SKRIPSI
Submitted to fulfill one of the requirements of Sarjana Sastra Degree
ANNESSIA CASSANDRA 63708023
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS
INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER BANDUNG
SKRIPSI
Submitted to fulfill one of the requirements of Sarjana Sastra Degree
ANNESSIA CASSANDRA 63708023
Bandung, August 2012
Approved as a skripsi by:
Advisor I Advisor II
Dr. Nia Kurniasih Tatan Tawami S.S, M.Hum
NIP. 196901152006042001 NIP. 4127.20.03.011
Acknowledged by: Head of English Department
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and pragmatic scales in their utterances. This research shows the relation between pragmatic scales and politeness strategies in making the polite utterances. This research aims to prove that politeness principle is applied in the utterances of Beauty and the Beast movie script.
The research method used in this research is a qualitative descriptive method since all the analyses of the data are the descriptions of the phenomena that happen in the politeness behaviour. The data analyzed are 22, showing how utterance can be a polite utterance by using the politeness strategies and how high is the politeness by measuring it with pragmatic scales.
In the finding, there are four classifications made based on the politeness strategies used in the utterances of the characters in Beauty and the Beast movie script: positive politeness, negative politeness, bald on-record, and off-record. Each of the classification has the sub classification based on the pragmatic scale found in every politeness strategy, such as the positive politeness with cost-benefit scale, positive politeness with indirectness scales and so on. The dominant politeness strategies used is positive politeness. Yet, there is no dominant one in the pragmatic scale found in the politeness strategies since almost all scales appear in every strategy of politeness, except in the off-record strategy that shows only indirectness scale. The result of the discussion showed that polite utterance can be made by using the politeness strategies, yet how polite is the utterance either it is high or low can be measured by the pragmatic scale. Thus, how high and how low the politeness in every utterance can affect the interaction between the addresser and addressee.
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strategi-strategi kesopanan dan skala pragmatis dalam ujaran-ujaran mereka. Penelitian ini menunjukan hubungan antara skala-skala pragmatis dan strategi-strategi kesopanan dalam membuat ujaran yang sopan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan bahwa kaidah kesopanan diaplikasikan pada ujaran yang ada di naskah film Beauty and the Beast.
Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif karena semua analisis data adalah deskripsi dari fenomena yang terjadi dalam perilaku kesopanan. Data yang dianalisis adalah 22 data yang menunjukkan bagaimana ujaran dapat menjadi sebuah ekspresi yang sopan dengan menggunakan strategi kesopanan dan seberapa tinggi kesopanannya dengan menggunakan skala pragmatik untuk mengukur tingkat kesopanannya. Dalam temuan ini, ada empat klasifikasi yang dibuat berdasarkan strategi kesopanan yang digunakan dalam ujaran tokoh dalam naskah Beauty and the Beast: kesopanan positif, kesopanan negatif, kesopanan langsung, dan kesopanan tidak langsung. Setiap klasifikasi memiliki sub-klasifikasi yang dibuat berdasarkan skala pragmatis yang ditemukan dalam setiap strategi kesopanannya, seperti kesopanan positif dengan skala biaya-manfaat, kesopanan positif dengan skala tidak langsung dan seterusnya. Strategi kesopanan yang dominan digunakan adalah kesopanan positif. Namun, tidak ada satu yang dominan dalam skala pragmatis yang ditemukan dalam strategi kesopanan karena hampir semua skala muncul dalam setiap strategi kesopanan kecuali dalam strategi kesopanan tidak langsung yang hanya memunculkan skala tidak langsung. Hasil diskusi ini menunjukkan bahwa ujaran yang sopan dapat dibuat dengan menggunakan strategi kesopanan, namun tinggi atau rendah tingkat kesopanan itu dapat diukur dengan skala pragmatis. Jadi, seberapa tinggi dan seberapa rendah kesopanan dalam setiap ujaran dapat mempengaruhi interaksi pengirim pesan dan penerima pesan.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research entitled “Pragmatic Scale in Politeness Strategies Found in
Beauty and the Beast movie script” is submitted to fulfil one of the requirements
of Sarjana Sastra Degree. This skripsi would not have been done without some
supports and contributions of many people. Therefore, the writer would like to
express the deepest acknowledgement for the following people:
1. My lovely parents, Maria Soraya and Chaerul Fahmi Tayibnapis. Thanks
for your love, support, motivation, and everything. I love you both.
2. My beloved sisters and brother, Kak Vavan, Kak Tasya, Kak Ozzy, Kak
Aska. Thanks for always understanding your little careless sister.
3. My cute nephews and niece, Rafi, Kanaya (alm), Aqeela, Zufar, and
Reyhan. You are just too cute to be true.
4. Dean of Faculty of Letters of UNIKOM, Prof. Dr. H. Moh. Tadjuddin,
MA.
5. Head of English Department, Retno Purwani Sari, S.S., M.Hum. Thank
you for always helping me in every condition.
6. My Advisor, Dr. Nia Kurniasih and Tatan Tawami S.S, M.Hum. Thank
you for all your kindness in guiding me to write this thesis.
7. All the lecturers in English Department. Thank you for sharing all your
knowledge to me.
8. Secretariat of English Department. Thanks for always giving important
ix
9. My best friends, Puri Astari and Yuanita Aprilia. Thanks for always being
patient to face my silly act. You both are the best of the best friends I have
ever had.
10.All my classmates, SI 1-08. I am lucky to be at the same class with you
guys. Thanks for all the crazy and unforgettable moment we had in class.
11.All my seniors in Faculty of Letters. Thank you for being my big brothers
and sisters.
