THE SOCIAL CONDITIONS IN CHINA DURING THE
SECOND SINO-
JAPANESE WAR SEEN THROUGH JIM’S
EXPERIENCES IN JAMES GRAHAM BALLARD’S
EMPIRE
OF THE SUN
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
SADANA MAHARJA HENDRAWAN
Student Number: 084214030
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
i
THE SOCIAL CONDITIONS IN CHINA DURING THE
SECOND SINO-
JAPANESE WAR SEEN THROUGH JIM’S
EXPERIENCES IN JAMES GRAHAM BALLARD’S
EMPIRE
OF THE SUN
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
SADANA MAHARJA HENDRAWAN
Student Number: 084214030
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
iv
Quit. Don't quit. Noodles. Don't noodles.
You are too
concerned with what was and what will be. There's a
saying. Yesterday is history, tomorrow is a mystery,
but today is a gift. That is why it is called the
"present".
(Master Oogway, Kungfu Panda)
“We keep moving forward, opening new doors, and
doing new things, because we’re curious and
curiosity
keeps leading us down new paths.”
(Walt Disney)
“
The ones who are crazy enough to think that they can
change the world, are the ones who do.”
(Steve Jobs)
v
This undergraduate thesis is dedicated to
The Almighty God
My beloved father in Heaven, Drs. Hendrawan Kelana
My beloved mother, Lilik Ernawati
My beloved aunts, Dra. Budiarti and Dra. Ani Utami
My beloved brother, Satya Saguna Hendrawan
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to the Almighty God for His assistance, protection, and blessing in my life. I salute Him for being a teacher, listener, and good friend that aids me to complete my tasks.
I would like to express my gratitude to my advisor Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka M.Hum. for his guidance and suggestions in finishing this thesis and for his patience to correct my grammar. I would like to express my gratitude to my co-advisor Maria Ananta Tri Suryandari S.S., M.Ed. for her patience in correcting and improving this thesis and for being my academic advisor since I was in the first semester. Next, I express my gratitude to all lecturers in English Letters Department for bequeathing priceless knowledge.
I would like to express my gratitude to Sanata Dharma University that gives the chances to study here to develop myself. I thank to Sanata Dharma Library for providing the sources for my thesis and the Secretary of English Letters Department for providing the hints for my thesis.
Finally, I express my gratitude to my family, especially my father in heaven. Thank you for never surrendering on me. I give my regard to my friends wherever they are, especially for my hangout friends, boarding house friends, and friends and coach in basketball club. Special thanks go to my friends and teachers who help to revise my grammar. Lastly, for the special ones who give me wonderful experiences, deeply thank you. I owe you a lot.
ix
2. The Relationship between Literature and Society ...11
C. Review on History or Biography ...14
1. The Society in China ...14
2. The Chinese Civil War ...17
3. The Second Sino-Japanese War and the Second World War in China ...19
A. James “Jim” Graham‟s Experiences Related to the Second Sino-Japanese War in China? ...29
1. Jim‟s Experiences Related to the Political States ...30
2. Jim‟s Experiences Related to the Economic Situations ...36
x
1. Political States ...49
2. Economic Situations ...57
3. Social Cultural Circumstances ...65
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ...74
BIBLIOGRAPHY ...77
APPENDICES ...80
Appendix 1: Summary of James Graham Ballard‟s Empire of the Sun ...80
xi
ABSTRACT
SADANA MAHARJA HENDRAWAN. The Social Conditions in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War Seen through Jim’s Experiences
in James Graham Ballard’s Empire of the Sun. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2013.
The novel Empire of the Sun by James Graham Ballard illustrates the adventure of a British boy named James “Jim” Graham in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War around 1930s until 1940s. This novel elucidates the social conditions in China occurring during that time based on the settings in the novel as the experiences perceived by Jim as the main character.
The main objectives of this thesis are to reveal and comprehend the social conditions in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. There are two main problems to analyze in order to complete the thesis. The first is to reveal Jim‟s experiences based on the settings in the novel which are related to the Second Sino-Japanese War in China. The second is to comprehend the social conditions during the Second Sino-Japanese War in China which are revealed through Jim‟s experiences.
The writer conducted a library research to collect all data appropriate to the completion of the thesis. For the analysis, the writer applied the Sociocultural-historical approach and two theories: theory of setting and the relationship between literature and society. The other data used were cited from dictionaries, encyclopedias, essays, and reviews about the social conditions in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War from 1930s to 1940s.
xii
ABSTRAK
SADANA MAHARJA HENDRAWAN. The Social Conditions in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War Seen through Jim’s Experiences
in James Graham Ballard’s Empire of the Sun. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2013.
Novel Empire of the Sun oleh James Graham Ballard menceritrakan perjalanan seorang anak berkebangsaan Inggris bernama James “Jim” Graham di China selama perang China-Jepang yang kedua sekitar tahun 1930an sampai 1940an. Novel ini memaparkan keadaan-keadaan sosial yang terjadi di masa itu berdasarkan pada pengalaman Jim sebagai karakter utama.
Tujuan utama dari skripsi ini adalah memaparkan dan memahami kondisi-kondisi sosial di China selama perang China-Jepang yang kedua. Terdapat dua permasalahan yang di analisis dengan tujuan menyelesaikan skripsi ini. Masalah pertama ialah memaparkan pengalaman-pengalaman Jim berdasarkan pada setting-setting di dalam novel yang berkaitan dengan perang China-Jepang yang kedua di China. Masalah kedua ialah memahami keadaan-keadaan sosial selama waktu itu sesuai dengan yang dipaparkan oleh pengalaman-pengalaman Jim.
Penulis menggunakan studi pustaka dalam pengumpulan data-data yang tepat untuk menyelesaikan skripsi ini. Penulis menggunakan pendekatan sosiokultur-histori dan dua teori yaitu teori setting dan hubungan antara literatur dan masyarakat. Data-data yang lain adalah kamus, ensiklopedia, essai, dan tulisan tentang keadaan-keadaan sosial di China selama perang China-Jepang yang kedua dari tahun 1930an sampai 1940an.
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Novel as one type of literature is an instrument that can represent social conditions, such as the conditions of society in a certain time and place. From this instrument, the writer can develop the social conditions inside a certain society. Holman and Harmon describe,
All novels are representations in fictional NARRATIVE of life or experience, but the FORM is itself as protean as life and experiences themselves. Serious FICTION deals with human beings in significant action. The world that appears to be a significant stage for such ACTION varies greatly from author to author. An author‟s world maybe only within the lowest recesses of the human unconscious; … (1986: 336).
