DEVELOPING INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE ON HUMAN
IMMUNE SYSTEM FOR GRADE XI SENIOR HIGH
SCHOOL AND EVALUATING ITS EFFECT ON
STUDENT LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT
By:
Debora H. Hasibuan
NIM 408141046
Biology Bilingual Education
SKRIPSI
Submitted to Fulfill Requirement for Getting Sarjana Pendidikan (S.Pd)
BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
iv
PREFACE
Praise and thanks to Almighty God, Jesus Christ, who granted countless
blessing so that writer is able to finish this research.
Skripsi with title “Developing Instructional Module on Human Immune
System for Grade XI Senior High School and Evaluating Its Effect on Student
Learning Achievement” is proposed to get Sarjana Pendidikan Biologi Faculty of
Mathematics and Sciences State University of Medan.
In this moment, writer would like to convey grateful thanks to Prof. Dr.
Herbert Sipahutar, M.Si., M.Sc., as skripsi advisor who gave a lot of advice and
suggestion during writing research proposal till finishing this skripsi. Great thanks
to Syarifuddin, M.Sc., PhD, Dra. Meida Nugrahalia, M.Sc., Dr. Fauziyah
Harahap, M.Si., and Drs. Tri Harsono, M.Si (take over the task of Dr. Fauziyah
during her pilgrimage to Mecca) as examiner lecturers who gave advice and
suggestion during writing research proposal till finishing this skripsi. Special
thanks to Dr. rer. nat. Binari Manurung, M.Si., as academic advisor who gave
powerful spirit during my study.
Grateful thanks to Wahidin, S.Pd. as advisor teacher, Drs. Alben Sianturi
as headmaster, all teachers and all students in SMA Negeri 1 Sidikalang who give
helpfully hand during doing the research.
Thanks to my best mama and my lovely brothers, both Josua and Jonatan
for all support which encourage and reinforce me in every difficult situation, God
show us powerful love in our life. Also to my great papa in heaven, I present this
for you, thanks for lessons that I had got in every memory that have been passed.
Special thanks to inangtua, uda , nanguda, tulang, nantulang, novi, harefa
bungsu, eka, desi, sahala, roni, roy, hoga and all of my lovely big family of
Hasibuan and Simanungkalit for every support and advice in finishing my final
task.
Last but not the least, special thanks to all my beloved friends in Biology
Bilingual 2008 for all support and spirit during our study especially Siti, Uci,
v
Lastria, Maya, Heny, Silvia, Sukma, Rahmad, Hasmi, Baby, Yeni, Dina, Wenny,
Maria, Desri, Sari, and Kije.
Writer has tried as much as possible in the completion of skripsi, but it is
realized there are many weaknesses in terms of content and grammar. For that,
writer welcomes any suggestions and constructive criticism from readers to make
it better. May the contents of this skripsi would be useful to enrich the treasury of
education.
Medan, November 2012
Writer,
Debora H. Hasibuan
iii
DEVELOPING INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE ON HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEM FOR GRADE XI SENIOR HIGH
SCHOOL AND EVALUATING ITS EFFECT ON STUDENT LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT
Debora H. Hasibuan (408141046)
Abstract
This was a developmental research that purposed to develop instructional module for human immune system topic in grade XI. Research used 3D model, modification of 4D model by Thiagarajan, Semmel and Semmel (1974), namely: Define, Design, and Develop. Research started by analyzing characteristic of student, task, and concept, and specifying instructional objectives. A criterion – reference test was made based on instructional objectives and was used to measure student learning achievement. First draft of module was validated by content expert and learning design expert, result of validation showed that draft of module had been very good in aspect of material (92%), presentation (83.33%), and readability (95.83%) and had been good in aspect of graphic design (69.44). Second draft was assessed by two Biology teachers, result of assessment by teachers showed that module had been very good in aspect of material (93.75%), presentation (93.75%), readability (89.58%), and graphic design (95.83%). Utilizing third draft of module was simulated in SMA Negeri 1 Sidikalang, by 32 students grade XII who did not get human immune system topic during grade XI. Pretest was conducted before simulating module and posttest after simulation. From the simulation got mean of pretest 37.34±9.068 and posttest 46.41±14.823. Through analyzing using paired t test got tcalculation 3.157 with df 31 where ttable presentation, readability and graphic design, 2) Module utilizing gave positive effect to student learning achievement.