12. Ardan Radio’s crew. Thank you for being my second family.
13.The last but not least, my one and only, Jonny. Danke fur alles. Ich liebe
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ABSTRAK vii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS viii
CONTENTS x
LIST OF FIGURE xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES xiv CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1Background to the Topic 1
1.2Research Question 4
1.3Objectives 4
1.4Significant to Knowledge 4
1.5Framework of the Theory 5
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW 2.1 Pragmatics 8
2.2 Politeness Principle 11
2.2.1 Maxim of Politeness 12
2.2.1.1 Tact Maxim 12
2.2.1.2 Generosity Maxim 13
2.2.1.3 Approbation Maxim 14
2.2.1.4 Modesty Maxim 14
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2.3.2Off-Record 18
2.3.3 Positive Politeness 20
2.3.4 Negative Politeness 23
2.4 Pragmatic Scale 25
2.4.1 Cost-Benefit Scale 25
2.4.2 Indirectness Scale 26
2.4.3 Social Distance Scale 26
2.4.4 Optionality Scale 27
2.4.5 Power/Authority Scale 28
CHAPTER III RESEARCH OBJECT AND METHOD
3.1 Research Object 29
3.2 Research Method 29
3.2.1 Data Collection 30
3.2.2 Data Analysis 31
CHAPTER IV FINDING AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Positive Politeness 34
4.1.1 Positive Politeness with Cost-Benefit Scale 34
4.1.2 Positive Politeness with Optionality Scale 41
4.1.3 Positive Politeness with Indirectness Scale 44
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4.2.2 Negative Politeness with Optionality Scale 55
4.2.3 Negative Politeness with Indirectness Scale 58
4.2.4 Negative Politeness with Social Distance Scale 60
4.2.5 Negative Politeness with Power/Authority Scale 62
4.3 Bald On-Record 64
4.3.1 Bald On-Record with Cost-Benefit Scale 64
4.3.2 Bald On-Record with Optionality Scale 66
4.3.3 Bald On-Record with Indirectness Scale 68
4.3.4 Bald On-Record with Social Distance Scale 70
4.3.5 Bald On-Record with Power/Authority Scale 72
4.4 Off-Record 75
4.4.1 Off-Record with Indirectness Scale 75
CHAPTER V CONCLUSSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions 77
5.2 Suggestions 78
REFERENCES 80
APPENDICES 81
1
This chapter presents background to the study, research question, objectives,
significance to knowledge, and framework of the theories.
1.1Background to the Study
Pragmatics is a study of how utterances have meanings in situation. In
making an utterance, the addresser (R), the sender of the message, has a particular
goal by uttering it to the addressee (E), the receiver, regarding the situation itself.
For example, when the weather is cold, R says, “you can wear my sweater if you
feel cold” to the E because E looks freezing. R has a goal to make E feels warm
by offering his sweater.
When R offers his sweater, R notices what E needs since R sees that E
looks freezing. However, R does not force E to accept it by saying “if” to show
that R gives an option to E. R prevents the conflict between them and tries to save
the face of E. Face means the public self-image of a person.
To save the face of others, there are four strategies of politeness introduced
by Brown and Levinson (1978:68) that can be used; positive politeness, negative
politeness, bald on-record, and off record strategy. Taking the example above, R
notices that E wants and needs sweater to make E feels warm because the weather
Therefore, it can be said that R is using positive politeness to save E’s face and
being polite to him.
Yet, even if R already uses politeness strategy to make his utterance, but
the scale of politeness in the utterance can be measured either less polite or more
polite. To measure the scale of politeness, Leech (1983:123) introduces five
pragmatic scale; cost-benefit, optionality, indirectness, social distance, and
power/authority scale. In “you can wear my sweater if you feel cold” R gives
benefit to E if E accepts his offer to wear the sweater. The benefit is E will feel
warm and it means there is cost-benefit scale in R’s utterance. Thus, it can be said
that R is even more being polite to E since R uses the politeness strategy, which is
positive politeness, and arise the pragmatic scale that is cost-benefit scale.
However, R utterance can be less polite if he says “if you feel cold, you can buy a
sweater at the store”. It is less polite since E gets the cost more than the benefit.
The cost is E has to buy a sweater first and it needs money and time as well. This
is the difference between the firs example, R lends his sweater to E, so E doesn’t
have any cost to do. That is why the first utterance is more polite and the second
one is less polite even R already uses positive politeness strategy in his utterance.
It is interesting to analyze how people use some strategies to be polite to
aim what they want without making the others feel disrespected but they still can
get what they want. In addition, it is more interesting when the politeness in the
utterance can be measured by using the pragmatic scale either it is less polite or
more polite. Eventually, in the case R is being less or more polite or not in making
For all those reasons, this research is focused on analyzing the pragmatic
scales in politeness strategies since they are related to each other in making the
polite utterances. To limit the data, the writer analyzed the utterances that contain
the tact maxim only as one of the maxims dealing with polite behaviour. The rules
in tact maxim according to Leech (1983:109) is minimizing the cost to other and
maximizing the benefit to other. This is just what happens in the previous example
in which R gives more benefit to E (feel warm) than the cost. In addition, in
finding out the data, the writer chooses the movie script of Beauty and the Beast.
In relation to this research, there are two previous researches analyzing
about politeness. First is a research about the analysis of utterances according to
its illocutionary categories and its obedience and the violation of the maxim of
politeness principle that was analyzed by Anggun Cita Resmi (2006), a student of
English Department of UNIKOM. Second is a research about the analysis of
realization of politeness strategies in directive illocutionary acts describing both
purposes and motives of it in accordance with the context that was analyzed by
Fifi Kafilatul Jannah (2011), a student of Padjajaran University. Since they both
did not mention about the pragmatic scale in maxim of politeness and politeness
strategies, this research is hopefully going to improve and complete their research
by analyzing the pragmatic scale in politeness strategies. This research aims to
prove that politeness principle is applied in the utterances of Beauty and the Beast
movie script.
Based on the descriptions and focus of the research, the writer was
entitled “Pragmatic Scales in Politeness Strategies found in the Beauty and the
Beast Movie Script”.
1.2Research Questions
Concerning the background of the study, the statements of the problem are
formulated as follows:
1. What are the strategies of politeness used in the utterance containing
the tact maxim in “Beauty and The Beast” movie script?
2. What are the pragmatic scales found in those strategies?
1.3 Objectives
The objectives in this research according to the problems above are:
1. To analyze kinds of politeness strategies in the utterance with tact
maxim.
2. To analyze what kind of pragmatic scales found in the strategies.
1.4 Significance to Knowledge
This research, entitled “Pragmatic Scales in Politeness Strategies in the
Beauty and the Beast Movie Script” is a study of pragmatics that focuses on
analyzing the pragmatic scales in politeness strategies used in the utterance
containing the tact maxim. The finding of this research is hoped to enrich the
knowledge about politeness theoretically and practically for the writer herself.
but also applying them in the real life. In addition, this research is expected to give
the readers contribution and information about how to use the four politeness
strategies in daily life. In addition, they can follow measurement of pragmatic
scales to express their politeness. Knowing, understanding, and applying
politeness in life are useful to make a good relation between each other. People
will always try to respect and make conflict-free interaction when they
communicate with others since they know about the strategies of politeness and
the pragmatic scale. They can easily choose which strategy and scale they want to
use in their utterance to make it polite.
In addition, for the others who are interested in making the similar
research about the pragmatic scales in politeness strategies, this research can be
used as the reference to improve the similar research in the future.