They describe that novel is an extraction or reflection of life and experiences of human beings. Based on that point, literature is not always a pure fiction, but it is also an accurate document which contains history of human beings, in this case, as the reflection of the author‟s life or experiences. They also
describe that the world in a fiction created by the author is based on the unconsciousness of the author himself as the source of imaginations to construct the basics of the story, such as the backgrounds, settings, and characters.
the writer needs to perceive J. G. Ballard‟s experiences as the author through
Jim‟s experiences as the main character of this novel in order to comprehend
the real social conditions in China during the Second World War. Langland describes,
The variable relationships among these three centers of value – character, society, and narrator/ implied author – determine the range of functions or formal roles for society in the novel … I have limited myself to character; society; and narrator/implied author, because these all inhere in the novel and are the centers of judgment manipulated within the novel (1984: 11).
From Langland‟s description, there are three main values in the creation of a
variable relationship in the novel. They are character, society, and narrator/implied author. These three values have a function to determine the range or formal roles for society in the novel. They also become the center of judgment which manipulates the story within the novel. This means that they are very crucial factors in order to construct the main ideas and develop the story in the novel.
because through the social conditions, every elements of a nation in a certain time and place can be explained and represented.
Another related quotation is described by MacIver and Page. They say “the relationship between individual and society is not one-sided: both are essential for the comprehension of either” (1957: 48). From MacIver and
Page‟s quotation, the relation between human beings and society is not
one-sided. Society influences human beings because society is created from many characteristics of human beings. From this explanation, the connection of human beings and society that is “not one-sided” is proved. Both of them are
essential to create a comprehension between them, i.e. human beings and society. Based on the preceding paragraphs, the novel Empire of the Sun by James Graham Ballard can be used to analyze the social conditions in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. It is because the writer can sense the experiences which are encountered by the author through the novel.
James Graham Ballard‟s Empire of the Sun is appropriate to be
Ballard grew up in Shanghai and was interned with his family in a Japanese camp during the Second World War. His recollections were the basis for Empire of the Sun. He moved to Britain, and by the 1960s had become a full-time author (www.guardian.co.uk, 27 March 2012). From the foregoing quotation, J. G. Ballard as the author of Empire of the Sun really encountered the experiences when he and his parents were placed in a prisoner camp by the Japanese during the Second World War in China. After the Second World War was over, he moved to Britain and worked as a full-time author. In his work as an author; he wrote about his childhood experiences in China, especially in Shanghai and created a novel entitled Empire of the Sun.
B. Problem Formulation
There are two questions to be answered in this study. The two questions are formulated as follows:
1. What are James “Jim” Graham‟s experiences that seen through the settings in the novel related to the Second Sino-Japanese War in China?
2. How do James “Jim” Graham experiences reveal the social conditions in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War?
C. Objectives of the Study
There are two objectives in this study. The first objective is to perceive the experiences based on the settings in the novel from Jim‟s
reveal and develop the social conditions in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War as seen in the experiences of Jim in the novel Empire of the Sun.
D. Definition of Terms
With the intention for comprehending this study, the writer delineates some terms essential to analyze the study. There are three essential terms which are social condition, experience, and the Second Sino-Japanese War. 1. Social condition
The word “social” means having to do with the reciprocal relations of
interacting human beings, either as individuals or groups. A comprehensive term, including all the phenomena which are the subject matter of sociology (Fairchild, 1970: 275). From the preceding quotation, social has a meaning related to mutual relation of interacting human beings about their origin, development, and structure as individual or group in society. It also can be explained as the relation to the phenomena which becomes the main subject in sociology, a science that study about human beings and society.
The word “condition” means a situation that must exist in order for
something else to happen (Hornby, 2005: 316). From the previous quotation, condition is described as a situation that exists or initiates to construct something happens. From that, a condition happens because something is impacted by others which initiate a change in some area.
human beings, either as individuals or groups, including all the phenomena which are the subject matter of sociology. The main point of social condition is human beings‟ relationship with the conditions around them, in this case the
society. From the social condition, the writer can comprehend many aspects which happen on certain time and place (politic, economic, social and culture).
2. Experience
Experience is the living through or participation in any incident or occurrence (Deuter, 1941: 117). From Deuter‟s quotation, experience is described as
something that directly occurs, in this case is remembered in the brain memory because it happens, encounters, feels, and involves by the subject. It means every living creature has experiences in their mind. From the preceding quotation, experience is created if the subject is using his/her sense when an incident occurs in his/her area.
3. The Second Sino-Japanese War
The Second Sino-Japanese War is a grand scale in the bloody though undeclared war of 1937-1941, and the final merging of this conflict with the world conflagration that began with Pearl Harbor (Clyde, 1958: 594). The term “Sino-” is combining form (in nouns and adjectives) Chinese (Hornby, 2005: 1426). This term come from Late Latin (Sinae), Arabic (aş-şīn),
7
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
A. Review of Related Studies
Th. Enny Anggraini in essay entitled “End Justifies the Means: The
Hysteria of Witch Hunting A Socio-historical Study on Milles‟s The Crucible and Poetry‟s Tituba of Salem Village” in Phenomena Journal of Language
and Literature Vol. 8 No. 2 October 2004 writes,
Historical facts are renewed for being the source of the writing of such significant, people are expected to learn something in order that good events will continue to happen and to stop bad ones from happening again (2004: 9).
From the foregoing quotation, the socio-cultural historical approach is appropriate in order to analyze many works that are related with historical facts of big events which are happened on earth, such as the World War, the eruption of Krakatoa. She also explains that if human beings understand the historical facts that contain the conditions of certain time and place, they are expected to be better creatures in the future.
Another quotation comes from David Pringle in www. guardian.co.uk, Sunday 19 April 2009 entitled “Obituary: JG Ballard” that describes about the author of the novel, J. G. Ballard. He writes,
phases while remaining instantly recognisable. … Another decade on and he reemerged as a great novelist of the second world war experience with Empire of the Sun, shortlisted for the Booker prize and winning his widest-ever public (www.guardian.co.uk, 27 July 2012).