vi
1.5 Objective of Research and Development 3
1.6 Significance of Study 4
1.7 Operational Definition 4
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
2.1 Theory on Module-Based Learning 5
2.2 Module 6
2.2.1 Definition 6
2.2.2 Components of Module 7
2.3 Purposes of Instructional Module 9
2.4 Construction and Use of Pretest and Posttest in Instructional Module 9
2.5 Implementation of Module 10
2.6 Evaluation in Instructional Module 11
2.7 Purpose and Benefit of Making Module 11
2.8 Model for Developing Module 13
2.9 Overview of Human Immune System 14
2.9.1 Organs that Role in Immune System 15
vii
3.6.2 Pretest and Posttest 28
CHAPTER IV RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Result of Developing Module 29
4.1.1 Result of Expert Appraisal 29
4.1.2 Result of Teacher Assessing 30
4.1.3 Result of Developmental Testing 31
4.1.3.1 Result of Simulation 32
4.1.3.2 Result of Assessing Module Quality by Student 34
4.1.4 Final Product of Module 34
4.2 Research Finding 36
4.3 Discussion 37
4.3.1 Developing Module for Human Immune System Topic Based on 37
KTSP
4.3.2 Effect of Module Utilizing on Student Learning Achievement 37
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion 39
5.2 Suggestion 40
LITERATURE CITED 41
ix
LIST OF TABLE
Page
Table 3.1 Blue Print of Question 22
Table 3.2 Four Level of Likert Item 27
Table 4.1 Obtained Suggestions from Content and Design Expert 30
Table 4.2 Result of Pretest and Posttest 31
Table 4.3 Result of Normality Test 32
Table 4.4 Result of Paired Sample t Test 33
viii
LIST OF FIGURE
Page
Figure 2.1 Basic Concept in Human Immune System 16
Figure 3.1 Flowchart for developing Instructional Module 21
Figure 3.2 Parts of Module 23
Figure 4.1 Result of Validation by Content Expert and Design Expert 29
Figure 4.2 Result of Module Assessing by Biology teachers 30
Figure 4.3 Result of Module Assessing by Student 34
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study
Physiology is one of high school biology topic which is considered
difficult to be learnt. A number of studies showed that students have problem in
understanding key topics of physiology such as organ systems (e.g. Bahar,
Johnstone and Hansell, 1999) and physiological process of body system
(Lazarowitz and Penso, 1992). According to Michael (2007), there are some
factors which made physiological topic conceived as difficult, namely, the
teaching method, the characteristic of topic that would be learned and the
pre-requisite knowledge before learn it. Thus, a better learning strategy is needed to
ensure that students can achieve learning objectives of the physiological topic.
One of physiological topic that conceived as difficult is human immune
system. Human immune system deeply discussed in grade XI. Basic competence
that must be achieved for human immune system topic, namely students are able
to explain the mechanism of body defense against antigen and germ disease
(Badan Nasional Standar Pendidikan, 2006). This competency demands students
to understand the material and explain it with their own words. For understanding
and explaining with their own word, they have different pace. Therefore, students
must be given chance to choose their own learning mode according to their
ability. Early observation was done by researcher in the middle April 2012 on
SMA Negeri 1 Sidikalang. Result of interviewing with Biology teacher showed
that human immune system, the last topic in even semester grade XI Science, was
rarely delivered to student because teacher had explained lymphatic system when
delivered circulatory topic in odd semester. In contrary, human immune system is
independent topic which has separate discussion from circulatory topic, according
to Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan (KTSP). Human immune system is not
only discussed about lymphatic system, but also body defense mechanism against
antigen and germ disease. Subowo (1999) in his preface said that immunology
2
recommended to understand the concept of human immune system as a first step
for maintaining healthy life.
There were various learning materials that used as learning source, for
example: textbook, module, and etc. Chiapetta, et. al. (2006) noted that more than
90% of secondary school science teachers rely on textbooks to organize the
learning process, deliver the concept, and assign the homework. On the other
hand, textbook authors have freedom to develop their own approach for delivering
content standard of curricula and so textbook represent considerable diversity.