1.5 Framework of the Theories
To get what R wants from the E without making E feels disrespected, there
are some politeness strategies need to be followed; positive politeness, negative
politeness, bald on record, and off record. As stated by Brown and Levinson in
their book Politeness (1978) that the politeness strategies make no conflict
between the speaker and the hearer in communication. Politeness strategies used
to show that R is being respectful to E and to save E’s face.
In the politeness strategies used in making the polite utterance, it can be
measured the scale of the politeness itself. Additionally, Leech in his book
the parameters of the various values, cost, benefit, praise, sympathy, etc. They are
cost-benefit, optionality, indirectness, social distance, and power/authority scale.
In politeness, there are a number of maxims dealing with polite behaviour
which is called maxim of politeness introduces by Leech (1983). They are
generosity maxim, approbation maxim, modesty maxim, agreement maxim,
sympathy maxim, and tact maxim. Tact maxim itself is used to minimize cost to
other and maximize benefit to other.
Therefore, there are two theories used to analyze this research object;
Brown and Levinson (1978) about the politeness strategies and Leech (1983)
The framework can be illustrated in the following figure:
1.1 The figure of the theoretical framework
8
This chapter discusses about the theories used in analyzing the data in this
research. There are some theories of pragmatic used in analyzing the data since it
is a pragmatics study. They are divided into four main points; pragmatics,
politeness principle, politeness strategies, and pragmatic scales.
2.1 Pragmatics
This research is a pragmatics study which analyzes the pragmatic scales in
politeness strategies found in Beauty and the Beast movie script.
According to Yule (1996:3), there are four areas that pragmatic is
concerned with; pragmatics as the study of speaker meaning, contextual meaning,
how utterance is communicated more than is said, and the expression of relative
distance. From his statement, it can be concluded that pragmatics is a study of
meaning communicated by an addresser (R) and interpreted by an addressee (E)
based on speaker intention, the relative distance between the speaker and the
hearer, and the context or speech situation.
Since pragmatics studies meaning in relation to speech situation, Leech
(1983:13) introduces some aspects of situations. The explanation of each aspects
1. Addressers or addressees
Addresser is a person who receives and interprets the message (the
sender). Addressee is a person who is an intended receiver of the message
(the receiver).
In this analysis, addressers and the addressees are the characters of
the movie script “Beauty and the Beast”. They are 9 characters which
represent the tact maxim utterance; Beast, Belle, Cogsworth, Lumiere,
Chip, Mrs.Potts, Maurice, Bookseller, and Wardrobe. When Beast talks to
Belle, Beast is being an addresser and Belle is being an addressee. Then,
when Belle replies, she is being an addresser and Beast is being an
addressee. Addresser is being shortened with R and addressee is being
shortened with E.
2. The context of an utterance
Context is any background knowledge assumed to be shared by the
E and R who contributes to hearer’s interpretation of what R means by a
given utterance.
In relation to this research, the context is the explanation of who
are the R and the E in the utterance and what situation that they have in the
utterance. For example, R is Belle and E is Maurice. Their relation is
father and daughter. Then the situation is Maurice is being a Beast’s
prisoner and Belle wants to get him out of the jail. However, Maurice is
afraid that Beast will come and see her, so he says “I want you to leave
interpretation that she needs to go since the place is dangerous and
Maurice doesn’t want her in danger. Thus, from the context of an
utterance, the interpretation of the message sent by R can be figured out.
3. The goal(s) of an utterance
The goal of an utterance does not commit its user to dealing with
conscious volition or motivation, but can be used generally of
goal-oriented activities.
In this term, the goal is about the goal of being polite in making the
utterance between the R and E. Because of that, R uses the politeness
strategies and arise the pragmatic scale to get the goal.
From all those explanation above, it can be concluded that pragmatics is
all about the interpretation of the message communicated by R to E. The
interpretation of the message can be figured out based on the context of an
utterance. In addition, in every messages made by R, it always has a goal to be
aimed.
Also, in pragmatics, there are some fields that are explained deeper since
they have the theories related to this research. They are politeness principle,
politeness strategies, and pragmatic scales.
2.2 Politeness Principle
Politeness principle (PP) is being the focus on the analysis of this research.
The theory of politeness principle used in this research is introduces by Leech. He
(1983:81) states that:
PP is to minimize (other things being equal) the expression of impolite beliefs, and maximize (other things being equal) the expression of polite beliefs which is somewhat less important.
PP explains about how to make and understand the utterances based
on politeness. So, PP is all about how to be polite in making an utterance. In
addition, the goal of PP is to minimize the impoliteness in the utterance itself.
In the movie script of Beauty and the Beast, the writer analyzes the
utterance made by the characters based on the politeness. Talking about politeness
itself, Robin Lakoff (1990:34) states about politeness as well as follows:
Politeness is a system of interpersonal relations designed to facilitate interaction by minimizing the potential for conflict and confrontation as conflict-free, with speakers normally being able to
satisfy one another’s needs and interests.
Thus, it can be said that politeness goal is to make no conflict in between
R and E when they interact to make a communication. In addition, the focus of
politeness itself is to satisfy another’s needs. This is what people call giving more
benefit to E rather than the cost. That is why the effect of politeness behaviour to
R is more important than E. Dealing with politeness behaviour, there are some
2.2.1 Maxim of Politeness
Maxims of politeness are a number of maxims dealing with polite
behaviour. The meaning of maxim itself according to Oxford dictionary (2003) is
saying that expresses a general truth or rule of behaviour. There are six maxims of
politeness; tact maxim, generosity maxim, approbation maxim, modesty maxim,
agreement maxim, and sympathy maxim. However, it is only tact maxim is used
as the limitation in finding data in the Beauty and the Beast movie script.
Nevertheless, all of the six maxims are explained below to make the difference
between tact maxim and the other maxims.
2.2.1.1 Tact Maxim
Tact maxim is a maxim which has a rule of minimizing cost to other and
maximizing benefit to other. Leech (1983:109) states that there are two sides to
the tact maxim, a negative side ‘Minimize the benefit to E’, and a positive side,
‘Maximize the benefit to E’. The example of the tact maxim is as follows:
“Won’t you put your sweater on? It is cold in here.”
This utterance said by R to ask E putting on his sweater. By putting on his
sweater, E can get more benefit like feeling warm than the cost. There is no cost
that E should do expect of putting his sweater on. This is how tact maxim works
in an utterance when E gets more benefit than the cost.
To see the more benefit to E than the cost, it can be seen as well from this
Cost to E less polite 1. Peel the potatoes.
