (untuk membantu kehidupan manusia)

(14)

System:

Technology for the acquisition and management of spatial

information

Science:

Comprehending the under-laying conceptual issues of

representing data and process in space-time.

The science (or theory and concepts) behind the technology

Studies:

Understanding the social, legal and ethical issues associated with

the application of GISy and GISc.

(15)

GIS is an acronym for:

• Geogra

phic

Information Systems (US)

• Geogra

phical

Information Systems (UK, Aust.,

Canada)

(16)

Definitions of GIS

• A GIS is an information system that is designed to work with

data referenced by spatial or geographic coordinates

. It is

both a database system with specific capabilities for spatially

referenced data as well as a set of operations for working with

the data."

Star and Estes, 1990

• A GIS is a system that contains

spatially referenced data

that

• A GIS is a system that contains

spatially referenced data

that

can be analyzed and converted to information for a specific set

of purposes, or application ... The key feature of a GIS is the

analysis of data to produce new information

."

Parent, 1988

• "A system of computer hardware, software, and procedures

designed to support the capture, management, manipulation,

analysis, modelling, and display of

spatially referenced data

for

solving complex planning and management problems."

(17)

Definitions of GIS

• A GIS is a computer-based system that provides the following

four sets of capabilities to handle

georeferenced data

:



input



data management (data storage and retrieval)



manipulation and analysis



output



output

Aronoff, 1989

• A geographic information system (GIS) integrates hardware,

software, and data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and

displaying all forms of

geographically referenced

information

.

(18)

• ‘A powerful set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving at

will, transforming and displaying

spatial data from the real

world

for a particular set of purposes’.

Burrough and McDonnell, 1998.

Definitions of GIS

Burrough and McDonnell, 1998.

• ‘…tools that allow for the processing of spatial data into

information…and used to make decisions about, some portion

of the earth’.

(19)

Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG) atau

Geographic Information

System (GIS)

diartikan sebagai sistem informasi yang digunakan

untuk memasukkan, menyimpan, memanggil kembali, mengolah,

menganalisis dan menghasilkan data bereferensi geografis atau data

geospatial, untuk mendukung pengambilan keputusan dalam

perencanaan dan pengelolaan penggunaan lahan, sumber daya

alam, lingkungan, transportasi, fasilitas kota, dan pelayanan umum

Definitions of GIS

alam, lingkungan, transportasi, fasilitas kota, dan pelayanan umum

lainnya. (

Murai S. dalam Prayitno, 2000)

(20)

(21)

Teknologi Peranan teknologi dalam rangka peningkatan kemampuan teknologi GIS

Data Base Management System (DBMS)

Menyimpan atribut untuk ditampilkan di GIS; Pelacakan data, penyortiran, penggabungan, penambahan, memperbarui, restrukturisasi, terkait table dan field-field..

Computer Aided Design (CAD) Memperluas geometri data 2D menjadi data GIS 3D Kemampuan dalam rendering.

Land Information System (LIS) Memperluas kemampuan GIS untuk survei tanah dan perekamannya dalam aspek legal/hukum, administrasi dan untuk tujuan perencanaan dan pembangunan. Automated Mapping/Facilities

Mapping (AM/FM)

Meningkatkan fungsi GIS dalam pemetaan automatis dan peta pemeliharaan utilitas untuk umum seperti

air, drainase, gas dan listrik.

GPS Meningkatkan akurasi lokasi dan obyek

memverifikasi akurasi atribut dalam SIG; memverifikasi akurasi atribut dalam SIG;

Kemampuan dalam navigasi dan tracking/pelacakan. Remote sensing and

Photogrammetry (RSP)

Integrasi fungsi-fungsi SIG dan analisis dan hasil pengolahan data dan analisis data Sumber data Raster

Statistical Software (SS) Integrasi GIS dan prosedur statistik Spatial Decision Support Systems

(SDSS)

Memperluas fungsi GIS untuk pengambilan keputusan

SES (Spatial Expert Systems) Mengintegrasikan kemampuan Expert Systems dan fungsi GIS PSS (Planning Support Systems) Memperluas fungsi GIS untuk perencanaan

