Utomo Wicaksono
120820160062
The International Joint Seminar
and
Company Visit to Clean Authority of Tokyo (Shin-Koto Incineration
Plant) Tokyo Metropolitan Government
Tokyo, Japan 15th – 19th MAY 2017
arranged by:
Utomo Wicaksono
120820160062
Master of Management
Faculty of Economics and Business
University of Padjadjaran
2017
Utomo Wicaksono
120820160062
Least preferred
option
Clean Authority of Tokyo (Shin-Koto Incineration Plant) Tokyo Metropolitan Government 17 May 2017
Today, waste generation and management has become an alarming environmental deep global issue, across the country. Solid waste generation directly related to the growth of industrialization and economic development. Urbanization advanced with economic wealth of the countries. As the income of people and standard of living enhances, so does their consumption of goods and services, leading to a corresponding increase in waste generation. World Bank (2012), Statistics showed that population categorized in low-income group obtaines an average of 0.6-1.0 kg/cap/day; middle-income group obtaines 0.8-1.5 kg/cap/day, whereas the high-income group obtaines 1.1-4.5 kg/cap/day. Based on the latest statistics published by World Bank (2012), it is estimated that the current global Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) generation levels are about 1.3 billion tonnes per year (1.2 kg per capita per day). By 2050, it is estimated that the waste generation will be multiplied.
Fig. 1: Waste Hierarchy, World Bank (2012)
Nowadays, many waste collection techniques have been implemented in various countries, the amount of waste increasing daily. Figure 1, Shows us how the waste handling process works. An integrated solid waste management very needed in order to reduce the continuous significant increase in waste generation rates. Using the “3Rs” strategy – reduce, reuse and recycle. The strategies only the ways to diverse waste, but cannot reduce the volume. Instead, the advanced technology, incineration, which can reduce up to 90% volume of disposed waste, is began to be used.
Incineration
Background
Incineration is one of the most widely used technologies for treating municipal solid waste prior to disposal at landfills. Young (2010) stated, incineration is a combustion process that uses an excess of oxygen to burn the solid wastes, while maintaining gas emission levels below current emission standards.
Benefits of Using Incineration
Buekens (2013) in Man (2015), describes the advantages of inceneration implementations, there are:
a. Reduction of waste volume Incineration thermally treats bulky solids or waste while simultaneously reduces their volume by a factor of 10 or more. This can effectively save the land which is used for landfill and greatly improve the ecological environment of the city.
b. Harmless treatment of waste During incineration, the waste undergoes detoxification. This process eliminates hazardous properties of combustible carcinogens, pathologically contaminated materials, toxic organic compounds and biologically active materials. Besides, incineration destroys gaseous and liquid waste streams, leaving very little residues. The combustion process in incineration also dilutes the concentration of residual and nondestructible radioactive isotopes in low-level radioactive wastes, as well as sterilizes and destroys putrescible matter leading to destruction of pathogenic organisms.
Waste diversion
Utomo Wicaksono
120820160062
c. Recovery of energy (waste-to-energy plant) When large quantities of waste are incinerated, the heat of combustion or thermal energy generated can be used to produce electricity. The annual electricity production of an incinerator could afford the electricity consumption for large number of families, depending on the capacity of the incinerator. d. Mitigation of environmental impact Incineration can mitigate environmental impact, especially of organic materials
that drain from landfills and of the CO2“greenhouse gas” generated by waste management.
According to an analysis by Harvard School of Public Health in Boston, Massachusetts, CO2 generated by incineration is substantially less than that of methane and CO2 generated in landfilling operations. Destruction of waste organic matter in incineration eliminates the problem of biodegradation in landfill that leads to subsidence and gas formation that disrupts cell capping structures.
