381 Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
Effect of Waste Products on Ruminal Microbe Population and
Rumen Charateristics
in Vitro
R.W.S. Ningrat* & Khasrad
Faculty of Animal Science, Andalas University, Padang *e-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Certain tropical plants may have a nutritional value beyond simply their nutrient content, i.e. as rumen-manipulating agents that can be used as an alternative mean to solve problems in animal nutrition and livestock production in Indonesia. The objective of the present study was to measure the nutrient and phytochemical contents, and their effects on rumen microbial population and rumen fluid characteristics in vitro, of different parts of Uncaria gambir leaves and Cacao (Theobroma cacao L). Determination of nutrient content according to AOAC procedures (1995), fiber fractions (NDF and ADF) according to van Soest et al. (1991), phytochemical (alkaloid, phenol, terpenoid, saponin and tannin) content qualitatively and the effect of plant fractions on rumen microbial fermentation were evaluated in in vitro batch culture of rumen fluid. Parameters observed were total rumen ciliate population, total bacteria, cellulolyt ic bacteria, total VFA, ammonia N concentration, and pH. There was no significant effect (P>0.1) of phenolic and tannin present in Uncaria gambir on total microbial population, although the presence of saponin indicated a tendency to reduce the number of protozoa. However, it gave a significant effect (P<0.01) on VFA total and ammonia N concentration compared to control. Meanwhile, fractions of cacao waste (cacao pod and leaves) resulted in significant effect (P<0.01) on pH, ammonia N concentration and VFA total. But, the presence of phenolic (tannin) and alkaloid (theobromine) has no significant effect on total ciliate, total bacteria and cellulolytic bacteria and therefore they may have the potential as beneficial manipulators of rumen fermentation.
Keywords: rumen characteristics, ruminal microbe population, Uncaria gambir, Theobroma cacao
Introducton
382 Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012 objectve of the present study was to measure the nutrent and phytochemcal contents, and ther effects on rumen mcrobal populaton and rumen flud characterstcs in vitro, of dfferent parts of Uncaria gambir leaves and Cacao (Theobroma cacao
L).Determnaton of nutrent content accordng to AOAC procedures (1995), fber fractons (NDF and ADF) accordng to van Soest et al. (1991), phytochemcal (alkalod, phenol, terpenod, saponn and tannn) content qualtatvely and the effect of plant fractons on rumen mcrobal fermentaton were evaluated n in vitro batch culture of rumen flud. Parameters observed were total rumen clate populaton, total bactera, cellulolytc bactera, total VFA, ammona N concentraton, and pH. There was no sgnfcant effect (P>0.1) of phenolc and tannn present n Uncaria gambir
on total mcrobal populaton, although the presence of saponn ndcated a tendency to reduce the number of protozoa. However, t gave a sgnfcant effect (P<0.01) on VFA total and ammona N concentraton compared to control. Meanwhle, fractons of cacao waste (cacao pod and leaves) resulted n sgnfcant effects (P<0.01) on pH, ammona N concentraton and total VFA. But, the presence of phenolc (tannn) and alkalod (theobromne) has no sgnfcant effect on total clate, total bactera and cellulolytc bactera and therefore they may have the potental as benefcal manpulators of rumen fermentaton.
Materals and Methods
Ths experment utlzed the waste plant fracton at several stages durng the agrcultural producton of the man export commodtes from West Sumatera Indonesa .e. Uncaria gambir (fresh leaves, steamed leaves, moulded leaves) and Cacao (leaves, cacao pod, and cacao skn). Determnaton of nutrent content wasDetermnaton of nutrent content was conducted accordng to AOAC procedures (1995), fber fractons (NDF and ADF) was determned accordng to van Soest et al. (1991), phytochemcal (alkalod, phenol, terpenod, saponn and tannn) content was determned qualtatvely and the effect of plant fractons on rumen mcrobal fermentaton was evaluated n in vitro
batch culture of rumen flud. Expermental desgn used was Randomzed Block Desgn wth 4 treatments and 4 repeats as block. Parameters observed were totalParameters observed were total rumnal clate populaton, total bactera, cellulolytc bactera, total VFA, ammona N concentraton, and pH n a rumen mcrobal batch fermentaton system.
Results and Dscusson
There was no sgnfcant effect (P>0.1) of phenolc and tannn present n
383 Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
effects (P<0.01) on pH, ammona N concentraton and VFA total. But, the presence of phenolc (tannn) and alkalod (theobromne) has no sgnfcant effect on total clate, total bactera and cellulolytc bactera.
Conclusons
Results from the present in vitro studes suggest both agrcultural wastes from
Uncaria gambir and Theobroma cacao had no substantal effects on mcrobal numbers and rumnal fermentaton characterstcs and therefore may have the potental as benefcal manpulators of rumnal fermentaton. However, further in vivo studes are requred to study the effect on lvestock performance.
Acknowledgement
The authors are grateful to Drectorate General of Hgher Educaton of the Republc of Indonesa for fundng ths experment under Natonal Strategc Research Grant Scheme No: 120/H.16/PL/HB.PSN/IV/2009. We would lke to thank the support and techncal assstance provded by D.O.S. Bunda and A. Dona.
References
AOAC, 1995. 16th ed. Assocaton of Offcal Analytcal Chemsts, Arlngton, VA, USA.
Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B., Lews, B.A., 1991. Methods for Detary Fber, Neu-tral Detergent Fber, and Nonstarch Polysacchardes n Relaton to Anmal nu-trton. J. Dary Sc. 74, 3583-3597.J. Dary Sc. 74, 3583-3597.
Table 1. Effects of fractons of Uncaria gambir and Theobroma cacao on mcrobal number (log 10/ml) and rumnal flud characterstcs
Control 9.74 8.56 3.97 17.22 58.34 6.88
Cacao leaves 10.44 9.37 2.13 32.22 138.6 6.92
Cacao pod 10.24 9.20 3.16 29.60 142.7 6.70
Cacao seed skn 10.00 8.98 4.24 29.92 174.4 6.55
Pressed Uncara leaves 8.72 8.39 3.88 33.27 130.69 6.82
Young Uncara leaves 8.98 8.90 2.97 40.89 175.37 6.90
Moulded Uncara leaves