2. Hand me the news paper. 3. Sit down.
4. Look at that. 5. Enjoy your holiday 6. Have another sandwich.
Benefit to E more polite
It can be seen that the utterance will be more polite when R gives more
benefit to E like the (6) example. It gives benefit to E when E can have another
sandwich meaning that he can take more sandwiches. It is different from the (2)
example when R asks E to hand a newspaper for R. Handing the newspaper for R
will be a benefit for R himself, not for E. That is why is less polite than the (6).
2.2.1.2 Generosity Maxim
The difference between tact and generosity maxim is generosity maxim is
centered to self, not to other like the tact maxim is. According to Leech
(1983:133), the rule of generosity maxim is to minimize benefit to self and
maximize cost to self. The example of generosity maxim is presented below:
“You must have dinner with us.”
This example shows that R makes more cost to himself rather than the
benefit. The cost will be like R needs to pay for the dinner also he needs to
prepare so it will need his time to make the preparation, etc. This is the example
2.2.1.3 Approbation Maxim
Approbation maxim is a maxim which focuses on making praise to other.
The rule of approbation maxim according to Leech (1983:135) is to minimize
dispraise to other and maximize praise to other. It can be said as well that
approbation maxim is to avoid R to say unpleasant things to E. For example, when
E does a dance performance, then R says “Your performance was so great” is
approbation maxim. If R says “Well, your performance was ok” is not a
approbation maxim.
2.2.1.4 Modesty Maxim
Modesty maxim is a maxim which concerns in making dispraise to self.
That is different from approbation which makes dispraise to other, not to self.
Leech (1983:136) states that modesty maxim is about to minimize the praise of
self and maximize dispraise of self. It can be seen from the example below:
“Please accept my small gift as a present for your winning.”
“My small gift” here is an example of minimizing the praise and
maximizing the dispraise of self. If R says “my large gift” then he does not use the
modesty maxim since he maximizes the praise of himself not the dispraise.
2.2.1.5 Agreement Maxim
Agreement maxim is about to minimize the disagreement between self and
from Leech (1983:138), the comparison of the rudeness reply in saying the
disagreement can be seen below:
1. A: “It was an interesting exhibition, wasn’t it?”
B: “No, it was very uninteresting. 2. A: A referendum will satisfy everybody.
B: Yes, definitely
3. A: English is a difficult language to learn. B: True, but grammar is quite easy. 4. A: The book is tremendously well written.
B: Yes, well written as a whole, but there are some rather boring
patches, don’t you think?
The (1) and (3) example make the contrast comparison of the rudeness in
replying the statement of R. The (1) is not an agreement maxim, but the (3) is,
since R tries to minimize his disagreement by saying “true, but ... “
2.2.1.6 Sympathy Maxim
Sympathy maxim is about showing the sympathy not the antipathy to
other. For example, when R hears that E’s father passes away and R uses
sympathy maxim, he will say “I am sorry about your father” instead of saying “I
am pleased to hear about your father”. It can be said as well that sympathy maxim
is a maxim to express condolences.
2.3 Politeness Strategy
Politeness is made to make no-conflict. In politeness, Yule (1996:60) also
has his argument about it. He states that politeness, in an interaction, can then be
Face means the public self-image of a person. To save the face of others, Brown
and Levinson (1978:68) introduce the four politeness strategies; bald on-record,
off-record, positive politeness, and negative politeness. In addition, it can be said
that these four strategies are used by E to show his respect and politeness to save
R’s face.
2.3.1 Bald on-record
Bald on-record is the strategy used on-recordly or straight to the point.
Brown and Levinson (1983:68-69) states that an actor (R) goes on-record in doing
an act A if it is clear to participants (E) what communicative intention led the
actor to do “A” (i.e., there is just one ambiguously attributable intention with
which witnesses would concur). For example, if R says “I (hereby) promise to
come tomorrow”, and if E would concur that, in saying that, R did unambiguously
express the intention of committing his self to that future act, then it means he did
“on-record” as promising to do so.
In addition to this, there are two sub-strategies of bald on-record strategy
according to Brown and Levinson (1983:95); cases of non-minimization of the
face threat and cases of Face Threatening Act (FTA)-oriented bald-on-record
usage.
Some examples of cases of non-minimization of the face threat (Brown
and Levinson: 1983:96) are:
a. Emergency, when it is in cases of great urgency. (e.g. “Help!”,
b. Attention-getters, where R speaks as if maximum efficiency were
very important, he provides metaphorical urgency for emphasis. (e.g.
“Listen, I’ve got an idea”, “Hear me out: ...”, Look, the point of this:
…”)
c. Entreaties, when R is begging something to E. (e.g. “Excuse me”
,“Forgive me”, “Accept my thanks”)
d. Task-oriented, probably accounts for the paradigmatic form of
instruction and recipes. (e.g. “Give me the nails”, “Bring me wine”,
“In the future,you must add the soda after the whisky”)
e. Teasing or joking is a socially acceptable rudeness just like being
sarcastic. (e.g. “Cry. Get angry)
f. Advice or warning, when R shows that he cares of E. (e.g. “Careful!
He’s a dangerous man”, “your headlights are on!”, “take care”)
g. Granting permission, when R gives a permission for something that
E has requested. (e.g. “Yes, you may go”)
Some examples of cases of Face Threatening Act (FTA)-oriented
bald-on-record usage (Brown and Levinson: 1983:99) are:
a. Invitation, when R wants to invite E to do something. (e.g. “Come
in”)
b. Command, when R request E to do something. (e.g. “Sit down”)
c. Offer, when R has something to offer to E. (e.g. “(You must) have
By reading all examples of bald on-record strategy, it can be said that bald
on-record is used not to make unambiguously which can make R feels confused. E
just says what he means directly or on record to make R understands directly to
the point of what E means in his utterance.
2.3.2 Off-record
Off record is a strategy that goes indirectly or not straight to the point.
Brown and Levinson (1983:211) states:
A communicative act is done off record if it is done in such a way that it is not possible to attribute only one clear communicative intention to the act. In another words, the actor
leaves himself an ‘out’ by providing himself with a number of
defensible interpretations.
According to what Brown and Levinson states above, saying something
off record has some intentions beyond of what R literally says. So, R says his
intention indirectly and it shows politeness.
In off-record term, there are some sub-strategies introduced by Brown and
Levinson (1983:213). They are as follows:
a. Give hints, when R says something that is not explicitly relevant, by
mentioning he invites E to search for an interpretation (e.g. “It’s cold
in here")
b. Give association is a related kind of implicature triggered by relevance
violations is provided by mentioning something associated with the act
knowledge irrespective of their interactional experience. clues (e.g.