Principle of Incineration
Rogoff (2011), describes, incineration process consists of: tipping area, combustion chamber, boiler and ash residues handling. The initial process begins with, solid waste collection and transfer vehicles proceed into a tipping area. Waste is continuously discharged into refuse feed hoppers. The refuse is metered out into the combustion chamber by gravity. Waste is combusted in the specially designed furnace at high temperature (>850°C) with sufficient supply of air to ensure complete burning and prevent formation of dioxins and carbon monoxide. During combustion process, flue gases are heated to 982°C. In the boiler, the contained water is heated to form saturated steam and dry steam. The steam then drives the turbine which is coupled to the electricity generator. The combustion process in the furnace produces bottom ash, and the air-pollution control device produces fly ash and other materials. Fly ash is stabilized 78 and solidified by reagents, then disposed of at dedicated landfill. Mass-burn incineration mostly produces ash residues amounting to 5 – 10% by volume of incoming MSW.
Shin-Koto Inceneration Plant
Based on the introduction above, human behavior towards the environment has become one of the global issues. Waste disposal is part of such an issue. In order to solves the issues related to the environmental sustainability, it is important to reduce waste as little as possible and promote the recycling of waste as a resources. Waste is, nonetheless, produced, which must be processed in an adequate manner.
In accordance with the principle of inceneration, burning is an excellent way of processing waste and recycling energy since combustible waste is burnst in a hygienic manner, reducing the volume to 5% while heat generated serves to generate electricity for energy recycling. Shin-Koto Inceneration Plant equipped with the state of the art air pollution preventive facilities plays an important role of processing waste produced within 23 cities in Tokyo.
Utomo Wicaksono
120820160062
Table 1. Facilities list of the Clean Authority of Tokyo
From the data of of inceneration plants in Tokyo above. Shown that Shin-Koto is the largest inceneration plant in Tokyo. It has been built on a land area of 61.000 square meters, with construction cost 88 biilion yen. Shin-Koto can treats a capacity of 1800 tonnes per day, whereas the smallest one can handle 200 tonnes per day, Man (2015).
The 23 cities and the Tokyo Metropolitan Government had discussed for many years their respective roles and institutional frameworks from viewpoints such as stronger autonomy of the 23 cities and the promotion of mega-city administration by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government on an extensive scale.
One result of these discussions was that, on April, 2000, the duties of municipal waste management were transferred to the 23 cities. At that time, it was decided that each of the the 23 cities would independently manage its own waste collection and transfer, while management of intermediate treatment (incineration, pulverization, etc.) was determined to be handled jointly. This was due to the presence of some cities that had no incineration plant within their cities, and for the purpose of optimizing treatment efficiency.
Utomo Wicaksono
120820160062
. . .
Fig. 2: Types of conducted by each of 23 cities
Exercise 3R { Every person can do it }
Fig. 1: Exercise 3R
Collect/transfers waste and collect resources 1. Collection
Each city sets collection days and areas depending on the type of waste, and conducts efficient operations drafting operation plans that correspond to seasonal changes and regional trends in waste amount.
Waste processing in the 23 cities is free of charge for household waste (excluding the disposal of waste exceeding 10 kg/day), while large-sized waste and business-generated waste are charged. 2. Transfer
To ensure efficient transfer, transfer method are determined based on the type of waste, there are three ways to transfer the waste:
a. combustible,
Combustible waste is loaded onto collection vehicles (such as compaction type vehicle) on collection sites, from which it is
Utomo Wicaksono
120820160062
b. incombustible,
Incombustible waste is transferred to either the Chubo Incombustible Waste Processing Center or the Keihinjima Island Incombustible Waste Processing Center. Since both are located on the waterfront, some cities have established land or boat transfer stations, where waste is reloaded onto container vehicles or vessels for relayed transfer.
c. or large-sized
sized waste is delivered to the Large-sized Waste Pulverization Processing Facility. Cities that have a transfer station conduct relayed transfer by reloading it from
smaller collection vehicles onto larger vehicles. Such relayed transfer contributes to improved transfer efficiency, reduced traffic congestion, and allevation of air pollution due to exhaust.
