i
THE FINGERSPELLING STRATEGY USED BY ANNE
SULLIVAN IN TEACHING ALPHABET IN
HELEN KELLER
NOVEL WRITTEN
BY HELEN ADAMS KELLER
THESIS
BY
ASTRIT JULFANI
201010100311173
ENGLISH DEPARTEMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
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THE FINGERSPELLING STRATEGYUSED BY ANNE
SULLIVAN IN TEACHING ALPHABET IN
HELEN KELLER
NOVELWRITTEN
BY HELEN ADAMS KELLER
THESIS
This thesis is submitted to meet one of the requirements to achieve
Sarjana Degree in English Education
By:
ASTRIT JULFANI
201010100311173
ENGLISH DEPARTEMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
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Letter of Authenticity
The undersigned below:
Name : Astrit Julfani
Nim : 201010100311173
Department : English Department
Faculty : Faculty of Teacher Training and Education
I hereby declare that in this thesis there is no any thesis or paper that have been proposed to receive a bachelor degree, and there is no ideas or notions written or published by another person, unless what has been written in this thesis and mentioned in the references.
Malang, 02 September 2015
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MOTTO
Be nice to people on your way up
because you’ll meet them on your way down
By: Wilson Mizner
The greatest accomplishment is not in never falling,
but in rising again after you fall.
By: Vince Lombardi
DEDICATION:
I dedicate this thesis to:
My beloved Father and Mother ( Arasyid & Nurbaya),
My beloved Brother and Sister (Fahri, Arif, Alif, Nita & Sufri),
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Bismillahirromahmaanirrohim,All Glory is to almighty Allah Who bestowed His blessing upon the researcher in his life and enabled him to accomplish this thesis entitled “the fingerspelling strategy used by Anne Sullivan in teaching alphabet in Helen Keller novel written by Helen Adams Keller” The prayer and salaams are always offered for the Prophet Muhammad the most beloved Prophet of Allah, his relatives and companions. In this opportunity, the researcher extends his gratitude to:
1. Dr. Poncojari Wahyono, M. Kes, the dean of faculty of teacher training and education.
2. Sudiran, M. Hum, the lead of English Department.
3. Puji Sumarsono, M. Ed., M. Pd and Dr. Hartono, M. Pd as my advisor for providing their valuable guidance whose encouraging, kind, and valuable assistance enabled her to complete this study. She can never forget their politeness because their precious suggestions and valuable advice removed all his hurdles.
4. All the English lecturers for providing academicals assistance and support. 5. My father A. Rasyid, S. Pd, mother Nurbaya, and big family, thank you very
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6. My friends at D class of English department who always support the researcher for finishing her thesis.
Finally, the researcher realizes that thesis is far from being perfect; therefore, the researcher will happily accept constructive criticism in order to make it better. The writer expects that this thesis may be helpful for all.
Amin.
Malang, 02 September 2015 The writer
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1.2 Statement of the Problems...4
1.3 The Purpose of the Study...5
1.4 The Significant of the Study...6
1.5 Scope and Limitation...6
1.6 The Definition of key Terms...6
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2.5 Implementation of Fingerspelling Strategy...21
2.6 The Difficulties in Implementing Fingerspelling Strategy...22
2.7 Solution for difficulties in implementing Fingerspelling Strategy...23
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD
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4.1 Research Findings...30
4.1.1 Kinds of Fingerspelling Teaching Strategy...30
4.1.1.2 The Implementation of Fingerspelling Strategy...32
4.1.1.3 The difficulties in implementing Fingerspelling strategy...33
4.1.1.4 The Solution of The Difficulties in Implementing Fingerspelling strategy...36
4.2 Discussion...39
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion...42
5.2 Suggestion...43
5.2.1 For the Teachers...43
5.2.2 For the Students...43
5.2.3 For the next Researchers...44
REFERENCES
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REFERENCES
Akamatsu, C. T. & Stewart, D. A. (1989). Fingerspelling within the Context of
Simultaneous Communication. Occasional paper no. 128. Retrieved from
http://education.msu.edu/irt/PDFs/OccasionalPapers/op128.pdf. On 2 April 2015
Arp, R & Johnson, G. (2006). Perrine’s Literature Structure, Sound, and Sense 9th
edition. Canada: Thomson-Wadsworth.
Ary, D., Jacobs, and Razavieh, A. (2002). Introduction to Research in Education. Sixth edition. United Stated of America USA: Thomson Wadsworth Inc.
Ary, Donald. (2002). Introduction to Research in Education. Fifth edition. US: Wadsworth - Thomson learning.
