To Recycle Zinc (Zn) from Used Zinc-Carbon Battery as Biogas Desulfurizer.

ISSN: 2315-4527

lnternational Journal

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2, No.

1,

June 2014

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CONITENTS

\

sfums

2,

Number

1,

June

2014

--:*-:

Re-iistance

of Novel Polyethylene/Carbon

BlackNanocomposites.

...1

i:i,lriz

S.

Alghamdi,IanA. Ashcrofi,

and Mo Song

- _"--,

=

.''"s'

=d.

_{Ruiz, Erika} Constnrction

of

a

Mobile Robot

with

Regenerative Brake on

Dc

Motors

...,...6 Tbrres, and

Edwin l4llarreal

'-

,

;-;

Separation on

Plate-Like

SAPO-S

Zeolite Molecular

Sieves

...10

i..::ns

Hu,

Addisu

T. Derebe, Ali Almansoori, and

Kean

Wang

.

'

:----nt-rns of NO Gas

Sensors Based on

ZnO Nanorod Thin

Films

...15

J;pi

lltliorto,

Muhammad

E

Ramadhani,

Hadi

Wieno, and

Nugraha

, . r-

-!-

-:e

Hunan Body MeasurementAnalysis of

the Degree

of

Difficult.

...19

'.;ti.1.

_Cai,

PengWei B.

Li, ZhengLin

C.

Hong, andXiaoMei.

Shang

I-.-:l--L,,,.r-

Synthesis and

Characteization

of

WO:/AC from

WOr/?olyaniline

(PANi)

for

Photocatalytic

Z;:l

Trnali Che

Ramli, Nilofar Asim, Zeynab Emdadi,

Wan N.

R.

W.

Isahak, and M. Ambar

Yarmo

::-;---:al

Behavior of Nano Composite

Materials

(Cuo.sNio.sFezO:)

...

...27

:--l.rT' B. I.

Shaheen, Ahmad R. A. Alsissy, and

Abdallah

M. A. Ibraheem

' :;

,-..si -\pproach

to Manufacturing Problem

Solving

...33

Sr"trang Romdas Chaudhari,

Wshal

A.

Yawale, and Ramakant C.

Dalu

-

:

i::i'cle

Zinc

(Zn) from Used Zinc-Carbon

Battery

as Biogas

Desulfurizer

...

...39

l'-i:orda

Gde

Tirta Nindhia,

I

Wayan Surata,

I

Ketut

Adi Atmika, Dewa Ngakan

Ketut Putra Negara,

and

I

ii;.an

Ptttra Adnyana

S:

:-.

,.n

\fultiple

Packets Management

for

ICIE...

...43

S;:.ng

Lu

r-

---,

ilti_sation

on

Printability of Carbon Nanotube

(CNT$

Inks

by Flexographic onto Various Substrates....49

l.!

i

-l{aksud, M. S. Yusof Z. Embong,

M. N. Nodin, and N. A. Rejab

,

:---:

_{Brazurg ofAlumina to}

Titanium for Implantable

_{Feedthroughs Using Pure}

Gold

_{as the Braze Meta1...56}

-tltitsnnnad

S.

Siddiqui and

W

Kinzy

Jones

Intentational Journal of Materials Science and Engineering Vol. 2, No. I June 20 I 4

To

Recycle

Ztnc

(Zn) from

IJsed

Ztnc-Carbon

Battery

as

Biogas

Desulfurrzer

.orda

Gde

Tirta Nindhia, I

Wayan Surata,

I Ketut

Adi

Atmika,

Dewa Ngakan

Ketut

Putra Negara, and

I

Wayan Putra

Adnyana

Depaftment of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering faculty, Udayana University, Jirnbaran, Bali, Indonesia, 80361

E-mail: nindhia@yahoo.com

.

.'j--g(r1-[isgas should

be

purified

before

_further

:clicatior

as a fuel

for

engine. Hidrogen Sulfide (I{rS) is

,n. the gas impurities that rising problem

for

the engine

,':...

lrill

caused acidity to luhricant and corrosive to metal

:irl:

of the engine. [n this research, zinc obtained from used

:,r

-:.rl is

utilized

as

_{desulfurizer.}

Two

_{methods are}

r :.- rd uced in this adicle for processing zinc as desulfurizer. ;

lrt

_{b-r immersing in the salt lyater to produce zinc oxide}

lnOt

and secondly- by galvanic coupling with iron in order

obtain

ion

Zn2*.