The overhead quotation describes J. G. Ballard as a great novelist who can create an inimitable world of fiction. Pringle says that J. G. Ballard has the ability to combine imaginations and experiences in order to create a fiction through various phases, but easily recognizable. Pringle‟s review is substantiated by J. G. Ballard‟s works about that win some awards and prizes
in literature. One of his eminent works is the novel Empire of the Sun, which portrays the experiences of the Second World War in China as the inclusion of the Second Sino-Japanese War.
The quotation about the novel Empire of the Sun is described by Golancz in The Guardian entitled “Empire of The SunReviews of 'Empire of The Sun' by JG Ballard”. He writes,
His new novel Empire of the Sun, however, deserves to be considered quite apart from his former work, not least because it marks a decisive break with his past reputation as essentially a science fiction writer. … Indeed, it could be said that if there is still room for a masterpiece about the Second World War, then this is it - and like other
masterpieces it gains its initial effect in standing at a slightly oblique and unexpected angle to its subject matter (www.guardian.co.uk, 27 July 2012).
he can combine between his imaginations and his experiences about the conditions of the Second World War in China as the inclusion of the Second Sino-Japanese War that he experienced in China when he was a child. Golancz says the novel Empire of the Sun by J. G. Ballard is unique because this novel has a slightly oblique and an unexpected angle to its subject matters.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Theory of Setting
The first significant theory is the theory of setting. According to this theory, the writer can see the period in time or place of the story and daily manner or environment of the character. The setting can explain more clearly about the social conditions that are related with the time and place which are experienced by the character‟s senses in the novel.
According to Roberts and Jacobs, “setting refers to the natural and
artificial scenery or environment in which characters in literature live and move, together with the things they use” (1989: 229). In this quotation, they
describe that setting is differentiated into two which are natural setting and artificial setting. Natural setting focuses on nature and artificial setting focuses on everything that is built by human. They also describe the function of setting as a place for characters in literature to do their activities, like live and move. Based on their quotation, the writer can divide two kinds of setting. The first one is natural setting, that represents about the natural place and time in real world; and the second one is artificial setting, which represents every place or time which constructs by human beings in real world.
According to Kenney, setting of a novel can be perceived from four elements. He writes,
According to Kenney‟s description, elements of setting usually consist of
place, habit, time, and background of the character in a fiction. These elements are important parts to build a fiction, in this case a novel. This quotation also explains that the elements of setting can be used as sources to analyze a novel, especially a novel which is related with social conditions in a certain time and place. The writer can comprehend and use these important elements to analyze the novel.
By using the theory of setting, the writer can learn and comprehend the period in time or the place in which the events of a story are said to occur and the character exists. It is because the setting compiles many elements that build a fiction. The writer can understand the social conditions in the society by observing them from the elements that are illustrated by the setting in the novel.
2. The Relationship between Literature and Society
writer can comprehend the social conditions that occur in a certain time and place in this novel during the Second Sino-Japanese in China.
The first quotation about this theory is described by Wellek and Warren. They describe the relationship between literature, imagination, and experiences of human beings. They write,
At its finest, this conception of „literary history‟ requires an effort of imagination, of „empathy‟, of deep congeniality with a past age or a vanished taste. Successful efforts have been made to reconstruct the general outlook on life, the attitudes, conceptions, prejudices, and underlying assumptions of many civilizations (1942: 41).
From the preceding quotation, literary history, or literature that contains history, takes effort for its comprehension. The comprehension is the imagination of empathy about a deep congeniality with a past age or a vanished taste. It means that to understand about the concept of literary history, the writer shall have an imagination. This imagination is necessitated to form empathy. From the empathy, the writer can establish the deep comprehension about the condition. If the writer‟s efforts are successful, the
writer can reconstruct the general outlook from the work of literature that is created by the author. Some general outlooks that can be seen are life, attitudes, conceptions, prejudices, and assumptions of civilization (society) that are represented by the author in the novel and analyzed by the writer.
The last quotation by Wellek and Warren describes literature as the representation of life. They write,
possessed of a specific social status: he receives some degree of social recognition and reward; he addressed an audience, however hypothetical (1942: 94).
The previous quotation explains literature “represent life”. It means that
literature is a mirror or reflection that is required by the author to distribute his ideas or experiences. Life in this context is the social reality (social condition). Life also takes the individual as the object of imitation in literary work. The literary work possesses or contains a specific social status that is established in a certain time and place, such as society. This literary work obtains some recognitions and rewards because of what contains inside of it, even though it is abstract at first, like idea or experience. According to Wellek and Warren‟s explanation, the writer comprehends that novel is an imitation
of the real world. It represents the real world in the other forms, like a literary form. Though the literary work is consisting of ideas or experiences that represent by the author, the writer can understand about the author‟s certain
conditions that want to be shared to the readers through his work.
C. Review on the Society of China, the Chinese Civil War, and the
Second Sino-Japanese War and the Second World War in China
1. The Society in China
Chinese government was difficult to predict. After the fall of the Chinese empire, the Republic of China that was built by Sun Yat-sen was separated into two big parties: Nationalist and Communist party. Since the era of Chinese empire, the land of China had been separated into some domination areas which were controlled by the warlords and also the Westerners who deal the treaty with the Empire of China.
Tung Chi-ming wrote that “It sent representatives to sue for peace and the result was the signing on board a British warship on August 29, 1842 of the Sino-British Treaty of Nanking” (1959: 216). This treaty was one of many treaties signed by the two countries, Empire of China and British, in order to create a peace agreement after the first opium war. As the redemption China must open their strategic city, such as Shanghai to British trade and allow British to establish settlements in China.
laws and jurisdictions degree of unity under a municipal constitution and it was approved by consular authorities. Based on that constitution, the Shanghai International Settlement was placed under an elected and exclusively foreign municipal council (1958: 133-134).
According to Bain, another power which ties to over dominate China land was the Empire of Japan. The Japanese established a new Chinese regime which was not anti-Japanese in order to establish the allegiance with the Chinese. This government was established in Peking on 1937 and trusted to Wang Ching-wei as one member in the highest post of Kuomintang by the Empire of Japan (1958: 598).
