04. MODIFIKASI PERILAKU [Compatibility Mode]

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MODIFIKASI

Perubahan, merubah, memperbaiki, membuat sesuatu

yang sudah ada menjadi berbeda / lebih baik.

PERILAKU

Aktivitas, aksi, kinerja, respons, atau reaksi

Tindakan sederhana

/ simple action

Dapat diobservasi

/ can be overt (observable)

Dapat tersembunyi /

can be covert (not directly observable)

Perilaku tersembunyi harus disimpulkan dari

respon-respon terbuka /

covert behavior must be inferred from overt responses.

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Berbagai upaya untuk mengubah perilaku

Aplikasi prinsip-prinsip belajar yang teruji secara

sistematis untuk mengubah perilaku tidak adaptif menjadi

perilaku adaptif

Penggunaan secara empiris teknik-teknik perubahan

perilaku untuk memperbaiki perilaku melalui penguatan

positif, penguatan negatif, dan hukuman.

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TERAPI

TINGKAH LAKU

PENGKONDISIAN

TUJUAN

MENDORONG MUNCULNYA PERILAKU YANG TEPAT MELALUI BELAJAR TRITMEN PENGKONDISIAN MODELING PENGKONDISIAN KLASIK TEKNIK FLOODING PENGKONDISIAN OPERAN MODELING DESENSITISASI SISTEMATIK AVERSI IN-VIVO IMAGINAL TEKNIK EKSTINGSI TOKEN EKONOMI PENG-HUKUMAN TEKNIK OBSERVASI LAKUKAN SENDIRI BERTAHAP LAKUKAN

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4.

Aversion therapy

Digunakan untuk menghilangkan kebiasaan buruk., dengan

meningkatkan kepekaan klien agar mengganti respond pada

stimulus yang disenanginya dengan kebalikan stimulus tersebut,

dibarengi dengan stimulus yang merugikan dirinya, mislanya

muntah. Homo sex – lihat photo pria telanjang – lantai aliri listrik –

gemetaran.

5.

Cover desensitization

Digunakan untuk merawat tingkah laku yang menyenangkan klien

tetapi menyimpang, missal homo, alcoholic. Diminta

(53)

6.

Thought Stopping

Efektif digunakan untuk klien yang sangat cemas. Caranya, missal

klien ditutup matanya sambil membayangkan dan mengatakan

sesuatu yang mengganggu dirinya, missal berkata “saya jahat” –

pada saat itu klien memberi tanda, dan terapi kemudian berteriak

atau berkata keras dan nyaring berkata “berhenti”. Jadi pikiran

yang tadi digantikan dengan teriakan terapi, berulang-ulang

sampai dirinya sendiri yang bisa menghentikan.

Guthri:

(54)

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(72)

Behavioral Approaches

Development of Behavioral Approaches

John Locke: Blank Slate

◦ John Watson: Learned Neuroses

◦ B. F. Skinner: Operant Conditioning

◦ Ivan Pavlov: Classical Conditioning

(73)

Behavioral Approaches

Basic Principles

◦ Reinforcement: Rewards and Punishments.

◦ Shaping: Working with small, incremental changes.

◦ Measurement: Objective, measurable outcomes.

◦ Action: Dwells more on behaviors than thoughts.

(74)

Behavioral Approaches

Albert Ellis/Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

Theoretical Constructs and Techniques

◦ Focuses on dysfunctional, irrational, unrealistic and distorted

thoughts.

◦ Feelings and behavior are also addressed.

◦ Unconditional acceptance is important.

◦ Ellis also believed in authenticity.

◦ Clients are encouraged to think rationally.

(75)

Behavioral Approaches

Albert Ellis/Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

Philosophy and Beliefs

◦ Understanding belief systems is important.

◦ Belief systems are organized ways of thinking about reality.

◦ Belief systems affect one’s self-view.

◦ The language a client uses, will speak to their philosophy and belief system.

(76)

Behavioral Approaches

Albert Ellis/Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) Philosophy and Beliefs (continued)

◦ Clients create their own emotional disturbances by believing in absolute

and irrational beliefs. and irrational beliefs.

◦ Clients can choose their belief system.

◦ Counselors can help clients by identifying irrational beliefs and helping

the client find meaning in their lives.

(77)

Behavioral Approaches

Albert Ellis/Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) Identifying Irrational Thinking

◦ Helpless thinking is the result of irrational thinking.

◦ It usually includes “all or nothing” statements.

◦ It usually includes the words should, ought, never and must.

(78)

Behavioral Approaches

Albert Ellis/Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

Identifying Irrational Thinking (continued)

Five common irrational or dysfunctional ideas:

“Life isn’t fair.” “It’s awful.”

“I can’t stand it.”

(79)

Behavioral Approaches

Albert Ellis/Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

A-B-C-D-E-F

A = The activating event.

B = The irrational belief about the event.

C = The emotional consequence.

D = Disputing the irrational beliefs.

E = The emotional effect of disputing the belief.

F = New feelings and behavior.

(80)

Behavioral Approaches

Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy and Multiculturalism

◦ The therapy fails to address contextual-situational factors that adversely impact client’s lives.

◦ REBT uses the ethnocentric approach to mental health care.

◦ Does not focus on the phenomenological experience of the client.

◦ Does not address the different ways irrational beliefs are manifested by the culturally different.