Multimedia Systems (MS) Meningkatkan visualisasi dari informasi geografi dengan penggunaan suara, video, gambar, hypertext dan hotlink

Internet-based Systems (IS) Meningkatkan komunikasi, berbagi data (data sharing),joint task operationdan layanan online GIS

Groupware Systems (GW) Mengaktifkan beberapa pengguna (multiple users) di lokasi yang berbeda

(22)

(23)

35.000

tahun

yang lalu, di dinding gua

Lascaux, Perancis, para

pemburu Cro-Magnon

menggambar hewan

mangsa mereka, juga

garis yang dipercaya

sebagai

rute migrasi

hewan-hewan

tersebut.

hewan-hewan

tersebut.

Catatan awal ini sejalan

dengan dua elemen

struktur pada sistem

informasi gegrafis

modern sekarang ini,

arsip grafis yang

terhubung ke database

atribut.

(24)

Today, biologists use

collar transmitters

and

satellite receivers

to

track the migration

routes

of

caribou

and

polar bears

to help

design programs to

protect the animals. In a

GIS, the migration routes

were indicated by

different colors for each

month for 21 months (fig.

2). Researchers then

used the GIS to

superimpose the

(25)

adalah suatu data yang memiliki referensi spasial atau

posisi geografis (

georeferenced

)

S

istem

Suatu rangkaian kerja, komputerisasi dan

terintegrasi

I

nformasi

Data, informasi, keterangan

(26)

Spasial

adalah aspek keruangan suatu objek atau kejadian yang mencakup

lokasi, letak, dan posisinya.

Geospasial

atau ruang kebumian adalah aspek keruangan yang menunjukkan

lokasi, letak, dan posisi suatu objek atau kejadian yang berada di bawah,

pada, atau di atas permukaan bumi yang dinyatakan dalam sistem

koordinat tertentu.

Data Geospasial

adalah data tentang lokasi geografis, dimensi atau ukuran,

Data Geospasial

adalah data tentang lokasi geografis, dimensi atau ukuran,

dan/atau karakteristik objek alam dan/atau buatan manusia yang berada

di bawah, pada, atau di atas permukaan bumi.

(27)

+

Information System

=

A means of storing, retrieving,

sorting, and comparing spatial

spatial

data

(28)

(29)

–

explicit geographic reference

, is absolutely tied to the earth

such as a latitude and longitude or national grid coordinate.

Data from GPS units.

–

implicit geographic reference

such as an address, postal

Geographic referencing

(30)

Contoh

(31)

Contoh

(32)

• 80%

of all information held in databases anywhere

in the world contains some kind of geographic

element, Ron Brigs, 1997.

• an estimated

90%

of all information used by

• an estimated

90%

of all information used by

government has spatial characteristics or attributes

Joep Crompvoets, 2003.

• Data from most sciences can be analyzed

(33)

(34)

DATA SIG

DATA SPASIAL (SIG)

Qualitative • Permukaan (Surface)

Data Attribut

(

Attribute Data

)

mis.: *.dbf

Smart Map

(linking a database to the map)

(35)

Components of geographic data

• Three general components to geographic information

Streets

Attributes

_Geometry

Behavior

(36)

(37)

• continuous:

elevasi, curah hujan, salinitas air laut

• area:

-

unbounded:

penggunaan lahan, area pasar, jenis tanah, jenis batuan

- bounded:

batas kota/negara, persil

- moving:

massa udara, kumpulan binatang, kumpulan ikan

• networks:

jalan, pipa/kabel transmisi, sungai

DATA GRAFIS (

GRAPHIC DATA

)

• networks:

jalan, pipa/kabel transmisi, sungai

• points:

- fixed:

sumur, lampu jalan, alamat

(38)

* Categorical (name):

- nominal

• classified, no order

• 0...255, whole values

contoh : tipe penggunaan lahan, kelas tanah, nama kota, daerah

administrasi

- ordinal

• classified, no order

• 0...255, whole values

DATA ATTRIBUT (

ATRIBUTE DATA

)