“Oh God, I’ve got a headache again”)
c. Presuppose, when an utterance may implicate a criticism by a
presupposition (e.g. “I washed the car again today” to tell E that later,
it might be his turn to wash the car.)
d. Understate is one way of generating implicatures by saying less than is
required. (e.g. “She’s some kind of idiot” when She is a very smart
person)
e. Overstate is when R is exaggerating or choosing a point on a scale
which is higher than the actual state of affairs. (e.g. “There were a
million people in the Co-op tonight!” when there’s only a few people
who were there.)
f. Use tautologies. By uttering a tautology, R encourages E to look for an
informative interpretation of the non-informative utterance. (e.g. “Boys
will be boys”)
g. Use contradiction is when R states two things that contradict each
other and he makes it appear that he cannot be telling the truth. Thus,
he encourages E to look for an interpretation that reconciles the two
contradictory propositions. (e.g. one might say of a drunken friend to a
telephone caller “Well, Jhon is here and he isn’t here.)
h. Be ironic is when R says the opposite of what he means. (e.g. “John’s
i. Use metaphors. The use of metaphor is perhaps usually on record, but
there is a possibility that exactly which of the connotation of the
metaphor R intends may be off record. (e.g. “Harry’s a real fish” [he
{swims} like a fish])
j. Use rhetorical question. To ask a question with no intention of
obtaining an answer is to break a sincerity condition on question –
namely, that R wants E to provide him with indicated information.
(e.g. “What can I say?” [nothing, it’s so bad])
k. Be ambiguous. Stretching the term ‘ambiguity’ to include the
ambiguity between the literal meaning of an utterance and any of its
possible implicatures, it can be seen that every off-record strategy
essentially exploits ambiguity in this wider sense (e.g. “John’s a pretty
{smooth} cookie”, either it is a compliment or as an insult.)
l. Be vague. R may go off record by being vague about who the object is
or what the offence is. (e.g. “I’m going {you know where}”)
m. Over-generalize is when R makes a generalization and E has the choice
of deciding whether the general rule applies to him in certain case.
(e.g. “Mature people sometimes help do the dishes”)
n. Displace the addressee is when R says something to another person but
actually he means to E. So, he displace E.
o. Be incomplete, use ellipsis. Elliptical utterance is legitimated by
2.3.3 Positive Politeness
Positive politeness is redress directed to the R’s positive face. According
to Brown and Levinson (1983:101), positive face means R’s perennial desire that
his wants (or the actions/acquisitions/values resulting from them) should be
thought of as desirable. A person’s positive face is the need to be accepted, even
liked, by others, to be treated as a member of the same group, and to know that his
or her wants are shared by others.
There are 15 sub strategies of the positive politeness strategy (Brown and
Levinson: 1983:103) as follows:
a. Notice, attend to the addressee is when R takes notice of aspects of E’s
condition. (e.g. “You must be hungry, it’s a long time since breakfast.
How about some lunch?”)
b. Exaggerate is when R says something over than it is. Usually, R is
exaggerating his utterance when he says something about interest,
approval, and sympathy. (e.g. “What a fantastic garden you have!”)
c. Intensify interest to the hearer. Another way for R to communicate to
E that he shares some of his wants is to intensify the interest of his
own contributions to the conversation, by ‘making a good story’. (e.g.
“I come down the stairs, and what do you think I see? – a huge mess
all over the place … “)
d. Use in-group identity markers. By using any of the innumerable ways
common ground with E that is carried by that definition of the group.
(e.g. “Come here, mate!”)
e. Seek agreement. Another characteristic way of claiming common
ground with E is to seek ways which it is possible to agree with him.
(e.g. A: “John went to London this weekend!” B: “To London!”)
f. Avoid disagreement is when R hides the disagreement. (e.g. A: “Can
you hear me?” B: “Barely.”)
g. Presuppose/raise/assert common ground is used to soften request or
offer. (e.g. “Wouldn’t you like a drink?”)
h. Joke. Since jokes are based on mutual shared background knowledge
and values, jokes may be used to stress that shared background or
those shared values. (e.g. “How about lending me this old heap of junk
[new Cadillac])
i. Assert or presuppose the speaker’s knowledge of and concern for the
hearer’s wants. One way of indicating that R and E are cooperators,
and thus potentially to put pressure on E to cooperate with S, is to
assert or imply knowledge of E’s wants and willingness to fit one’s
own wants in with them. (e.g. “Look, I know you want the car back by
5.0, so should (not) I go to town now?” [request])
j. Offers and promises are the natural outcome of choosing this strategy;
even if they are false, the demonstrate R’s good intentions in satisfying
k. Be optimistic is when R assumes that E wants R’s wants and will help
him to obtain them. (e.g. “You will lend me your lawnmower for the
weekend, {I hope}”)
l. Include both the speaker and the hearer in the activity. By using ‘we’
form, when R really means ‘you’ or ‘me’, he can call upon the
cooperative assumptions. (e.g. “Give us a break.”)
m. Give (or ask for) reason is a way of implying ‘I can help you’ or ‘you
can help me, and assuming cooperation a way of showing what help is
needed. (e.g. “Why don’t we go to the seashore!”)
n. Assume or assert reciprocity. The existence between R and S may also
be claimed or urged by giving evidence of reciproca rights or
obligations obtaining between S and H. (e.g.”I’ll do X for you if you
do Y for me.)
o. Give gifts is when R knows what E’s wants as a human; the wants to
be liked, admired, cared about, understood, listened to, and so on. (e.g.
“I do care about you”)
2.3.4 Negative Politeness
The world “negative” in negative politeness strategy does not mean “bad”,
it is just the opposite pole from “positive”. According to Brown and Levinson
(1983:129), negative politeness is redressive action addressed to the addressee’s
unimpeded. There are 10 sub-strategies of negative politeness strategy divide by
Brown and Levinson (1983:132) as follows:
a. Be conventionally indirect. Here, R is faced with opposing tensions;
the desire to give E an ‘out’ by being indirect and the desire to go on
record. (e.g. “Can you shut the door?” [I want you to shut it}])
b. Question, hedge. In the literature a ‘hedge’ is a particle, word, or
phrase that modifies the degree of membership of a predicate or noun
phrase in a set; it says of that membership that is partial, or true only
in certain respects, or that is more true and complete than perhaps
might be expected. (e.g. “A swing is sort of a toy.”)
c. Be pessimistic is when R expresses his doubt of the conditions for the
appropriateness of R’s speech act obtain. (e.g. “Perhaps, you’d care
{to help me}”)
d. Minimize the imposition is when R minimizes the things he wants to
say or ask. (e.g. “I just want to ask you if I can borrow a single sheet
of paper.”)
e. Give deference (e.g. “We look forward to {eating} with you”)
f. Apologize (e.g. “I don’t want to bother you, but…”, “I hope you’ll
forgive me if…”)
g. Impersonalize the speaker and the hearer (e.g. “It {seems} [to me]
that …”)
h. State the Face Threatening Act as a general rule (e.g. “Passengers will
i. Nominalize (e.g. “It is my pleasure to be able to inform you…”)
j. Go on record as incurring debt, or as not indebting the hearer (e.g.