According to Latourette, since the ancient time agriculture had been the major occupation of the Chinese. Even though most of the Chinese were supported by their occupations in agriculture as farmers, there were other occupations which are done by the Chinese, like merchants, traders, artisans, blacksmiths, and restaurant-keepers (1951: 558-559). These kinds of occupations thrived after the contact with the West. The West had made their own city from China old city to support their live (Latourette, 1951: 572). The considerable percentage of agriculture was an interesting sum. This condition had made many farmers‟ live difficult. Many of these farmers
changed their occupation into labors in the West industry (Latourette, 1951: 575).
residing in various natural objects (Latourette, 1951: 607). Latourette also inscribes the development of religion in China. He wrote,
Others – and this is the present tendency – believe that the theistic elements in some of the ancient literary remains were late accretion and that the primitive faith was probably a mixture of animism, including the worship of ancestors, and for reverence for forces and objects of nature (1951: 607).
The overhead quotation describes the nature of the philosophy and religion that represent the live of the Chinese. Religion is one of many aspects that reflected in the characteristic of the Chinese.
Latourette inscribes that the outstanding characteristic of Chinese civilizations had been its emphasis upon social relations. Chinese philosophy had had as a leading objective the maintenance of an orderly society. The basic and the most characteristic Chinese institution had been and was the family. It had had a leading part in economic life, social control, moral education, and government. The members of a family had been supposed to stand by one another in trial and distress” (1951: 665-666). The tied binding
the family together had been prominent and enduring. There are some important functions of the family. First of all, the family had been perpetuated the honors to ancestors stressed by Confucianism and ancient custom. Seconds, the family had constituted a kind of mutual protective association (1951: 669).
use of opium had been very widespread and excessive indulgence in every aspect of society, like moral, physical, and financial. The other types of recreation had been feasting as accompany of many social events, such as weddings; watching processions; reading novels and stories; singing with or without the accompaniment of musical instruments; retailing and exchange gossips; resorting to clairvoyant; watching marionettes and jugglers; attending village fairs, visiting temples, automatic writing through what corresponds to the planchette; and simply frequenting crowded places (Latourette, 1951: 696-699).
From these characteristics, the society in China was consisted of many complex elements. These characteristics established the society and gave the manifestation to the society itself in order to designate China.
2. Nationalist-Communist Civil War
The Chinese Civil War was a civil war fought between Kuomintang (KMT) as the leader of the Nationalist Government of Republic of China and China Communist Party (CCP) for the control of territory since 1927 until 1950, which led into two de facto states: the Republic of China in Taiwan and People‟s Republic of China in Mainland China both claimed as legitimate
The following quotation by Tung Chi-ming inscribes the reason why the civil war was inevitable. He wrote,
that the Communist be not allowed to occupy more than one-third of the post of executive members in the higher Kuomintang organization; that no Communist be appointed directors of the Kuomintang‟s central departments; and that no Kuomintang member be allowed to join Communist Party (1959: 337-338).
The political and ideological contradictions occurring between these two parties created a conflict. This conflict was continued into an ideological war and also a physical war. The other Tung Chi-ming‟s quotation inscribes the conditions of the people who were involved in this war. He wrote that “the
Kuomintang carried out a ferocious slaughter of the Communist and other revolutionary people. Incomplete statistics put the number of people killed by the Kuomintang between 1927 and 1932 at more than one million (1959: 351).
Clyde inscribed that the Civil War between Nationalist and Communist Party could not be avoided. Clyde Stated,
The end of hostilities altered decisively the long-standing conflict within China between the Nationalist and the Communist, and also the bearing of this internal struggle on international affairs. The most immediate change – the removal of Japanese military power by surrender – opened the way for a violent competitive scramble between Nationalist and Communist to take over Japanese-occupied China, …
As the hope for a coalition between the National government and the Communist become more remote. Hurley became more sympathetic to the position taken by the Kuomintang and exerted less pressure on the national Government to reform its administration (Clyde, 1958: 783-784).
There were many victims in this war from the militaries and common people in order to create a better future and prosperity for China. Even in its ways there, many sacrifices must be done by the people of China.
3. The Second Sino-Japanese War and the Second World War in China
The Second World War was a global military conflict which was the most devastating war, in terms lives and material destruction between the opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. It began in 1939 and ended in 1945. The Second World War in China already began since 1937. This war was triggered and comprised by the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Second Sino-Japanese War was a military conflict fought primarily between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan over predominance in East Asia. It happened from 1937 until 1941.
According to O‟Neill, the Second World War in China referred to
“The War of Resistance to Japanese Aggression”. There were some main
factors that triggered the Second World War in China. The first factor was the Second Sino-Japanese War. This war was the resistance of Republic of China against the imperialist policy of Empire of Japan through political and military to seize the raw material reserves and economic resources. This war occurred in some cities in China, such as Tsinan and Shanghai. The second was the Empire of Japan‟s influences in internal and external jurisdiction in
controls of Empire of Japan as the member of Axis power in Asia. This was approved by the Axis faction with the Treaty of Versailles which granted the Empire of Japan an absolute control over Asia. The domination of Empire of Japan also supported by the overthrown of Russia by Japan in China land and as the compensation, Empire of Japan took over the control of Russia in China land (1987: 150).
The Second Sino-Japanese War became the main crucial factor of the Second World War in Asia. Tung Chi-ming inscribed “On July 7, 1937, the Japanese launched their attack on Lukouchiao (Marco Polo Bridge) southwest of Peking. The Chinese troops stationed there put up a strong resistance”
(1959: 387). This incident was the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War and the trigger of the Second World War in Asia.
The other quotation came from Bain. He inscribed the condition of the people during the Second Sino-Japanese War. He wrote,
By this time, the defeated Chinese defenders were demonized and might have been captured or wiped out had not the victorious Japanese forces indulged in an orgy of raping, looting, and destruction. As a result, Chiang found time to reorganize his force in order to retreat (1958: 156).
The Second Sino-Japanese War became worldwide when the Empire of Japan attacked and occupied Shanghai in 1941 as the signal that the Second World War was begun. A quotation by CovWarkCSVActionDesk in WW2 People‟s War An achieve of World War Two memories – written by the public gathered by BBC entitled “Life in Occupied Shanghai – 1941” described the
At about 4am in the morning, we heard heavy gunfire from the Japanese cruiser H.I.J.M.S Izumo which sank the American gunboat U.S.S Wake and H.M.S Petrel, it was the signal that the Pearl Harbour attack was on.
The Japanese army, now not only controlled their own little sector, but the whole of Shanghai except for the French Settlement as the French were now under the Vichy Government which was allied to the Axis Powers, Germany, Italy and Japan.