• 0...255, whole values

contoh : succession stages, income groups

* Numerical :

- interval

• tidak mempunyai nilai nol mutlak

• tidak dapat dikatakan lebih dari 2x

contoh : temperatur (Celsius atau Fahrenheit)

- ratio

• mempunyai nilai nol mutlak

• dapat dikatakan lebih dari 2x

• disajikan dalam tipe

integer

atau

floating point

[

decimal fraction

] sehingga

dapat dipergunakan untuk perhitungan aritmatika

(39)

(40)

data type

description

attributes

domain

example

boolean

0 (false), 1 (true)

suitable/unsuitable

, visible/non visible

nominal

classified, no order

0...255, whole

values

soil classes,

administrative

regions

ordinal

classified, order

0...255, whole

values

succession stages,

income groups

-scalar

continuous, lineair

-10exp(37)...10exp(

37), real values

elevation,

temperature

directional

continuous,

directional

0 to 2 pi (radians),

or to 360 (degrees),

and -1 (no

direction), real

values

aspect

ldd

local drain direction

to neighbour cell

1...9 (codes of

drain directions)

(41)

(42)

• Vector – points, lines and

polygons

(43)

(44)

(45)

(46)

(47)

* Titik (node/point):

0-dimension

• koordinat tunggal (x,y)

• area/luasan nol

contoh : pohon, sumur minyak, penempatan

label

* Garis (arc/line):

1-dimension

2

1

2

7 ₈

x=7

Point: 7,2

y=2

1

2

7 ₈

STRUKTUR DATA VEKTOR

* Garis (arc/line):

1-dimension

• dua ( atau lebih ] koordinat x,y yang

dihubungkan

contoh : jalan, sungai

* Poligon (polygon/region) :

2-dimensions

• empat atau lebih koordinat x,y yang

dihubungkan

• koordinat awal dan akhir sama

• area yang tertutup

Contoh : daerah/propinsi, danau

Line: 7,2 8,1

1

2

7 ₈

Polygon: 7,2 8,1 7,1 7,2

1

2

(48)

(49)

STRUKTUR DATA RASTER

• Header

: berisi informasi penting mengenai kode file, jumlah band

data yang dikandung, baris, kolom, tipe data, dan sebagainya.

• Data : blok data layer raster.

• Ancillary

: berisi informasi tambahan yang biasanya meliputi data

statistik citra yang bersangkutan.

• Layer raster disimpan dalam format standar BIP (band-interleaved

by pixel), BIL (band-interleaved by line), dan BSQ (Band

(50)

STRUKTUR DATA RASTER

(51)

(52)

Raster

Vector

Advantages

Good for complex analysis

Efficient for overlays

Data structure common for

imagery

Compact data structure

Efficient for encoding

topology

True representation of

imagery

True representation of

shape

Disadvantages

Large datasets

Topology hard to represent

Maps less "realistic"

Complex structure

(53)

(54)

(55)

(56)

(57)

(58)

(59)

1. Perangkat keras (

hardware

)

Komputer (komputer tunggal, komputer sistem jaringan dengan server,

komputer dengan jaringan global internet) dan periperalnya. Perangkaat keras untuk SIG mepliputi perangkat keras : pemasukan data, pemrosesan data, dan penyajian hasil, serta peyimpanan (storage).

2. Perangkat Lunak (

software

)

Perangkat lunak yang mempunyai fungsi di atas dan fasilitas untuk

penyimpanan, analisis, dan penayangan informasi geografi. Persyaratan yang penting harus dipenuhi software SIG, adalah :merupakan Database

Management System (DBMS), fasilitas untuk pemasukan dan manipulasi data geografis, fasilitas untuk query, analisis , dan visualisasi,Graphical User Interface (GUI) yang baik untuk mempermudah akses fasilitas yang ada.

3. Data (

Data

)

3. Data (

Data

)

Data merupakan komponen yang penting dalam SIG. Keakurasian data dituntut dalam SIG. Dikenal konsep GIGO (Garbage In Garbage Out) sebaliknya Gold In Gold Out.

