RATIFICATION PAGE
Complete report of Basic Biology experiment the title “The Effect Temperature of Organism Activity” arrenged by :
name : Devi Putriana
ID : 1314441006
class : Biology ICP B group : VI (Six)
It has been checked and consult for an assistant and assistant coordinator then stated acceptable.
Makassar, January th 2013
Assistant Coordinator Assistant
Rachmayani Ardiansyah, S. P d Irwandi Rahmat ID: 1114040032
Known by Lecturer of Responsible
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Temperature is one of factor that details in environmental and have role important in arranging biology activity an organism like arranging speed chemical in body living things, example breathing. In condition temperature that different living things breathing with level different too. Like to fish that is bloodless animal arranging process respiration in body it according with condition environmental it for help process in body.
Like the things of factor-factor environmental which others, temperature also have boundary for every organism, like from-until whether is temperature organism it can defensive. This All problem studied in ecology study, namely “Sheflord tolerance law”. So that, in this experiment we can studied more far about relation between level of temperature to using oxygen an organism.
Every organism have boundary or gyration certain to environmental it. If over boundary or gyration it, so organism can’t defensive life or will experiencing of die because can’t defensive life and can’t adaptation own self with environmental it. Factor-factor of environmental often fluctuation, seldom found condition that extreme. Fluctuation environmental factor will influencing life organism, process of physiologies, its behavior and mortalities. For lessening bad effect of its environmental so fish doing adaptation. Adaptation is a process adjustment self step by step that doing by an organism to new condition.
temperature of water where it life. So that the existence of the changes of water temperature will effected to the water organism badly.
So that, in this experiment we can studied more far about relation between level of temperature to using oxygen an organism.
B. Purpose
The purpose of this experiment is apprentice expected can comparing speed using oxygen by different an organism.
C. Benefit
CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE
Temperature is one environment physical factor that the most clear, easy measured and has many kinds. Temperature has important function in organism to manage the biological activity of organism, in animals and plants. This is caused by temperature influences chemical reaction speed in the body and also determine metabolism, like in respiration. Like in the other environmental factors, temperature has to span which can be tolerated by each organism. This problem is explained by ecology study in “Shelford Tolerance Law”. By using tool that relative simple, the experiment about the effect of temperature for organism activity is not really difficult to done, for example by using a simple respirometer (Tim Penyusun Biologi Umum, 2013).
Acclimation: Getting used to the cold if an animal is kept for a long time at low temperatures, it acclimates; that is , it adjusts physiologically to the new conditions. In poikilotherms, acclimation involves actual cellular changes. Enzyme concentrations change; different enzyme with different optimum temperatures are induced; water concentration shift; conditions affecting enzyme activity, like pH and ionic concentrations, are altered. As a result, the metabolic rate at any given temperature increases.In homtherms, cells remain at the same temperature no matter what the air temperature, and their enzyme system do not change. Nevertheless, acclimation does occur. The fur grows thicker, circulation shifts to reduce heat losses to the environment, and higher levels of thyroxine flow in the blood to spur the metabolic rate.Adaptation to low temperatures: enduring the cold. Most animals are inactive at 0ºC. But in the deep fjords off
Newfoundland, where the water temperature all year long is almost constantly -1.7ºC, many fish swim, feed, and bread normally. These fish have enzymatic
machinery adapted to a narrow band of temperature; in water at 1 or 2ºC, they quickly “overheat” and die (Jensen, 1979)
that involve change that relative small in that process speed, and biochemical way, can happen very fast. As an example, when you walk in one day that so cold your blood vessel will narrow in seconds, a physiologic response that minimize lost the heat from body.Tolerance limit is who determine that important in geographic spread an organism, although biologic interaction can prevent a species to place a habitat where that organism has adapted by physiologic. Physiologic response to variation of environment can consist of acclimation, that involve a fundamental change but still can back, that shift tolerance curve an organism according to environment change (Campbell, 2010).