“I’ll never be able to repay you if you …” [request], “I could easily do
it for you.”)
2.4 Pragmatic Scale
Even R already uses politeness strategy to make his utterance be polite,
but still the rank of politeness can be measured either his utterance is less polite or
more polite by using the pragmatic scale.
Leech (1983: 81) states that polite and impolite beliefs are respectively
beliefs which are favorable and unfavorable to R or to a third party, where
‘favorable’ and ‘unfavorable’ are measured on some relevant scales of values
which Leech calls it pragmatics scales.
There are five scales of pragmatic introduced by Leech (1983:123); the
cost-benefit scale, optionality scale, indirectness scale, power/authority scale, and
social scale.
2.4.1 Cost-Benefit
The cost-benefit scale is scale that is oriented in cost and benefit for E or
R. Leech (1983:123) states that the cost benefit scale on which is estimated the
amount of the cost to himself and amount of the benefit to E. In this case, if the
cost for E is higher than the benefit, the utterances are less polite. Meanwhile, if
the benefit for E is higher than the cost, the utterances are more polite. From the
explanation, it can be indicated that the higher cost to E is less of politeness, while
the higher benefit to him is greater politeness.
For example, R says to E “You can warm yourself by drinking coffee and
you can make it by your own, but you have to buy it first at the mini market”. This
utterance is less polite since E has to make the coffee by himself, even he has to
buy it first at the minimarket. When he has to buy it, he needs money and he
needs to go to the minimarket. This is what can be called as the higher cost than
the benefit for E.
On the other hand, if R says “You can warm yourself by drinking my
coffee” This utterance is more polite since E doesn’t have any cost to do except of
accepting R’s offer. In addition E will get more benefit (feel warm) than the cost.
2.4.2 Indirectness
In indirectness scale, the higher indirectness indicates the higher
politeness. The examples are (Leech [1983:108]):
(1) Could you possibly answer the phone? (more polite) (2) Would you mind answering the phone?
(3) Can you answer the phone? (4) Will you answer the phone? (5) I want you to answer the phone.
The examples above show that the degree of indirectness influences the
degree politeness. Utterances that are more indirect are more polite. In that
situation the higher indirectness influence the decrease of the benefit to E.
2.4.3 Social Distance
Social distance shows the social status of the R and E or even more. For
example like the difference of age, sex, etc. Talking about social distance scale,
Leech (1983:126) states:
The overall degree of respectfulness, for a given speech situation, depends largely on relatively permanent factors of status, age, degree of intimacy, etc., but also, to some extent, on the temporary role of one person relative to another.
Thus, the social distance scale indicates the degree of respectfulness
depending on real factors, age, social class, sex, etc. This scale is used to show
difference, existence, or solidarity between group members. For instance, people
who have known each other will show the higher solidarity to each other. On the
contrary, people who are in distant relationship will have a low solidarity to each
other.
The higher and lower politeness depends on the relation between R and E.
It’s higher when a relationship between R and E is a daughter and her mom. Thus,
R shows her closeness to E by calling her “Mom”. However, when the
relationship is not between a daughter and her mom, but R calls “Mom” to a
waitress only who is not close to her, then it can be said that the politeness is low.
2.4.4 Optionality
Optionality scale measures the rank of politeness by seeing if there is an
option or not made by R to E. The optionality scale according to Leech
(1983:123) on which illocutions are ordered according to the amount of choice
which allows to E. Optionality scale is assessing the degree of the illocution
performed to a degree of choice that R allows E. In this case, R gives an option to
E to answer or give respond towards the illocution of what R utters. If R gives an
option to E to choose the response, it will be more polite.
For example, R says “If you like thatshirt, I will buy it for you” R is being
more polite by saying “if” as the sign of the option that E has, if E likes the shirt,
so R will buy it, but if E doesn’t like it, R will not buy it. The decision is on E’s
hand.
On the other hand, if R says “I will buy the shirt for you” In this utterance,
even E will have benefit to get a shirt for free since R will buy it, but E doesn’t
have an option to choose either she likes the shirt or not. This is what can be said
that the politeness is low.
2.4.5 Power/Authority
Power/authority scales shows the difference of the position between R and
E. According to Leech (1983:126), he says that someone in authority may use a
familiar form of address to someone who, in return, uses the respectful form. The
power or authority scale represents the social status relationship between the
is addressed is superior or equal. It means the way R talks reflects his relationship
to E. A person with higher position has authority to order a command to a person
with lower position. Also, they have the special calls to show their difference
status and position.
For instance, the employee will call the superior “Sir” while his superior
calls him by his name. So, it’s more polite for a lower position person who calls
others with higher position by saying “Sir” and it is less polite when the lower
29
This chapter is about the research object and method applied in conducting the
research. In research method, there are two points that have to be carried out; data
collection and data analysis.
3.1 Research Object
The object of this research is the utterances in Beauty and the Beast movie
script. The movie script of Beauty and the Beast itself is the animation version made
by Walt Disney with Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise as the director and Linda
Woolverton as the writer in animation screenplay. Since the limitation in collecting
the data in this research is the utterance, which contains tact maxim only, so the data
under analysis were only the tact maxim utterance in Beauty and the Beast movie
script. Tact maxim utterance is the utterance that contains a benefit, which R gives to
E.
3.2 Research Method
The research method used in this research was a qualitative descriptive
method. John Wiley & Sons (2000:334-340) state:
the surface of words and events. Qualitative descriptive study is the method of choice when straight descriptions of phenomena are desired.
Since this research is about a politeness phenomena, all the data, which were
found in Beauty and the Beast movie script, were described deeply to get the
comprehensive summary about the politeness phenomena itself. Thus, this method
was a proper method to use in analyzing the data in this research since they were
analyzed by describing them regarding the event or situation that happened in every
utterance. In addition, at the end of the analysis, the writer made a comprehensive
summary from the result of the analysis.