4. Sumberdaya Manusia (

people

)

Teknologi SIG menjadi sangat terbatas kemampuannya jika tidak ada

sumberdaya yang mengelola sistem dan mengembangkan untuk aplikasi yang sesuai. Pengguna dan pembuat sistem harus saling bekerjasama untuk

mengembangkan teknologi SIG.

5. Metode (

methods

)

Model dan teknik pemrosesan perlu dibuat untuk berbagai aplikasi SIG.

6. Network

With rapid development of IT, today the most fundamental of these is probably the network, without which no rapid communication or sharing of digital information could occur. GIS today relies heavily on the Internet, acquiring and sharing large geographic data sets.

(60)

(61)

?

Information

Management

1970

1980

1990

2000

Internet

Era

Komputer/

GIS

EVOLUSI PEMANFAATAN DATA SPASIAL

SDI 2

1970

1980

1990

2000

(62)

(63)

(64)

• Scientific visualization and computer

graphics will be increasingly integrated with

GIS capabilities

• Animated maps

• Interactive maps

(65)

(66)

(67)

MANAJEMEN INFORMASI (GEO)SPASIAL

Tahapan SIG Pekerjaan Manual

Penyimpanan Database digital dan terpadu Skala dan standart berbeda

Perbandingan dalam manajemen Informasi Geospasial

Penyimpanan Database digital dan terpadu Skala dan standart berbeda

Pemanggilan kembali Pencarian dengan komputer Cek manual

Pemuktahiran Sistematis Mahal dan memakan waktu

Analisis data Attribut Sangat cepat Memakan waktu dan tenaga

Analisis data spasial Mudah Rumit

(68)

The following matrix is a comparison of digital and

manual mapping with respect to key activities:

ACTIVITIES:

DIGITAL MAPPING

PAPER MAPPING

PREPARATION

Initial version tedious to prepare but

quick and efficient to monitor

Start from scratch every time

STORAGE

Digital Database Standardized and

integrated, compact memory

capacity

Different scales on different

standards, voluminous and bulky

RETRIEVAL

Quick retrieval

Paper maps and tables

RETRIEVAL

Quick retrieval

Paper maps and tables

UPDATING

Automatic search and replace by

computer

Manual check and revision

OVERLAY

Systematically done

Faster integration of complex,

multiple spatial and non spatial data

sets

Expensive and time consuming

SPATIAL ANALYSIS

Faster

Time and energy consuming,

slow

DISPLAY

Easier and faster to prepare

Better quality Slow

(69)

1. Analysis of spatial data in a complex environment

2. Ability to integrate different databases into one

environment

3. Ability to display and manage spatial data in a

spatial context

4. Rapid production of specialized maps and graphic

products

(70)

1. better work flow;

2. higher quality information for decision-making;

3. better integration among different offices /

departments;

4. quicker access to information;

5. more efficient information dissemination.

(71)

(72)

(73)

Geographic

phenomena

Computer

representations

Visualitations

(74)

(75)

DATA MODEL

Modelling process. The transformation of the real world into GIS

products is achieved by means of simplification and models

(Bernhardsen)

DATA MODEL

DATA BASE

(76)

(77)

(78)

(79)

1. Data Retrieval

2. Map Generalization

3. Map Abstractions

4. Map Sheet Manipulation

5. Buffer Generation

6. Polgygon Overlay And Dissolve

7. Grid Cell Analysis - Network Analysis

8. Measurement

(80)

(81)

• Peta (

Map Layout

)

• Tabel (

Tables

)

• Grafik (

Chart

)

• Laporan (

Report

)

• Kombinasinya

Hardcopy/Softcopy

(82)

(83)

1. Pengukuran (

Measurement

)

2. Pemetaan (

Mapping

)

3. Pemantauan (

Monitoring

)

4. Pembuatan Model (

Modelling

)

Data PJ Topografi, Geologi, Tanah, dll.

Informasi

4. Pembuatan Model (

Modelling

)

(Estes, 1990)

Site Selection Kekeringan

(84)

(85)