All the allied nations were not permitted to work or go to places of entertainment and had to wear a red arm-band with a number and initial of their nationality so they could be picked up if they caused any trouble (www.bbc.co.uk, 7 September 2012).
Clyde‟s described that the Second Sino-Japanese War created many
suffering for the Chinese in China. He inscribed,
Basic in China‟s declining war effort by 1943 was the fact that the Chinese people had been worn sown and disillusioned by six years of war. Millions had lost their homes and all their worldly possessions. wars were the great disasters which had been happened in China.
D. Theoretical Framework
are two theories that are used to analyze this thesis. They are the theory of setting and the relationship between society and literature.
The first is the theory of setting. This theory is used by the writer to analyze the social conditions from the setting in the novel. The writer wants to compare the social conditions in the novel with the real world. This theory describes that setting is the period in time or the place in which the events of a story are said to occur and the character exists or takes place, such as event, location, and year. The setting is important to analyze history and social aspect because literary interest contains historical and sociological aspect of certain time and place. The writer uses this theory because it is appropriate to perceive and compare of the setting between the novel and the real world. This theory can be used to perceive the conditions which are encountered by the character in the novel. By perceiving from the social conditions that are experienced by the character in the novel, the writer can comprehend the real social conditions that really occur in a certain time and place, especially which are encountered by the authors in his life (experiences in society).
24
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
The novel entitled Empire of the Sun was written by the British author named James Graham Ballard or well-known as J. G. Ballard. This novel was published by Grafton Books in London in 1984. This novel has 351 pages long, containing forty two chapters. These chapters are divided into four parts. Empire of the Sun reveals the struggle of a British boy named James “Jim” Graham in the city of Shanghai, China during the Second World War in China as the inclusion of the Second Sino-Japanese War.
The main theme of this novel is the conditions in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The setting of this novel is Shanghai city, one of the biggest port cities in China. The setting of this novel is manufactured setting because the setting is established from the designs of human beings, like buildings. This novel is categorized into Semi auto-biographical novel. It is because this novel based on the experiences that were really encountered by the author, with some fictional additions from the author‟s imaginations.
neutral and denotation style to represent the story. He also structures this novel by using straight forward narrative; even in some story the author retell the experiences of the main character in the past time.
Empire of the Sun gained Guardian First Book Award and James Tait Black Memorial Prize in 1984. J. G. Ballard also gained an award as the famous science fiction writer in 1960s until 1970s. The novel Empire of the Sun was adapted into a motion picture with the same titled by Steven Spielberg in 1987. Besides the novel Empire of the Sun, Ballard also wrote many other works such as novels, short stories, essays and book reviews.
The novel Empire of the Sun tells about a 10 years-old British boy named James “Jim” Graham or Jamie who lived in Shanghai around 1930s
until 1940s. There are many things in this city, from the high class mall to the broken small beggar‟s house, from the colonizer to the colonized, from the
leader of government to the leader of liberation. As far as Jim lived in this city, he felt the stratification that separated the citizen of Shanghai into certain classes, like the Westerners; the Japanese; and the Chinese as the native. This stratification was created since a long time ago, even before Jim was born and these kinds of classes still continued in his era. Jim always enjoyed his life, even though he lived in that terrible era.
Jim‟s journey began after the Japanese invaded Shanghai in 1941. In
invasion in Shanghai. Jim had to interact with the people around him to survive in this terrible condition. As the main character, Jim saw everything based on his perspective as a child. He had a dream to join with Japan air force, better than joined the British Royal Air Force. As a child, he was naïve and saw everything without any repression from any ideologies. Jim also felt the resistant war that was done by the Chinese army and supported by the Allies faction versus the Japanese as the Axis faction.
At the end of the story, Jim and all prisoners were set free from the Japanese aggression after the atomic bombs were fell down in Nagasaki and Hiroshima, Japan. The Empire of Japan surrendered to Allies forces and the Second World War as the inclusion of the Second Sino-Japanese ended. Even though the Second World War had brought to an end, the war inside China still continued and no doubt, Jim felt that the city of Shanghai had changed into a terrible city because there was no peace at all.
B. Approach of the Study
be analyzed by this approach, such as social, culture, and history. According to Rohrberger and Woods, they describe,
Critics whose major interest is the sociocultural-historical approach insist that the only way to locate the real work is in reference to the civilization that produced it. They define civilization as the attitudes and actions of a specific group of people and point out that literature takes these attitudes and actions as its subject matter. They feel, therefore, that it is necessary that the critic investigate the social millennium which a work was created and which it necessarily reflects (1971: 9).
From their depiction, sociocultural-historical approach locates the work based on reference which is constructed by the civilization. Based on this approach, they define that civilization contains attitudes and actions of some specific groups of people. From the attitudes and actions, the author creates a work of literature, so directly or not, the work of literature will contain the reflection of civilization. This approach is really ideal to criticize and investigate the social millennium (matters) which is created and reflected by the work, especially a literary work.
C. Method of the Study
The writer used library research in order to collect all data which were appropriate to support the thesis. The writer selected this method because the data were found in library, without any field research.
The primary source was the novel by James Graham Ballard, Empire of the Sun. The second sources were the theory books, encyclopedias, dictionaries, essays, and files from the internet. These data were combined in order to analyze the problems that were formulated in the first chapter.
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
This chapter depicts the analysis of the problems that has been formulated in the previous chapter. The analysis is divided into two main parts. The first part is to reveal the experiences of James “Jim” Graham based
on the settings in the novel. The second part is to compare and comprehend the social conditions in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War based on the setting of the experiences of James “Jim” Graham in the novel and the
settings in the reality.
A. James “Jim” Graham’s Experiences Related to the Second
Sino-Japanese War in China
1. Jim’s Experiences Related to Political States
a. Jim‟s Experiences a Day before the Japanese Invasion on Shanghai in 8 December 1941
During the winter on Sunday, 7 December 1941 in Shanghai, Jim and his parents were preparing at their house in Amherst Avenue for a Christmas party in Dr. Lockwood‟s mansion. Dr. Lockwood is the vice chairman of the British Resident‟s Association. Jim is eager to go to this party. He has another
intention to go there, but not to come to the party (Ballard, 1984: 11). Based on the party invitation by the vice chairman, Jim‟s family is considered a high class family in Shanghai at that time. The Amherst Avenue neighborhood is actually a place dominated and preserved for the high class Westerners.