Processing combustible waste
Combustible waste is encinerated at 19 incineration plants (as of December 2016) in a safe, stable, and efficient manner. Incineration prevent bacteria, vermin, and foul odor, and maintain a sanitary environment. By incinerating waste, its volume is reduced to
approximately one-twentieth. By recycling a part of bottom ash into cement materials, and by melting it into slag, the amount going to the landmill is further reduced. Emission of hazardous substances within exhaust and wastewater from the incineration plants is controlled and reduced to lower impact on the environment. In an incineration plant, power generation and heat supply are performed using the heat energy of waste incineration.
Combustible carried into incineration plants something contain waste unsuitable for incineration, such as metal, glass, or oversized waste that exceed the disposal capacity of the plants. Such improper waste may cause the halt or failure of incinerators, costing a great deal of mory neyand time before recovery. Once the facilities become incapable of accepting waste, waste collection and transfer operations will be interrupted, seriously affecting waste management in all 23 cities.
Every year some incineration plants are forced to stop operation due to improper waste. To prevent carry-in of improper waste, and to ensure safe and stable plant operation, inspection,of incoming waste is reinforced, and awareness-raising activities are undertaken. Special weeks are also set to enhance the above inspection and to perform close observation at platform in each inceneration plant. Overall regular inspection on incoming waste is also conducted at all incineration plants, in collaboration with 23 cities.
Utomo Wicaksono
120820160062
into cement materials, for the purpose of reducing the amount of landfill disposal and achieving more efficient use of resources.
Through this project in 2015, 5000 tons of bottom ash was used as cement materials. The process continuing in the recycling of bottom ash to reduce the volume that goes to the final disposal site. In the initiative for recycling bottom ash into cement materials, bottom ash that is generated in incineration plants is transferred to private cement factories by freight vehicles/trains, and efficiently used as Portland cement materials. Cement materials include limestone,clay, silica,iron materials, and plaster. Bottom ash is used as substitute for clay. When bottom ash is melted at high temperature of over 1.200ºC (2.192 ºF) and then rapidly cooled, it turns into sandy slag. As slag, the volume is almost half that of ash, and approximately one-fortieth of its original state as waste. The process of making slag decomposes dioxins within the asg, and traps heavy metal inside, thereby making it safe and efficient for use as construction materials, etc.
Problems and Handling of paper waste through 3R in Indonesia
The problem of paper waste is inseparable from the overall waste problem. These issues include technical-operational, legal, funding, social, and institutional or management aspects. The most popular examples of such problems include the increasing difficulty of finding land for landfills (tempat pembuangan akhir/TPA) in urban areas and the high cost of waste transportation. Meanwhile, the operational and maintenance costs for garbage transportation become a heavy burden due to the volume factor of waste that must be transported and the distance from the waste source to the landfill. One of the government's efforts to overcome the garbage problem is by encouraging businesses to reduce the volume of waste. Efforts to reduce or minimize the volume of waste transported to landfill, among others, by recycling waste, including recycling of waste paper. With the recycling business will be benefited in the form of the establishment of waste recycling industry and community empowerment below. Paper waste as one of the recycling industry's raw materials is the absence of a sorting system that causes some paper waste to be mixed with other garbage so that it becomes dirty and destroyed, consequently becomes difficult to recycle. Only about 70% of paper waste can be collected by scavengers for sale to stall. Whereas the amount of paper waste pile can reach about 10% of the total waste.
TYPE, SOURCE AND RECYCLING PAPER
The paper waste is consist of varying sorts, such as HVS paper (computer paper and writing paper), cardboard kraft paper, plastic-coated paper. Usually different activities produce different types of paper waste. Factories and shops produce more paper carton type waste, while offices and schools produce more used paper. Each type of paper also has its own characteristics so that its ability to be recycled and its products also vary. Meanwhile most food wrapping paper is not recycled, as well as tissue paper. Paper wrapping food is difficult to recycle because of the plastic layer, while tissue paper because it is easily destroyed.