It is

found that both

processing i:rniques having optimum result in reducing H2S impurity

:

--he _biogas.

\;tt

Terfils-zing,

used

battery,

recycle, desulfurizer, rrlrogen sulhde, biogas

I.

INlRooucrroN

r

developed

sountly

such

as

lapan

t1]

and

:

,,-zerland

[2],

the battery waste is

well

managed. The :-aanese govemment takes care

of

establishing a system :iansport and treat them. Sirnilarly in Switzerland there

, :n

action to heatment of the rmlecoverable waste

in

an

.-'. ronmentally safe manner.

Zinc

is

in a

lirnited amount on the earth. The world

-,'iource _{of zinc is in the rutge 20-40 year}

[3]. Therefore

;;i'cle

of the zinc should be promoted

The

zinc-carbon

battery

consist

of

zinc

case

as

a

- -'ntainer and negative terminal, carbon road as positive

-nninal and mixture

of

MnO2,

graphite

powder

and

.rmonium

chloride as electrolye as can be seen in Fig.

l.

:-ier

_used

or

_{speut, the used battery}

still

_{contains zinc} -.se that possible to be recycled again.

In

order

to

use

biogas

as

fuel

of

the

engine, the

::noval ol

hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is particulariy crucial

:.cause

it

can

cause

corosion

to

metal parts

of

the

::gine

[4].

Several

techliques

of

H2S

removal

from

r.urp&S

are

available

in

several publications.

In

situ

.:moval of

H2S

from

biogas during anaelobic digestion

r:ocess

[5] for

example,

this

technique

using

FeCl3

:osing

which

is

quite problem

for

local

fanner

in -:r'eloping country to obtain it.

The next generation of desulfurizer was introduced by ,:ppayawong and Thanompongchart

[6]

rvhich involved

\lanuscript received December' 12, 201i; revised February 13.2014

i0 J 4 Engineering and Technology Publishing

:: 1 0 12720lijmse.2.1.39-42

column reactor. This technique using external energy for circulating aqueous solution countercurrent

flow

so that

not

appropriate

for

small

portable

or

mobile

type of

biogas system because consume

quite

large space.

By

using

just

actiyate

carbon

(AC)

as

demonstrated by

Mescia et

ol.

l7l

resulting

in low

selectivity'

of

activated

carbon towards

the

adsorption

of

only sulfur

species.

Finally

it

was informed recently _[8] that ZnO is powerful for desulfurization of biogas.

C iirLtrn rLlid

lfIO: - ,srnphjre !or', ier

Auncnilutl .iiloiiJe

F-igure

l.

Section view of zinc-carbon battery

It

is

the purpose

of

this research

to utilize zinc

from used zinc-carbon battery as desulfurizer. The process

will

be developed

for

this purpose

in

order problem

of

waste battery could be ovelrcome simultaneous

with

elinrination

of

H2S impurities

in

the biogas. The technique involved galvanic coupling between zinc and iron that can release ion Zn2t which is reactive to H2S. Galvanic coupling is a

potential difference

that

usually exists

between rwo

dissimilar metals when they are immersed

in

conductive solution. This potential difference produce electron

flow

between thein and metal ion

will

be released from one

of

the coupling

l9l.

The metal ion is hoped

will

react with

H2S so that process of desulfurization to occur.

II.

Expnnntrx,rei_

The zinc case from the used battery rvas taken out and cut to become small pieces as depicted in Fig. 2 and iron

lnternational Journal ofMateriars science and Engineering vor. 2, No. I June 20]4

chips as can bee seen in Fig. 3 was prepared

for

galvanic coupling. The iron _{chips were come from waste}

of metal

manufacfuring process. Five compositions _{were prepared}

namely: 100%o _{Zn,75Yo Zn +25Yo Fe, 50,'/o}

Zn+51i/o Fe, and 25o/o _{Zt+75oA Fe and 100% Fe. The}

total

mass

of

each _{composition were 100gram.}

desulfru'izer, the valve 4 was closed and the valve 5 was

gp:r"q

an{-let the biogas flowed to the H2S gas sensor 6.