Jim‟s family Packard moves on and arrives in Bubbling Well Road,
one of the crowded streets in Shanghai. He notices that this street is full of aggressive rickshaw coolies who try to get or escort their customers. Jim never sees Yang punches the horn powerfully like that before. Jim notices a truck with pack with professional executioners swerves in front of the Packard and a barefoot beggar boy is approaching and shouting with hold out palms to Jim. Public execution and beggar are common in Shanghai during that time. Jim is relieved when the sound of the horn makes the crowd and the beggar boy leaves. Not far from that place, Jim stares from the Packard at the Sincere Company‟s department store that is dominated with the picture of
Chiang Kai-shek. Jim notices that a faint light which is reflected from a faulty neon tube and it trembles over the picture of the Generalissimo‟s soft mouth.
Jim stared at the garish façade Sincere Company‟s department store, which was dominated by an immense portrait of Chiang Kai-shek exhorting the Chinese people to ever greater sacrifices in their struggle against the Japanese (Ballard, 1984: 14).
Jim realizes that this picture is used by the Chinese government to increase the spirit of the Chinese to fight against the Japanese. Actually, during that time China has been in the middle of the war against Japan in the Second Sino-Japanese War.
The real war was everything he had seen for himself since the Japanese invasion of China in 1937, … In a real war no one knew which side he was on, and there were no flags or commentators or winners. In a real war there were no enemies (Ballard, 1984: 14). Since Jim saw the Japanese invasion in 1937, he knows that the war has already begun. He realizes there is no winner and enemies in the real war. He feels the suffering of the Chinese as the effect of the war, even he is a foreigner in this country.
When they reach the exit of Great Western Road from the International Settlement, Jim observes the Shanghai policemen‟s effort to arrange a queue on both sides of the checkpoint from the Packard. Shanghai police work for the international settlement under the British government. In the recent days, the guard is tightened because there are many issues about the next war or the Kuomintang or Communist spies who are spread in the International Settlement. The ideology is also one reason that makes the people in China against each other. From the Packard, Jim also notices the Sikh NCO who arranges the thousands of Chinese pedestrians in the pavement using his bamboo rod. It is very different with their treatment to the Westerners, especially British. This condition happens because the British has arranges and dominates every aspect of this city.
b. Jim‟s Experiences when Surviving Alone in Demolished Shanghai Three Days after the Japanese Invasion in 8 December 1941
c. Jim‟s Experiences in Lunghua Prisoner Camp during the Second World War in China
Rather than dying in the demolished Shanghai, Jim surrenders to the Japanese military. He thinks that his parents are also captured by the Japanese military and send to the prisoner camp. He also thinks that he can get foods easier than in Shanghai. Jim is sent to the prisoner camp at Lunghua and he lives there during the Second World War for three years. This prison is used by the Japanese only for the Western prisoners. Jim can observe the progress of the war in Pootung from the prisoner camp. The sound of artilleries and gun fires of the battlefield are heard from the prisoner camp. Jim also notices the American aircraft and bombers approach from the south west. The dozens of canister with parachute are dropped from the Allies planes to support the Chinese armies to win the war. From that moment, Jim realizes that the Kuomintang armies are supported by American in order to regain the authority over China.
The battalions, with its artillery support, was rooting out the last of communist units which still hung on among the ruins of the Pootung shore. On the mole, the corpses of dead communist soldiers were stacked like fire woods (Ballard, 1984: 330)
value of humanity is neglected and the only important thing is the victory and domination over all, even though the others will be suffered in this action.
d. Jim‟ Experiences when Sightseeing around Shanghai Bund Two Month after the Second World War is Over
After the war, Shanghai is re-established and now it is more glimmering and shimmering than before the war. The supremacy returns to Kuomintang as the Nationalist Party and supports by the Allies Faction. Jim and his parents also return to their house in Amherst Avenue.
One moment, Jim is walking around the Bund in the night of Shanghai. Jim notices the newsreel that explains the end of the war by the Nationalist General and there is a gratitude for the victorious of Generalissimo Chiang Kas-shek as the leader of Kuomintang and Chinese army in the war against the Japanese. Jim is aware that there is no any gratitude for the Chinese Communist. Jim realizes that every Chinese Communist have been cleared out of Shanghai and coastal cities (Ballard, 1984: 346). This is one of the ways to obtain the superiority in China by discarding other influenced powers. Kuomintang and Allies forces hope that they can obtain the superiority in China by eliminating the power of Communist from Shanghai and other coastal cities.
one of the newsreel screens projector is being repaired by the army technician. When he walks along the tramlines, he notices two glimmering bar-girls in the moving rickshaw. Suddenly, Jim notices that the Chinese are already turning their spectacle to a crowd below the steps of Shanghai Club. Jim sets eyes on a group of drunken American and British sailors who are arguing to each other and waves at the cruiser moored at the Bund. Jim observes that these sailors urinate down the steps. Fifty feet below them, Jim notices expressionless face of the Chinese as the arcs of urine forms a foaming street that run down to the street and to the pavement which covers clerks, coolies, and peasant women (Ballard, 1984: 350-351). These American and British sailors have the higher status in Shanghai because they have a duty to maintain the peace in this city, but it looks like they only use their status for their own sake. This is explained that China is still control under the foreign power, in this case by the Allies Faction. Jim observes the expressionless Chinese that cannot do anything about it, but Jim believes that someday the Chinese will punish the rest of the world and take a frightening revenge.
2. Jim’s Experiences Related to Economic Situations
a. Jim‟s Experiences in Shanghai during the Second Sino-Japanese War from 1937 until 1945
One example, when Jim‟s family is on the way to the Christmas party at
b. Jim‟s Experiences when Surviving Alone in Demolished Shanghai after the Invasion in 8 December 1941
c. Jim‟s Experiences to Lunghua Prisoner Camp after being Captured by the Japanese Soldiers after the Invasion on Shanghai in 1941
China is famous with their traditionalism from every aspect. Some of the traditions are seen from the occupations they have and the goods they produce. This tradition is seen when Jim surrenders to the Japanese after the invasion into Shanghai. He and other Western prisoners are brought to a prisoner camp at Lunghua by the Japanese military. They pass through Chapei area. This area is the industrial suburb of the northern Shanghai which contains tenement and derelict cotton mills. Jim sees the platoons of the Chinese puppet troop patrol around the area and he smells the foetid air of human‟s fertilizer as the effect of the invasion.