3.2.1 Data Collection
The data, which were analyzed in this research, originate from the movie script
titled Beauty and the Beast. The script was downloaded from
http://www.fpx.de/fp/Disney/Scripts/BeautyAndTheBeast.txt on 4th of April 2012 at
01.00 pm. After downloading it, the writer read it comprehensively to find out the
data. Afterwards, the writer classified them based on the tact maxim. After classifying
them, they were reclassified based on the politeness strategies used in them. To
classify them, the indicator table was used as the instrument. The indicators showed
the indication of the classifications make for the data. After classifying all the data,
the writer analyzed the pragmatic scales appearing on them based on the related
3.2.2 Data Analysis
In analyzing the data, the writer focused on answering and explaining the
research question in Chapter I; the strategies politeness used in the utterance
containing the tact maxim in Beauty and the Beast movie script and the pragmatic
scales found in those strategies.
First, the writer tried to find the indicator of tact maxim that shows if E gives
benefit to R more than the cost in the data. Second, the data were analyzed based on
the indicator of the sub strategies which are used in them that could show which
politeness strategies are used; positive politeness, negative politeness, bald on record,
or off record. Third, the writer analyzed the scales that appeared in those politeness
strategies by finding the indicator of each scale that could show the characteristic of
each scale; cost-benefit, optionality, social distance, power/authority, and indirectness
scale. Fourth, the writer concluded what are the pragmatic scales contain in those
politeness strategies. At the end, the writer concluded if the utterance was a polite
utterance or not and if the rank of politeness itself was low or high.
The analysis of the data is represented bellow:
Context:
Cogsworth and Mrs. Potts think that the relationship between Beast and Belle is
getting better. They think that maybe, now there is love in their relationship since
now they both look happy together. When Cogsworth and Mrs. Potts are talking
Chip (E) is still young and he will not understand about relationship, Mrs.Potts (R)
decides to tell him when he’s older.
COGSWORTH : “Yes, perhaps there's something there that wasn't there before.”
CHIP : “What?”
MRS. POTTS : “There may be something there that wasn't there before.”
CHIP : “What's there, mama?”
MRS. POTTS : I'll tell you when you're older.
Analysis:
The data shows that Chip can get benefit from Mrs.Potts’s utterance.
Benefit for Chip when Mrs. Potts is going to tell him about what she is talking about
with Lumiere when he’s older is he will understand about that easier. Since,
Cogsworth and Mrs. Potts are talking about relationship for the adult, like Belle and
Beast, so Chip will not understand if he is told about that like now when he’s still
young. So, Mrs.Potts’s utterance “I'll tell you when you're older” is a tact maxim
since it gives benefit to Chip as the hearer.
Mrs. Potts says about an action that she will do in the future because of the
word will It can be said that she promises to Chip that in the future when he’s older,
she will tell him about what she is talking with Cogsworth which is about the
relationship. Making a promise is a sub strategy in using the positive politeness
In Mrs. Potts’s utterance actually implies something. It implies that she
does not want to tell Chip about what she is talking with Cogsworth. However, she
says it indirect by saying that she will tell him when he is older. Since, he is still
young, so Mrs. Potts will not tell him. In this case, an indirectness scale appears.
Using the sub strategy of positive politeness which is making a promise can
prove that Mrs.Potts‘s utterance is a polite utterance. In addition, the rank of
politeness is high since she says her intention that she does not want to tell Chip
indirectly to make Chip feels good with that. Saying something more indirect is more
34
This chapter is explaining about the analysis of the pragmatic scale in
politeness strategies found in Beauty and The Beast’s movie script containing to the
tact maxim’s utterances. Focusing on the pragmatic scale, it is found five pragmatic
scales; cost-benefit, optionality, indirectness, social distance, and power/authority
scale in bald on record strategy, positive politeness strategy, and negative politeness
strategy. In addition, it is only one pragmatic scale, indirectness, found in off record
strategy.
4.1 Positive Politeness
In this classification, it discusses about the pragmatic scales which appear in
positive politeness strategy. There are 5 scales found in this strategy; cost-benefit,
optionality, indirectness, social distance, and power/authority scale.
4.1.1 Positive Politeness with Cost-Benefit Scale
Here, the writer found 8 data that show the cost-benefit scale in positive
politeness strategy. However, it is only 4 data which were analyzed as the
Data 1 (B&B 08)
Context: Belle (R) figures out that Maurice (E) is lost. It’s because Phillipe, their
horse goes back home alone, without Maurice. Then Belle asks Phillipe to send her to
the place where Maurice is. Finally, she finds the castle where Maurice is. Then, she
finds Maurice in the cell. He is being Beast’s prisoner. She wants to get Maurice out
from there.
MAURICE : “Belle?”
BELLE : (Rushes up to the cell to find him)”Oh, Papa!”
MAURICE : “How did you find me?”
BELLE : “Oh, your hands are like ice. We have to get you out of here.”
Analysis:
In this data, Belle finds out that Maurice is sick after touching Maurice’s
hands which are like ice. Then, she wants to get Maurice out from the cell also from
the castle. If she can get Maurice out, it’s a benefit for Maurice because he will not be
in the cell anymore, then Belle can take care of him. If Maurice (E) can get benefit
from what is being said by Belle (R), then Belle’s utterance can be said as the tact
maxim utterance.
When Belle knows that Maurice’s hands are like ice, she notices and attends
that he is sick. Then it makes her thinks that she needs to get Maurice out from the
castle. Her utterance “We have to get you out of here”is showing her attention to
Maurice since he is sick because his hands are like ice. Notice and attend to E is one
Also, Belle uses the word we in her utterance to show that it is not only
Maurice who should get out from the castle, but also Belle. When they both can get
out together, there will be no one who is in danger. So, Belle includes both herself
(R) and Maurice (E) in the activity of getting out from there. Including both E and
R in the activity is also one of the sub strategies in doing the positive politeness
strategy.
Since, she notices that Maurice is sick; she wants to get him out from the
castle and the cell which make his condition worst. Saying “We have to get you out
of here” Belle wants to give benefit for Maurice not to get more sick again than
before if they both can get out from there. After that, Belle can take a good care of
Maurice in their house. Here, in Belle’s utterance appears a cost-benefit scale.
Using the positive politeness strategy in her utterance “We have to get you
out of here” can be said that her utterance is a polite utterance. In her utterance the
rank of the politeness is high since she gives benefit to Maurice by making decision
to get him out from the castle.
Data 2 (B&B 05)
Context: Maurice (E) gets lost on his way to the fair. He finds a castle and meets
Cogsworth and Lumiere, Beast’s servants. Lumiere (R) welcomes him and serves
MAURICE : aah aah aah-chooo!!!! (MAURICE sneezes in the face of
COGSWORTH)
LUMIERE : Oh, you are soaked to the bone, monsieur. Come, warm yourself by
the fire.