Living organisms who live in an environment will adapt with conditions that happen in all year. Some adaptations are important thing as physiologic and maybe accompanied with characteristic change and morphologic. Living organisms can do adaptation only in short time (minute or hour) or long time (day or week). These adaptations have value for life performance and called as acclimation. This process different with genetic adaptation is called adaptation in population.Ability to protect an internal environment, that not influenced by changes in habitat , decrease needed acclimate in many incidents. When acclimation adaptation is happened in normally or optimal in animals, it is called acclimation capacity. In opposite, acclimation that happened near the extreme point in tolerance, it is called resistant acclimation (Michael, 1995).
activity, resulting in an increased rate of metabolism. For instance, the activity of liver arginase enzyme upon arginine amino acid, is found to increase gradually and gradually, with the simultaneous increase in the temperature from 17°C to 48°C. But an increase in temperature beyond 48″C is found to have an adverse effect on the metabolic rate of this enzymatic activity which retards rapidly. In plants, the absorption rate is retarded at low temperature. Photosynthesis operates over a wide range of temperature. Most algae require lower temperature range for photosynthesis than the higher plants. The rate of respiration in plants, however, increase, with the rise of temperature, but beyond the optimum limit high temperature decreases the respiration rate. The rate of respiration become doubled (like in animals) at the increase of 10°C above the optimum temperature, provided other factors are favourable. However, optimum temperature for photosynthesis is lower than that for respiration. When temperature drops below the minimum for growth, a plant becomes dormant even though respiration and photosynthesis may continue slowly. Low temperatures further affect the plant by precipitating the protein in leaves and tender twigs and by dehydrating the tissues (Puja, 2013).
(Pempherulus affinis) was found to decline with an increase in temperature beyond 32.8°C. In certain animals the environmental temperature determines the sex ratio of the species. For example, the sex ratio of the copepod Maerocyclops albidu is found to be temperature dependent. As the temperature rises there is a significant increase in number of males. Similarly in plague flea, Xenopsylla cheopis, males outnumbered females on rats, on days when the mean temperature remains in between 21—25°C. But the position becomes reverse on more cooler days (Puja, 2013).
Temperature influences the speed and success of development of poikilothermic animals. In general complete development of eggs and larvae is more rapid in warm temperatures. Trout eggs, for example, develop four times faster at 15°C than at 5°C. The insect, chironomid fly Metriocnemus hirticollis, requires 26 days at 20°C for the development of a full generation, 94 days at 10°C, 153 days at 6.5°C, and 243 days at 20°C, (Andrewartha and Birch, 1954).
horned toad Phrynosoma, low temperatures have been known to induce darkening. Some prawn (crustacean invertebrates) turn light coloured with increasing temperature. The walking stick Carausius has been known to became black at 15 C and brown at 25°C. Temperature also affects the absolute size of an animal and the relative properties of various body parts (Bergman’s rule). Birds and mammals, for example attain a greater body size when they are in cold regions than in warm regions, and colder regions harbour larger species. But poikilotherms tend to be smaller in colder regions.
CHAPTER III
mathematic and science university of Makassar.B. Tools and Materials 1. Tools
a. Thermometer 1 piece
b. Beaker glass 1000 ml 3 piece c. Stopwatch
1. Entered 2 goldfish are relatively similar magnitude to the beaker glass contained tap water and acclimatization for 5 minutes.
2. Took 1 goldfish and putted into beaker glass (A) of normal water (26oC). Calculated and noted the frequency of movement (open-closed)
operculum in a minute for 5 minutes.
3. Took 1 goldfish and putted into beaker glass (B) contained warm water(38oC). Calculated and noted the frequency of movement
(open-closed) operculum in a minute for 5 minutes.
4. Took 1 goldfish and putted into beaker glass (C)contained cold water (15oC). Calculated and noted the frequency of movement
CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A. Result of Observation
Becker glass Temperature Time (minute to……) Average
1 2 3 4 5 Becker glass (A) during five minute.(260C)
89+85+84+65+76
5 = 79,8 operculumminute
2. Movement average operculum goldfish in Becker glass (B) during five minute.(380C)
97+107+120+122+131
5 = 116 Operculumminute
3. Movement average operculum goldfish in Becker glass (C) during five minute.(150C)
27+13+12+10+9
Minute 10 Minute 2 Minute 3 Minute 4 Minute 5
Graphic of movement Frequency operculum Cyprinus carvio
Beaker A Beaker B Beaker C
Graphic of movement Frequency operculum Cyprinus carvio
C.Discussion
In beacker glass A with temperature equal to 260 C, movement frequency
operculum of fish is 79,8 operculum/minute. This is refer to movement operculum of goldfish more fast if compared with different fish to becker glass C. This is occur because like that we know, fish is bloodless animal where’s temperature of body follow temperature of body. In hot water closeness estranged water, until for boosting up temperature of body, fish have to much doing burning, where’s in this thing will needed much oxygen. This data shows us that the movement frequency of operculum is normal or in average. This happen because fish usual at the running water. This temperature contains O2
and CO2 is relative same, so the movement frequency of operculum is normal.