Were they lost? For an hour, as they trundled through the industrial suburbs of Northern Shanghai, …
The endless street of Chapei ran fast, an area of tenements and derelict cotton mills, police barracks and shanty towns built on the banks of black canals. They drove below the overhead conveyors of a steel works. Shuttered pawnshop stood outside the abandoned radio and cigarette factories, …
… They passed the ruin of Chapei ceramic works, … (Ballard, 1984: 126-127).
d. Jim‟s Experiences when Sightseeing around Shanghai Bund Two Months after the Second World War is Over
Jim wants to see the change in Shanghai after the Second World War is over. He walks down from SS Arrawa to the Shanghai Bund. He notices that Shanghai is more overcrowded than before the Second World War. He sees thousand of Chinese, trams, limousines, jeeps and trucks of the US military, and also a horde of rickshaws and pedicabs. He also notices many American and British servicemen in and out of the hotels along the Bunds.
Beside, at the jetties along the Arrawa, Jim also observes many sailors come shores from the cruisers moored in mid-river. As these sailors step from the landing craft, Jim observes the Chinese in their professions pursue these sailors. The Chinese has many kinds of profession, such as pickpocket; pimp; prostitute; bar-trout; vendor of liquor; opium dealer, gold dealer; and pedicab driver. Jim also contemplates that many American sailors who are assigned to protect the peace in Shanghai are walking away with some bar-girls.
As they step from the landing craft the Chinese surged forward, gangs of pickpockets and pedicab driver, prostitutes and bar-touts, vendors hawking bottles of home-brew Johnny Walker, gold dealers and opium traders, the evening citizenry of Shanghai in all its black silk, fox fur and flash. …
Their arm around the bar-girls screaming obscenities at the sleek Chinese pimps in their pre-war Packard, down from the blocks in the back-alley garages of the Nanking road (Ballard, 1984: 345).
On the other days before returns to England, Jim asks Yang, who has worked again as his chauffeur after the Second World War is over, to drive him to Lunghua prisoner camp. Jim sees that this place has already been taken over by the Allied Forces as an airfield for British and American Air force. On his way back to International Settlement through the western suburbs of Shanghai, Jim notices Nationalist soldiers in their American tanks, trying to find the refugees and bring them back to Shanghai. Noticing these refugees, Jim realizes that there is no rice or land to crop anymore in Shanghai.
At the end of October he ordered the unenthusiastic Yang to drive him to Lunghua. The set off through the western suburbs of Shanghai, and soon reached the first of the fortified checkpoint that guarded the entrances to the city. The nationalist soldiers in their American tank were turning back hundreds of destitute peasants, without rice or land to crop, trying to find refugee in Shanghai (Ballard, 1984: 347).
From the above quotation, it is seen that China is agricultural country in which the majority of the people as farmers. The lands and fields that once were used by the farmers to make living are being taken over by the Westerners to build many industries. This condition is worsened by the Second Sino-Japanese War that destroys their wealth and occupation.
3. Jim’s Experiences Related to Social Cultural Circumstances
a. Jim‟s Experience in His House at Amherst Avenue before the Second World War in China
The social class in China during that time can be seen from Jim‟s
clothes which are resembled The Thief of Baghdad. Jim is like a prince in his house. He has a chauffeur to drive him anywhere and nine passive Chinese servants who will follow his orders. He also has many aircraft toys. If he feels bored with those, he will take his bike and go around French Concession to entertain himself with many entertainments in Shanghai (Ballard, 1984: 15-16). From that description, the Westerners have better live than the Chinese as the native during that time. The Westerners is the employers and the Chinese is only employees.
The social problem is also seen from the condition of the city itself. The city of Shanghai is maintained and ordered by the Westerners and the Chinese who are actually the native but only like a tenant in their own city. This is seen when Jim is on the way to the Christmas party. Along the way from his house in Amherst Avenue to the Dr. Lockwood‟s mansion is full of
Westerners in their fancy dress.
Jim took his seat in the Packard, He glad to see that Amherst Avenue filled with cars of Europeans leaving for their Christmas parties. All over the western suburbs people were wearing fancy dress, as if Shanghai had become a city of clown (Ballard, 1984: 20).
in this city during that time. He only thinks that the Chinese is still united, even though they are being pressured by many terrible conditions.
The Chinese, whom Jim knew well, were cold and often cruel people, but in their superior way they stayed together, whereas every Japanese were alone. All of them carried photographs of their identical families, little formal prints, as if the entire Japanese Army had been recruited only from the patrons of arcade photographers (Ballard, 1984: 23). b. Jim‟s Experiences at the Dawn of the Japanese Invasion on Shanghai in 8 December 1941
Jim lives in the Palace Hotel in the Shanghai Bund a day before the Japanese invasion into Shanghai. Jim sees the Shanghai waterfront that involves many battle ships and gun boats of British, American, and also Japanese. He also smells the odor of fish heads and the bean curd cooked in oil rose by the vendor. Jim also sees paper flowers. He knows that there is a burial ceremony like that every night at Nantao in Shanghai. He witnesses many of poor Chinese launched the coffin for the bodies of their relatives at funeral piers in this place. Jim realizes that those Chinese did that because they do not have any wealth for the burial. However, they still do that for the honor of the death. Jim memorizes that he always noticed many paper flowers which are decking the coffin in that melancholy occasion.
From the above quotation, the Chinese respect to their old tradition. They still maintain and do the burial ceremony, even though they do not have any money to do it. The Second Sino-Japanese War that takes a long time and the Westerners that destroy the wealth or occupation of the native are worsened the condition of the Chinese.
c. Jim‟s Experiences when Surviving Alone in Demolished Shanghai after the Invasion in 8 December 1941
A few days after the Japanese invasion in 1941, Jim lives by himself in the Maxted‟s abandoned apartment in French Concession for about one
commercial buildings. From those places, they are carrying typewriters and boxes of files (Ballard, 1984: 76-77). From the description, the condition in Shanghai during the Second World War is worsened than before the war. The city is more chaotic for Jim and the people, with many mass murders committed by the Japanese. No one does anything to help the victims. They are ignored by the higher authority just like before the war.