UTILIZING WASTE PAPER
Currently the utilization of paper waste involves formal and informal sectors such as paper industry, scavengers, seller, and collectors. Path of waste paper utilization, according to survey results in Jakarta. Nowadays most of the waste paper is sold by scavengers to stalls, while a few others are sold directly to small paper recycling industries. From sellers, waste paper or waste paper sold to collectors, then to suppliers. By paper waste suppliers sold to small industries recycled paper or paper industry. Scavengers are people who collect recycled raw materials from trash cans and sell them to stalls. Scavengers on average earn 10-35 kg / person / day of used goods and sell them with a profit of Rp. 3,000 - Rp. 6,000 / person / day. His life is very dependent on the stall as its landlord and the sale price of used goods. Sellers play a role in sorting used goods at the request of recycling manufacturers according to agreed prices. Sellers generally have large enough land for collecting used goods and shelters of scavengers. Besides stalls also prepare aspects of financing for the scavengers. Round income can reach Rp. 15.000 - Rp. 800,000 per day. Collectors, collects goods from the shelter. The system works like a seller, but does not deal directly with the scavengers. Supplier is generally the official organization used by the stall or dealer with the manufacturer to enter into a contractual agreement. Industry is recipient of paper waste as raw material of recycle. Receiving industries are of two kinds: small industries and large industries. Small industries usually accept paper waste as paper art materials such as artistic boks, greeting cards, souvenirs, etc. While large industries use paper waste to be recycled into pulp (paper raw materials).
STRATEGY OF PAPER WASTE MANAGEMENT
Utomo Wicaksono
120820160062
Therefore a good strategy is needed for paper waste can be managed optimally. As mentioned in the introduction of this paper, the paper waste problem is inseparable from the overall garbage problem so that its management strategy is also related to the overall city waste management of waste management in Jakarta and other cities currently using the 3P paradigm (Pengumpulan, pengangkutan dan pembuangan):collection, transportation and disposal. Trash is collected in containers, transported to TPS and then taken to the landfill for disposal. In the paradigm, the waste has not been seen as a resource, so a new way of looking at waste as a resource is needed with 3R concept (reduce, reuse and recycle). With this new perspective the paper should be seen as a valuable resource so that the selection and use should be done wisely. The activities to reduce the use of paper can be the attitude of avoiding wasteful use of paper, the use of paper should be done as necessary, for example to print enough draft writing using waste paper. While for reuse, for example, paper or carton box that we have used can be reused for other purposes. To recycle paper waste can be used as an art paper or for low quality raw material pulp. Meanwhile, for paper waste can be optimally utilized process
Paper waste sorting should be done directly at the source. Without priority the paper waste will mix with other types of garbage so it will be easy to decompose or destroyed. As a result waste paper can not be used or recycled again. The sorting of paper waste at the source needs to be optimized whether it is in households, shops, offices or industries that use paper. The community's active role is the key to the sorting process. Dissemination of information about
The importance of sorting waste paper can be done in the form of counseling, brochures, etc. Information dissemination activities should be carried out by the government. Follow-up after separation of paper waste is to sell it directly to lapak or use it to recycle paper or art paper. Recycled paper should also be integrated with other types of waste utilization activities such as plastics, metals, organic waste integrated in the form of small recycling industry waste. It is needs government involvement, the general public, NGOs, recycling entrepreneurs, and scavengers in waste management are essential. So it takes a balanced role in supporting waste management.
MARKETING ANALYSIS REPORT Study Case: Tsukiji Fish Outer Market
17 May 2017
Tsukiji Market is the largest and most comprehensive market of fish, vegetables and fruits in the Tokyo prefecture and in Japan. Tsukiji Market is a market visited by many tourists when on holiday to Tokyo. One tradition that is still maintained in the fish market is the Tuna Auction (Tuna Auction) which takes place every morning and becomes the center of attention for visitors. And given the high interest of visitors to visit this market, then starting in November 2016, Tsukiji Market will be moved to a wider area of Toyosu area.