Frequency movement operculum of goldfish in Beacker glass B with temperature 380 C is 116 operculum/minute. This is refer to number of normal to
fish. In temperature it sum up oxygen severed in water. The temperature of body impossible, so occur balance between sum up oxygen that needed in burning to body with total oxygen. This data shows us that the movement frequency of operculum is so high. In hot condition, the fish do activity that active, so movement frequency (open-closed) of operculum is so speed. In this condition, it contents smallest O2 and contents of CO2, this cause movement frequency of
operculum of fish is quick enough. This is consistent with the theory advanced Burhanuddin(2010), that at hot temperature the fish seen doing the much movement or very quickly at the water which have hot temperature which the frequency of movement opened closed operculum relatively quickly , it caused at the hot water, the oxygen available enough so that the gold fish should be free to breath at it seen from the frequency of movement opened closed is little from normally temperature.
In Beacker glass C frequency movement operculum of goldfish in temperature 150 C is 14,2 operculum/minute. This is refer movement frequency
operculum of fish to beacker glass B more tardy if compared with fish in becker glass A. this is because closeness oxygen ( in cold water ) more big, it means obstetrical of oxygen big too. So that process burning in goldfish body have to lessened, where are oxygen that needed must limited, this is aim to for degrading body temperature. If temperature in water degraded continuous so fish can’t doing process metabolism, until fish can be die. This data shows us that the movement frequency of operculum is low. In cold condition, organism activity is not too active, so make possible movement frequency of operculum is enough low. In this condition, it contains bigger O2, this condition cause movement frequency of
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
Temperature is one of factor that sharing in arranging biologist activity organism. In normal temperature, fish breathing with stabile, but in different temperature respiration speed to fish not same, like in temperature cold water and hot water. In cool water fish breathing so tardy while in temperature hot water fish breathing with fast. This is relevant with process metabolism in fish to a lot of or at least oxygen that consisted in water.The temperature influence to the organism activity, especially in respiration system and chemical process in the body of organism. In normal temperature, the movement frequency of fish’s operculum is normal too. But in high temperature, the movement frequency is increase, and in low temperature, the movement frequency is decrease.
B. Suggestion
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Campbell. N. A., J.B. Reece and L.G. Mitchell. 2010. Biologi. 5th edition. Jakarta:Erlangga.
Jensen, William. 1979. Biology. Wadsworth, Inc. United State of America.
Michael, P. 1995. Metode Ekologi untuk Penyelidikan Ladang dan Laboratorium. Jakarta:Universitas Indonesia.
Puja, Mondal. 2013. 12 Most Important Effects of Temperature on Living Organisms. http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/environment/12-most-important-effects-of-temperature-on-living-organisms/3794/. Accessed on 20.57 am
Tim Penyusun Biologi Umum. 2013. .Guide Book of Basic Biology.Makassar: Biology Department Faculty Mathematic and science state university of Makassar.
Question
1. Why there are difference in the frequency of
operculum movement of fish in different water temperature?
Answer: Because the temperature of each beaker glass different. While temperature affects chemical reactions in an organism’s body. This causes the organism need more oxygen. To obtain its operculum fish should move more obten.
2. At what temperature the frequency of movement (opening and closing)highest operculum?
Answer : at the hot temperature
3. At what temperature the frequency of movement(opening and closing) lowest operculum?
Answer : at the cold temperature
4. Why there are different in the frequency of movement(opening and closing) based on operculum water temperature? Answer : Because the different water temperature influence the movement of