Concern has been expressed that information in textbooks is not always found to
be accurate (Clifford, 2002). Hasibuan (2010) found that some textbooks in grade
XI did not completely suitable to content standard of KTSP. Observation on SMA
Negeri 1 Sidikalang showed that textbook often used with conventional lecturing.
This demands all students to achieve the learning objective at same time, while
every student have different pace in achieving it. Module is a specific type of
learning resource. Module is essentially self contained, self-instructional
packages, where students can learn according to their own pace based on
individual needs and ability (Daries, 1981).
Previous study by Ali et al. (2010) showed that learning by using module
is more effective for biology as compared to traditional teaching method. By
using module, students are provided with opportunity to learn at their own pace,
according to their ability level and needs.
Learning achievement is about how success the learner can master the
materials of the learning object. Learning media is external factor that influence
student learning achievement. A good media, in this case module, can support
learning process of student and also imply a good learning achievement. For that,
a developmental research was made to develop a module for human immune
system topic and then evaluation was conducted to know the effect of module
3
1.2 Problem Identification
Based on the background, the problems were: (1) difficulty to learn
physiology topic, such as immune system, (2) immune system was rarely deliver
because teacher had explained a little part of this topic when delivered circulatory
system topic, (3) textbook almost used as the only source of knowledge, on the
contrary it did not completely suitable to Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan
.
1.3 Scope of Study
The study focused on developing instructional module for human immune
system and then continued by evaluating the effect of module utilizing on student
learning achievement. Developed instructional module will be used by grade XI
senior high school. The module was simulated by early grade XII students who do
not get the human immune system topic previously. It is assumed that those
students have same understanding with late grade XI students.
1.4 Research Question
The problem in this research: 1) What is the suitable feature of module for
implementing KTSP in immune system topic? 2) How the effect of utilizing
developed instructional module on student learning achievement for human
immune system topic?
1.5 Objective of Research and Development
Research aimed to: 1) develop instructional module on human immune
system for grade XI senior high school, 2) evaluate the effect of module utilizing
4
1.6 Significance of Study
The study will give beneficial for student and teacher. For student, this
instructional module as learning material will give student freedom to learn
human immune system individually. For Biology teacher in senior high school,
this instructional module will be helpful for solving limited available time for
delivering human immune system. Besides that, teacher can use this module as
other source of learning, instead of textbook.
1.7 Operational Definition
To facilitate understanding of this study, different terms are herein
defined:
Instructional Module. This is a self-contained or self- learning kit designed to
make learning easier among students and teacher as well (Salandanan, 2001). In
this study, it refers to the developing instructional module on topic immune
system.
Evaluation. This refers to the process of determining the student mastering
concept achievement.
Learning Achievement. This refers to criterion how success student can master the
concept that have been learned. Learning achievement refers to enhancement of
39 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion
Based on research questions of developing instructional module on human
immune system for grade XI senior high school and evaluating its effect on
student learning achievement that previously stated, it can be concluded as
follows:
1) Module was developed based on module outline which proposed in KTSP.
Special feature of module human immune system for implementing KTSP
was placed in learning material, namely the checkpoint. Learning material
discussed about each sub topic in human immune system. At the end of
discussion, there were checkpoints which were made in essay question.
When student answer every checkpoint well, it is assumed that student
have master human immune system topic well. It is because checkpoints
were made based on specific learning objectives of human immune
system. Specific objectives were developed from indicators, indicators
from basic competence. In other word, by answering checkpoints well
student can master human immune system and learning competency can
be achieved.
2) Module utilizing gave positive effect to student learning achievement.
Pretest mean was 37.34 and posttest mean was 46.41. Pretest and posttest
were statistically different through analysis using paired t-test, where
tcalculation 3.157 with df 31 was bigger than ttable 1.695 on 95% of
significance. Enhancement mean of posttest was 9.063 and it was
40
5.2 Suggestion
1) Developed module should be simulated during the learning process of the
topic. Because of time restrictiveness that faced by researcher, module
utilizing was simulated in early grade XII. The simulation in early grade
XII might have bias result if compared to simulation in late grade XI who
supposed to get immune system.
2) Advanced research should be conduct to know the best range time for
41
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