Tsukiji Market is divided into two parts namely the inner market which is a place of fish auctions as well as outside markets that sell fish, vegetables and fresh fruits. So if you do not have time to watch the Tuna auction, then there are many other things that can be seen in Tsukiji Market. The outdoor market is divided into several aisles that sell a variety of fresh fish. Based on my experience, a lot of good fresh fish and cheap sold here.
In my opinion, Indonesia has potential to develop fish market center like Tsukiji market in Japan. As an archipelagic country composed of approximately 70 percent of the ocean and 30 percent of the land, Indonesia has enormous marine and marine potential. Indonesia's position is located on the equator which is a meeting of hot and cold currents, causing marine biological resources of Indonesia so diverse. Not to mention including the potential sources of non-biological wealth such as oil and natural gas. In addition, Indonesia's geographical location which lies between the Indian and Pacific oceans makes Indonesia an international shipping lane. The existence of this international shipping line makes the maritime potential of Indonesia is very large. In addition, Indonesia has fishery resources covering, capture fisheries in public waters covering an area of 54 million hectares with a production potential of 0.9 million tons / year. Marine cultivation consists of fish farming (among others, snapper, grouper and gobia), cultivation of mollusks (seashore, pearl, and sea cucumber), and seaweed cultivation, brackish water aquaculture (pond) whose development potential reaches about 913,000 ha
Utomo Wicaksono
120820160062
for Social, T for Technological, L for Legal and E for Environmental. It gives a bird’s eye view of the whole environment from many different angles that one wants to check and keep a track of while contemplating on a certain idea/plan. The framework has undergone certain alterations, as gurus of Marketing have added certain things like an E for Ethics to instill the element of demographics while utilizing the framework while researching the market.
There are certain questions that one needs to ask while conducting this analysis, which give them an idea of what things to keep in mind. They are:
• What is the political situation of the country and how can it affect the industry?
• What are the prevalent economic factors?
• How much importance does culture has in the market and what are its determinants?
• What technological innovations are likely to pop up and affect the market structure?
• Are there any current legislations that regulate the industry or can there be any change in the legislations for the industry?
• What are the environmental concerns for the industry?
PESTLE’S analysis of Tsukiji Market are as follows: 1. Political
These factors determine the extent to which a government may influence the economy or a certain industry. In terms of management of the Tsukiji market managed by the Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau, so there is government attention in the governance market. Both sellers and buyers can feel the safety and comfort in the Tsukiji market. Because the safety and hygiene factors are very concerned
2. Economic
These factors are determinants of an economy’s performance that directly impacts a company and have resonating long term effects. The fish market has employed up to 60,000 people, including fish traders, accountants, auctioneers, employees, and distributors. Tsukiji is known to be clean with market management, fish auctions, and regulatory fish wholesalers.
3. Social
These factors scrutinize the social environment of the market, and gauge determinants like cultural trends, demographics, population analytics etc. Based on observations in the field, there are many small traders with high quality products. Especially processed marine fish, either fresh or processed. With the skill in processing fresh ingredients and served directly to consumers, Tsukiji market can attract the attention of tourists who want to see first hand the process of fresh fish processing, and presented directly to the buyer.
4. Technological
These factors pertain to innovations in technology that may affect the operations of the industry and the market favorably or unfavorably. This refers to automation, research and development and the amount of technological awareness that a market possesses. The market is where sellers and buyers meet. Goods sold in Tsukiji market mostly processed from fish, in general food sold in the form of traditional food. However, there are some processed products that are processed and then packed in an interesting way, so it can be used as a souvenir from Tsukiji market.