The culture that is performed by the Chinese after the Westerners control Shanghai is the legality of opium. This is seen when Jim is traveling around Shanghai in order to find his parents. He passes the Avenue Foch and he sees that this crowded place is become so quiet. This place is become a place for many gamblers and opium users to gather. Jim notices that “all the
gambling parlours and opium houses in the side-streets behind the racecourse had closed, and metal grilles sealed the entrances to the pawn shops and banks” (Ballard, 1984: 77). This quotation explains that the traders are selling
the opium legally in China before the Japanese invasion into Shanghai in 1941, besides that gambling is also legal in China during that time.
The other culture that is seen by Jim is the habit of the Chinese to make gold teeth. He knows about this habit after he lives with Basie and Frank. They are some of Western survivors and maybe they are soldiers or even mercenaries. Jim helps Basie to collect gold tooth from dead Chinese bodies at Nantao.
self-respect, and now that the war had begun their relatives might be too tired to pull them out before the funeral (Ballard, 1984: 100). The above quotation describe that Chinese is famous with their honor to the family. Besides the honor to the ancestor, many Chinese parents like to make gold teeth for the continuity of their descendants.
d. Jim‟s Experiences to Lunghua Prisoner Camp after being Captured by the Japanese Soldiers after the Invasion on Shanghai in 1941
The other culture that is maintained by the Chinese for a long time is playing kite. This old fashion games is maintained by the native and it attracts many foreigners interested with it. Jim is one of many foreigners who are interested to this game. Jim is in the truck with other Westerns prisoners on the way to the prisoner camp in Lunghua. He has conversation with Dr. Ransome about their interest. Feeling bored with the conversation, Jim notices the soldiers are walking along the railway trucks unwinding lengths of telephone wire as they move toward highway. Jim notices that the wire is like a thread of kite that he usually played with his father at their house in Amherst Avenue. He remembers that he has flown a dozens of kites and he misses that peaceful time.
e. Jim‟s Experiences in Lunghua Prisoner Camp during the Second World War in China
As one of the captive in Lunghua prisoner camp during the Second World War, Jim also works with other prisoners to build an airfield for Japanese airship. Jim notices Chinese soldiers who are taken captive by the Japanese. Different from the Western prisoners, Jim realizes in his mind “he
knew that the Chinese soldiers were being worked to death, that these starving men were laying their own bones in a carpet for the Japanese bombers who would land upon them” (Ballard, 1984: 160). Based on the
quotation, Chinese soldiers get different treatment than other prisoners. When the other prisoner can eat and rest, the Chinese soldiers must work. This condition represents the cruelty of the Japanese to the Chinese.
During the Second World War, Jim usually has some conversations with Dr. Ransome in the prisoner camp. Jim is standing on the roof top of the camp and sees the American aircraft pass above him. Dr. Ransome feels worried about him and asks him to help at camp hospital. Jim has a conversation with Dr. Ransome in the hospital. Jim says “certainly the
Japanese came top, the Chinese bottom, with the British wavering in between” (Ballard, 1984: 197). From the quotation, Jim realizes that the
Close to the end of the Second World War, Jim observes the condition of the war from the prisoner camp. The Kuomintang is supported by the Allies Faction to defeat the Japanese in China. Jim also sees that the Kuomintang armies have taken over the airfields and use the hangars as the place to seize the Japanese armies in this war. The Japanese armies who are captured by the Chinese are killed in the south and the west of the airfield.
For reasons of their own, the Japanese aircraftsmen and ground crews made no attempt to escape, and lived on in the gutted hangars and workshops. Each day the Nationalist soldiers took a few of the Japanese and killed them in the waste ground to the south and west of the airfield (Ballard, 1984:307).
The revenge of the Chinese is fulfilled after they have Allied Faction as their allies. Based on the quotation, the Japanese or the Chinese is becoming cruel and not respecting the value of humanity in the middle of this war.
B. The Social Conditions in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War
Revealed through James “Jim” Graham’s Experiences
preceding explanation, there are some elements that can be revealed from the society in China that is represented in the novel Empire of the Sun which are political states, economic situations, and social cultural circumstances.
1. Political States
a. British Domination in China
British is one of many Western nations which established their domination and supremacy in China since the Empire of China until the Republic of China. At first, the purpose of British came to China was for bargaining. Their relation broke off after British sold and smug opium into China. This situation is worsened and the Opium War broke out.
This history is noted by Tung Chi-ming, he describes that the Treaty of Nanking is constructed to end the Opium War between British and China. This treaty forces China to open every strategic town port in China (1959: 216). From that explanation, the power of British is become stronger in China, especially Shanghai. This condition is explained by the author from Jim‟s experience about Jim‟s family house at Amherst Avenue that
dominated and preserved for the high class Westerns and also the glamour party for the Westerners that is held on Shanghai by the vice chairman of the British Resident‟s Association (Ballard, 1984: 11).
Shanghai is full of fun, even though he knows that the Chinese is very miserable during the Second Sino-Japanese War.
Based on the preceding paragraph, Tung Chi-ming‟s description is shown in the novel by the author. These are seen from The Amherst Avenue neighborhood and the party which held by the vice chairman that shown the power of British grows fast in Shanghai as the effect of the Treaty of Nanking.
Tung Chi-ming‟s description also supports another Jim‟s experience. According to Jim‟s experience about the propaganda of the British embassy
in Shanghai in order to counteract the German and Italian war films in public theatres (Ballard, 1984: 12), British does not want to be defeated by other power, such as Axis Faction in Shanghai. It is because Shanghai has been ruled by British since a long time ago and they do not want to lose their supremacy in Shanghai.
he is British. It is why he relieved when he passes the propaganda in the street to the Christmas party.
Another British domination in China is seen from the Shanghai International Settlement. Clyde inscribes that British established Shanghai International Settlement from many settlements which are established by other Westerners in Shanghai. Shanghai International Settlement has its own rules and regulations. British can set up Shanghai International Settlement because many of the native are gone from Shanghai after the Second Sino-Japanese War occurs or after the Westerners occupied the territory from the native (1958: 133-134). The other Jim‟s experience represents the Shanghai International Settlement that has its own police and the treatment to the Chinese as the native in Shanghai (Ballard, 1984: 22). This experience describes that Shanghai has been controlled completely by the British. Their control is seen from the police that attempt to control the crowd and their treatment to the Chinese along the crowded street in Shanghai.