If

the desulfluizer _{working well, then the HzS conteuts in} the biogas

w

_{can be}

,o"urr."d by

_closing

valve 8

and

9

and let the biogas

flow to

the H2S

gas

performance

of Jesulflu.izer

then can

be

calculated

by

using

_equation

(1).

_The

performance

of

_{desulfurizer \,vas measured}

for

_every 5

liters

of

biogas

that

passed

the

_desulfurizer

and was

stopped until reach 50 liters. The averages of desulfi.u.izer

performance _{for total 50 liters then}

wilibe

calculated and presented in form of graph for analyzed.

[image:8.595.56.541.184.682.2]

Figule 2. The zinc waste fiom used battery was cut in small pieces

Figure 3. The zinc waste from used battery was cut in small pieces

m.

R-esurrANoDrsccusrox

Positive

rcsult

is

obtained fi.om

the

composition

of

l00o/o zinc _{as can} be seen

in

Fig. 5. The perdrmance

of

desulfurizer

is

found optimal

io

_reach

joOX.

thl,

i,

caused by during immersion

in

the salt water, the zinc is

1ory$ed and form product of conosion of

ZrO

[10]. The

ZnO is very reactive to H,S according chemical reiction

as rl,ritten in the equation (2)

tl1l.

H.S brt'ore deslrliuri.ar

-

H.S atier clesulfrlri.ar

H.S befcre de:uIfiriar ,i 1rl0o 6

ZnO + H2S -+ ZnS + HrO

2Fe (OH)3 + 3H2S

-+

Fe2S3 + 6 HrO (3)

tC0_c6 Zn 2596 Fe EC96 Fe 75% Fe _ :009tr Fe

754.i Zn 50-16 Zn 2ii,.6 Zr:

Compcsition of Zt-Fe l,Nloi

Figure 5. The Averages performance ofdesulfurizer

(2) 0 E'^'

-bE

6= o-E

,^=

iiq

ox

d! o Figure 4. Schematic of

experiment

_t

biogas container, 2. valve, 3. flow

H.S gas sensor, 7. desulfurizer.

g.

i

Each

_{salt water}

solution

order

co

2

days in

that

coul

n

Product

the biogas pipe

with

flow

rate

of

desulfurizer

was

evaluated

by

measuring

the

_{H2S contents}

in

_the

biogas before and after passing _{the desulfurizer as can be} seen in Fig.

4.

_tainer

I

with flow r

flow rate

was

'

_{3. To}The measure the H2S contents

in

the biogas before entering

Internatioilal Journal of Materials Science and Engineering Val. 2, Net. I June 2014

-

react

with

HzS as can

be

explained

in

Fig

6.

:

---3

nulrber

of

Zn

mass

is

smaller that Fe

in

the

---.

-ren the

galvanic coupling

is not so

active in

--: i I Lfl

Biogas

,/i1- -H,\ _- Zil:i - h

/)\

Hli

. _- .

:

Scematic of galvanic coupling between Zn and Fe *'hich can

yield ion Zn2* that will react with HrS

.-onfiary,

if

the

contains

of

Zrt

arld

Iron

in

the

-'

--:3 is

equal as

in

the mixture

of

5AY, Zt+S\o/o Fe,

:.1

.

:,e-brmance

of

desulfi.uizer become decrease

to

the

: :

e.f 83.594% as depicted

in

Fig. 5. The

galvanic

-.

-:--:s is

not

effective

to

release

Zn2'

since

the

.

-:-ng

is in

the

same quantity and

flIfthff

more the

,-:::---in

of ZtO

that more

reactive

then

Fe(OH)3 is

.:--.ed

_{make composition}

of

_{50o/o Zn+5\Yo}

Fe

is

not

- .:.*.oriate as desuifurizer.