Analysis:
As it can be seen from the data, Lumiere offers Maurice to warm himself by
the fire. When he can feel warm, he will get the benefit since he gets a cold; his
condition will be better. Getting benefit from the addresser’s utterance is a tact
maxim.
Lumiere offers Maurice to come and warm himself by the fire since he finds
out that Maurice is sick after touching his hands which are soaked to the bone. He
notices and attends what Maurice needs. Here, Maurice needs to warm himself to
make him feel better. Thus, it can be said that Lumiere uses two sub-strategies in
positive politeness which are notice/attend to the addressee and offer. In addition,
Lumiere does the positive politeness strategy in making his utterance to Maurice.
In Lumiere’s utterance, he makes an offer by using a positive politeness
strategy. In making an offer, he shows that his offer can give benefit to Maurice if
Maurice accepts it. The benefit is Maurice will feel warm since he has caught from
being in a rain before he comes to the castle. So, there is a pragmatic scale appears in
his utterance; cost-benefit scale.
Lumiere offers a benefit to Maurice by using positive politeness strategy
why his utterance shows a politeness. Also, he shows a cost-benefit scale to Maurice
as the E. Because of those reasons, it can be said that Lumiere makes a polite
utterance.
Data 3 (B&B 09)
Context: Belle (E) replaces Maurice’s place as Beast’s prisoner. That’s the deal if
Belle wants Beast (R) to let Maurice free. So, Beast commands his servants to get
Maurice out without giving a chance for Belle to say anything to Maurice, her dad.
(BEAST enters the cell where BELLE is still crying.)
BELLE : You didn't even let me say good bye. I'll never see him again. I
didn't get to say good-bye.
BEAST : (feeling bad) I'll show you to your room.
BELLE : (surprised) My room? (Indicating the cell) But I thought--
BEAST : You wanna, you wanna stay in the tower?
BELLE : No.
BEAST : Then follow me.
Analysis:
From the data above, it can be seen that Beast changes his mind to give Belle
a room rather than make her stay in a tower because he feels bad of his attitude for
not giving her a chance to say goodbye to her father. If Belle can stay in a room, not
in a tower, it means that Belle gets benefit from Beast. She will sleep in a good place
not like in a tower which is dark and scary. Since Belle gets a benefit from Beast,
In Beast’s utterance, he shows what he will do in the future by saying will as
an indication of the futurity. It means that he is going to do that in the future; showing
a room to Belle. So, he makes a promise to Belle that he will show a room for her.
Making a promise is one of the sub-strategies in positive politeness strategy.
Therefore, Beast uses a positive politeness strategy to make his utterance.
In his promise to Belle, he gives a benefit to Belle since she will not sleep in a
cell in the tower as a typical place for a prisoner. However, she will have a room to
sleep. So, cost-benefit scale appears here.
Using one of the sub strategies of positive politeness strategy which is making
a promise to do something in the future is an indicator that can show that Beast’s
utterance is polite. In addition, showing a cost-benefit scale in his utterance makes
the rank of his politeness being high.
Data 4 (B&B 20)
Context: Beast (R) gets closer to Belle (E). He tries to treat her good to make her
happy. So, he shows Belle the thing that she really likes, library with full of books.
BELLE : I can't believe it. I've never seen so many books in all my life!
BEAST : You--you like it?
BELLE : It's wonderful.
Analysis:
The data above shows that Beast wants to give all the books in the library to
Belle because Belle looks so happy when she sees them. Getting all the book is a
benefit to Belle since she is a person who really likes to read books. That is why
Beast’s utterance “Then, it’s yours” is a tact maxim utterance.
When Belle says “it’s wonderful” it makes Beast presupposes that Belle likes
the library. He says “You—you like it?” to make sure his knowledge about Belle
likes the library so much. Then, he concerns what Belle’s want by making a decision
to give all the books in the library for Belle by saying “Then, it’s yours!” He says
“then” to indicate the reason why Beast gives the library to Belle; because she likes
it. It can be figured out from the question that Beast makes “You—you like it?” then
Belle says “it’s wonderful” to show that she really likes it and afterward Beast says
“Then, it’s yours!” It also means that Beast concerns what Belle wants. Assert or
presuppose the E’s knowledge of and concern for the E’s wants is one of the
sub-strategies in positive politeness strategy.
Thereafter, when Belle can own the library, she can read a lot of books as
much as she can. This is what Belle can get as a benefit from Beast. Thus, a
cost-benefit scale exists in Beast’s utterance.
From those explanations about the politeness strategy used in Beast’s
appears in it makes a clear conclusion as well that the rank of politeness in Beast’s
utterance is high.
4.1.2 Positive Politeness with Optionality Scale
Here, there are 2 data show the optionality scale that appears in positive
politeness strategy.
Data 5 (B&B 01)
Context: Belle (E) goes to the bookshop to borrow a book. However, the book which
she wants to borrow is the book which she already read it for twice. Then, the
bookseller (R) offers her to own the book.
BELLE : (on ladder of bookshelf) “That's all right. I'll borrow this one.”
BOOKSELLER : “That one? But you've read it twice!”
BELLE : “Well it's my favorite! (BELLE swings off side of ladder, rolling
down it's track) Far off places, daring swordfights, magic spells,
a prince in disguise!”
BOOKSELLER : (handing her the book) “Well, if you like it all that much, it's
yours!”
Analysis:
As seen from the data, the bookseller offers Belle to own the book. If she
accepts his offer, she will own the book and she doesn’t have to borrow her favorite
book all the time. Also, she can read it as much as she wants. It is a benefit for her.
So, the bookseller’ utterance is a tact maxim because he as the speaker gives benefit
than the cost for Belle.
The bookseller wonders why Belle wants to borrow a book which she has
already read it twice. Belle tells him that it’s her favorite book. Knowing that, he
decides to offer Belle to own the book. His utterance “Well, if you like it all that
much, it's yours!” uses some strategies of politeness. First, he notices, attends to E,
Belle. He notices that Belle really likes the book. When Belle explains about what the
book is all about, the bookseller says “Well, if u like it all that much …” It is
showing that he notices how much Belle really likes the book even she can remember
all the book is about. Second, he presupposes his knowledge that Belle like the book
so much because she still wants to borrow it even though she has read the book twice
so he concerns for Belle’s wants. The third strategy is offer. He offers Belle to have
the book. Those three strategies are the sub-strategies of the positive politeness
strategy. So, the bookseller’s utterance uses positive politeness strategy.
In the bookseller’s utterance, there is an if. When the speaker puts if in
his/her utterance, it means that he/she gives an option for the hearer. Here, the