(81)

Behavioral Approaches

William Glasser/Reality Therapy/Choice Theory

The Basics

◦ Instead of seeking to change behavior, Reality Therapy works on changing awareness of responsibility.

◦ Once responsibility is acknowledged by the client, it is then possible to work on behavior change.

◦ The locus of the decision is placed on the client.

(82)

Behavioral Approaches

The Basics

◦ The Reality therapist might borrow skills, techniques or ideas from

◦ The Reality therapist might borrow skills, techniques or ideas from other theories if it benefits the client.

◦ The Reality therapist will be himself or herself, use humor, sarcasm and confrontation in personal ways to assist the client in greater understanding.

◦ Role-playing, systematic planning, and teaching intentional living are all important in Reality Therapy.

(83)

Behavioral Approaches

The Basics

◦ The client has control over his or her life, choices and personhood.

◦ There is no need to explore a client’s past because the past is over and the client’s problems occur in the present.

◦ Reality therapy puts the power into the client’s hands and shows the client how he or she can help himself or herself.

(84)

Behavioral Approaches

The Basics

◦ The client and counselor explores the client’s wants and needs.

◦ It focuses on conscious, planned behavior.

◦ The therapy focuses on responsibility and choice.

◦ Trust and the relationship between client and counselor are critical.

(85)

Behavioral Approaches

The Basics

◦ Since it is often used in institutions, the counselor’s communication

◦ Since it is often used in institutions, the counselor’s communication of trust, warmth, respect and caring is especially important.

◦ Reality therapy helps clients look at the consequences of their own actions.

◦ This therapy is often used in settings other than the counseling office (e.g. playground or detention center) and is practiced by those other than counselors (e.g. teacher and prison guard).

(86)

Behavioral Approaches

William Glasser/Reality Therapy//Choice Theory

Cognitive Aspects of Reality Therapy

◦ Reality therapy aids the client in examining the types of thoughts he

Thoughts

◦ Reality therapy aids the client in examining the types of thoughts he or she has about himself or herself and the external world.

◦ It helps clients exert control over their own actions, lives, choices and feelings.

◦ Clients choose misery and symptoms. This becomes a way a client has of dealing with the world (e.g. depressing, headaching).

(87)

Behavioral Approaches

Cognitive Aspects of Reality Therapy

◦ There are negative additions (e.g. drugs, stealing) and positive

◦ There are negative additions (e.g. drugs, stealing) and positive addictions (e.g. walking, meditation).

◦ We choose our addictions and therefore our fate.

◦ Reality therapy helps clients to: Explore their wants and how that relates to their needs; look at what they are doing to meet those needs; evaluate behaviors in relationship to those needs and helps the client plan to change behavior to more effectively meet needs.

(88)

Behavioral Approaches

Cognitive Aspects of Reality Therapy

◦ There are negative additions (e.g. drugs, stealing) and positive

◦ There are negative additions (e.g. drugs, stealing) and positive addictions (e.g. walking, meditation).

◦ We choose our addictions and therefore our fate.

◦ Reality therapy helps clients to: Explore their wants and how that relates to their needs; look at what they are doing to meet those needs; evaluate behaviors in relationship to those needs and helps the client plan to change behavior to more effectively meet needs.

(89)

Behavioral Approaches

Reality Therapy and Multiculturalism

◦ Many of the tenets of Reality therapy fits well with other cultures.

◦ Helping the client explore wants and needs keeps the focus on the

◦ Helping the client explore wants and needs keeps the focus on the client’s values and concerns within the client’s cultural context.

◦ Reality therapy challenges the client to see the self in relationship to his or her context. This includes the client’s cultural context.

(90)

Behavioral Approaches

Donald Meichenbaum’s Ten Central Tenets of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Behavior is reciprocal between a client’s thoughts, feelings, psychological processes and resultant consequences.

processes and resultant consequences. Cognitions do not cause emotional difficulty.

Counselors help clients understand how they construct and construe reality. CBT therapists dissuade from the rationalist or objectivist position.

There is an emphasis on collaboration with the client.

(91)

Behavioral Approaches

Donald Meichenbaum’s Ten Central Tenets of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (continued)

Relapse prevention is central to cognitive behavioral therapy. The client/therapist relationship is critical for change to occur. Emotions play a critical role in cognitive-behavioral therapy. CBT is used with couples and families.

CBT can be used in a variety of setting with a variety of issues.

(92)

Behavioral Approaches

Applied Behavioral Analysis: Central Constructs

◦ Client-counselor relationship is imperative and counselors exhibit high levels of empathy, self-congruence and interpersonal contact. The

relationship is collaborative and relationship variables differ according to client and culture.

◦ Operationalization of Behavior: Focuses on the concreteness and

specifics of behavior. Vagueness is transformed into objective, observable actions.

◦ Functional Analysis: The ABC’s of behavior. An individual's behavior is directly related to events and stimuli in the environment.

(93)

Behavioral Approaches

Applied Behavioral Analysis: Central Constructs

◦

Reinforcement: Behavior develops and maintains itself through a

◦

Reinforcement: Behavior develops and maintains itself through a

system of punishments and rewards.

◦

Goals: These are designed to make specific behavioral changes.

Goals are concrete, specific, observable and measurable.

(94)

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(95)

(96)

Functional Behavioral Assessment

(FBA)

Why do students act the way they

do?

Recall that if a pattern of behavior

difficulty develops leading to 10

days of being removed from

class, a FBA and BIP need to be

developed

.

(97)

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