5. Legal
These factors have both external and internal sides. There are certain laws that affect the business environment in a certain country while there are certain policies that companies maintain for themselves. Tsukiji is known to be clean with market management, fish auctions, and regulatory fish wholesalers.
6. Environment
Utomo Wicaksono
120820160062
Recommendations:
Muara Baru, Jakarta’s Tsukiji market
Muara Baru Port can accommodate vessels weighing up to 50 tons. The port also serves fishing vessels and fishing vessels on an international trade scale. Muara Baru Port new facilities are quite limited and considered outdated. For example, port facilities, public facilities, fish processing facilities, and ice factories.
Perum Perikanan Indonesia (Perindo) notes that the total port has an area of 100 hectares. Every day there are 600 fishing boats coming from West and East Indonesia. Incoming fish and loading and unloading at this harbor are also various types ranging from tuna, grouper to the type of fish bloated, pomfret and squid. Muara Baru port has detailed steps that are divided into several stages and have been assisted by the Japanese government for development supervision.
With the planned development and revitalization of the port, a more modern and clean port is no longer a slum like the assessment of many people. The most important of the development of fisheries infrastructure is that small fishermen need to be facilitated, so that the results of the sea can be rewarded with the appropriate price, so as to improve the living standards of fishermen, in this maritime country.
CROSS-CULTURAL ANALYSIS
Japan is known as a country that has the strongest values, philosophy, and passion, which is transmitted throughout the world through the corporate culture of multinational companies spread, including in Indonesia. For example, the presence of multinational companies from Japan in Indonesia exemplifies the good values of the Japanese people. This is known as Kaizen culture. Kaizen is a term in Japanese culture that means continuous improvement. In Kaizen culture, all good ways of life in terms of work or social life or even married life need to be perfected at all times. The view implies that everyone must perfect his life and life. Kaizen culture is always applied by the Japanese people has 5 noble values which is often referred to as the 5S movement. These values are made into philosophy in their daily lives and are a strong and sustained value throughout their lives. The 5 S movement is (Seiri, Seiton, Seiso, Seiketsu, and Shitsuke). The explanation is as follows:
• Seiri (simple) is an activity to get rid of items that are not needed so that all goods on the work site are only goods that are really needed in work activities.
• Seiton (presentable) is a condition that everything must be placed according to the position set so ready for use when needed.
• Seiso (clean) is an activity to clean the equipment and work area so that all work equipment is maintained in good condition
• Seiketsu (care) is a personal hygiene activity while adhering to the previous three stages.
• Shitsuke (neat) is the maintenance of personal discipline of each worker in running all stages 5S.
Implementation of 5S value is always coupled with the implementation of Kaizen culture. This is done in order to achieve the effectiveness of 5S implementation. In addition, the application of 5S should also be implemented in stages according to the order. Therefore, the results of the previous value implementation will affect the action of the implementation of the next value. For example, if the first value (seiri - concise) is not implemented properly, then the next value (seiton - neat) will not be able to run optimally, and so on. Thus the application of this 5S value also teaches about the meaning of discipline.
Japan is able to turn its companies into giant multinationals in Asia. Japan is one of Asia's most natural resource-poor countries, but with the advantage of human resources they have, they are able to make their country a developed country with rapid economic growth.
Recommendations:
Utomo Wicaksono
120820160062
expected input used in a business process to produce optimal output, that is acceptable to the community and generate profits for the company
references:
Man, K. W. Implementation of Incineration for Efficient Waste Reduction. International Conference on Advances in Environment Research Volume 87 of IPCBEE (2015), page 77-80
http://pestleanalysis.com/what-is-marketing-analysis
http://www.kompasiana.com/riabunga/potensi-laut-dan-perikanan-indonesia-berpotensi-hasilkan-ribuan-triliun_5682350c537a613607012bb9 last seen 13/06/2017
https://www.infojepang.net/item/tsukiji-market/