-. is

important

to

note that

the

mixture

with

-

:::osition

250/" Zn +7 50h F e also resulting an optimum

:-':--,rrmance as desulfluizer which

is

reach 100%. Even

:- _-oh contains small amount of Znthat make reaction

of

- l

and H2S not as main part

of

desulfurization process

:,:

:eaction

of ZrJ* with

H2S become main reaction

of

-=.:lhu'ization

since quantiry

of Zn is

lower than Fe in

-:

mixture that make

galvanic

coupling effective

to :.33se

Zrf*

atdreact with H2S impurity in the biogas'

IV.

Colcrusol't

The used zinc-carbon type

ofbattery

contains

Zt

case

.--::

can

be

recycled as

desulfru'izer.

By

process

of

- :nersing

in

the salt water, the zinc is ready

to

be used

..

desulfurizer. Other technique

is

by

mixing with

Fe

,--:h not in equal quantity for examples '75o/"

Zri25"/rFe

-.. )5Yo Zn+75o/o Fe respectively and immersing

it

in

the

:,1-i \vater.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors wish

to

thanks the

Ministry of

National

.:d

Culture

of

The Republic

of

Indonesia

for

financiai

.nelitian

hibah bersairg)

for

the year

of

2014 granted .rrough Udayana University, Jimbaran, Bali, Indonesia'

- 1014 Engineering and Technology Publishing

REFERENCES

il]

T. Kanemaru and

T

Matsuoka, "General overiew of battery waste managemen in Japan," Journal of Power Sources, vol' 5'7.

pp.

96

I2l H.

ing as a part of the Swiss waste

ma

co

t of Power Source, vol' 57, pp' 47'

49,199s.

t3l

J. P. Wiaux and J.

P

Waefler, "Recycling zinc batteries: An

economical challenge

in

consumer wasle," Joumal of Pover

t8]

oPorous

f biogas

1 88, pp.

222-232, February 201

t9l

M.

G. Fontana,

Cot

sion Engineering' McGraw-Hill Book

Cornpany,

19

ch. 3, PP. 41-12.

[10] X. G. Zhang, rosion and Electrochemistry o/Zlnc, New Yolk:

Plenum Press, i996, ch.

6,pp.172-173-[11] D. Deublin and A. steinham er, Biogas _frorn llaste and RenetYable

Resources, Germany: Strauss GmbH, ch. 6, pp. 343-344'

[12]

r.

G,

r.

I.

N. K.

P.

an

waste

fo

ali

Journal

ab

2013.

tl3l

w.

l.

K.

ana,

d on

cyli

four

nal

of E

Development,vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 300-303' June 2013'

Tjokorda Gde Tirta Nindhia was bom in

Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia on January l6th.

1972. Received Doctor Degree

il

Mechanical

Engiaeering ftom Gadjah Mada University

(UGM) Yogyakarta, Indonesia on August

2003, rvith major field of study was Material

Engineering.

He

participated

in

various

intemational research collaborations such as

with Muoran Institute of TechnoLogy Japan

(2004), Toyohashi University of Technology

Japan (2006), Leoben Mining University

Aushia (2008-2009), Technical University of Viemra Austria (2010)

and Recently with lnstitute Chemical Technology of Prague Czech Republic (2012-now). His cunentjob is as Full Professor in the fieid of Material Engiueering

at

Department

of

Mechanical Engineering,

Engineering Faculty, Udayana lJriversity, Jimbaran, Bali, Indonesia. His research interest covers subjects such as biomaterial, waste recycle,

failure analyses, ceramic, metailugy, cornposite, renewable energy and

environmental friendly manufacturiug. Plof. Nindhia is a membsr of

JICA Alumni, ASEA-IININET alumni, and also member of association

of Indonesian Nanotechnology. Prof Nindhia received best researchet award in 1997 and in 2013 fi'om Udayana University the place where he

is working and again in 2012 received both Best lecturer award Aom

Enqine

Facutty of Udayana University. ln the same years 2012, the

."riur.

ter ofUdayana University awarded ProfNindhia as the best

senior researcher

h

2013 Prof. Nindhia awarded

as

15 best

perfonnance lndonesian lccturers from Ministry

of

Education and

International Journal of Materials science and Engineering

vol

2, No.

I

June 20]4

I

Wayan Putra Adnyana was undergraduate student at Mechmicsj Engineering, Udayana University, Iimbaraq Bali, indonesia ard

graduated during 2012.