Aulia, A. N. (2009). The Analysis of Teaching Strategy Found in Tomoe Gakuen School in Tetsuko’s Novel “Totto-Chan the Little Girl at the Window.” Unpublished Thesis. UMM
Brown, H. Douglas. (2002). Principles of Language Learning and Teaching- 4
edition. San Francisco State University. Addision Wesley Longman, Inc.
Forest & Kinser. (2002). Higher Education in the United States: an Encyclopedia-
vol.II, M-Z. California: ABC-Elio, Inc.
Hartiningsih, Sri. (2001). Introduction to Literature. Unpublished Handbook UMM press.
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Rahayu, I. S. (2010). An analysis of Erin Gruwell’s Teaching Writing Strategies
Found in “The Freedom Writer Diary” Novel. Unpublished Thesis. UMM
Jecobsen, et al. (1981). Methods for Teaching: a Skills Approach. Ohio: a Bell and Howl Company.
Kennedy X, J. (1983). An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama. Boston: Little, Bown and Company.
Klarer and Mario. (2006). An introduction to Literature Studies. Second edition. London and New York: Routledge.
Mac Millan, E. (1987). Understanding Literature. California: Glenceo Publishing Company.
Marlow, C. (2001). Research Methods for Generalist Social Work Third edition. California: Wadsworth.
Padden, C. A., & Gunsauls, D. C. (2003). How the Alphabet Came to be Used in a
Sign Language.Sign Language Studies, 4(1), 10–33. Cross Ref.
Padden, C., & Ramsey, C. (2000). American Sign Language and Reading Ability in
Deaf Children. (pp. 165–189). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum &
Associates.
Paul, P. V. (2009). Language and Deafness (4th Ed.). Boston: Jones & Bartlett.
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Rubbin, A & Babbie, E. (2001). Research Methods for Social Work Fourth edition. Belmont-California: Wadsworth.
Santrock, W. John. (2001). Educational Psychology. New york: McGraw Hill, Inc. Schmidt. J. Z & Bogarad, C.R. (2006). Legacies Fiction, Poetry, Drama, Non Fiction
third edition. New York: Wadsworth.
Setiyadi, Bambang. (2006). Teaching English as a Foreign Language. Jakarta.
Thompson, Julia. G. (2002). First- Year Teacher’s Survival Kit. San Fransisco: Jossey Bass.
Valli, C., Lucas, C., & Mulrooney, K. J. (2005). Linguistics of American Sign
Language: An introduction 4 Edition. Washington, DC: Gallaudet
University Press.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents background of the study, statement of the problems, purpose of the study, significance of the study, scope and limitation, and definition of the key terms.
1.1Background of the Study
According to West (2010), literature is an imaginative or creative writing, especially of recognized artistic value: “literature must be an analysis of experience
and a synthesis of the findings into a unity.” Furthermore, West (2010) also said the
literature is the art of occupation of a literary writer. Moreover, literature often attempts to convey something important about life. It means that literature gives in sight to human nature in general or into the ways of fate of society. In other words, literature is a mirror of society. The readers can learn about human personality and solve the problem that they face in daily life.
According to Stephen (in Anita: 2011), novel is the ability to present a wide range of characters in realistic setting. It can reflect human life through the characters’ personality. Usually, the characterization is from human character in their
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mirror of human life that may include references to real places, people, and events. It gives not only joy and great pleasure but also massages and lessons that people can apply in life which they can get those from many conflicts that have to be faced by the character so that people know the way to handle difficult situation and other human’s thoughts.
Helen Keller is the novel based on the real story of a girl named Helen Keller. It tells about a blind and deaf girl who finally became a writer, a speaker, and a traveller. The deficiency which she faced made her struggle much harder than others. It also made her emotions unstable. This novel contains experiences, problems, and struggles of a human being with physical deficiencies and often enhances her emotions. That makes this novel worth analyzing. In fact, this novel could inspire people especially for teachers who teach disable students.
According to Brown (2000), teaching is showing or helping someone to learn how to do something, giving instruction, guiding the study of something, providing the knowledge, causing to know or understand. Furthermore, Brown (2000) also said that teaching cannot be defined apart from learning, but teaching is guiding and facilitating learning, enabling the learner to learn, setting the conditions for learning.
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According to Tooney (2000), teaching strategies are all of the activities and resources that a teacher plans in order to enable students to learn. A teacher needs teaching strategy because sometimes he/she cannot implement the method of teaching; for example, he/she uses communication. By teaching strategy, he/she can solve the problem and makes the students more communicative, cooperative and interested. Besides, teaching strategy makes him/her easier to organize the classroom.
According to Brown (2000), strategies are those specific "attacks" that we make on a given problem, and that vary considerably within each individual. In addition, Chamot (2005: 112) defines strategies quite broadly as "procedures that facilitate a learning task. Strategies are most often conscious and goal driven." Furthermore, Santrock (2001: 8) states, “Teachers must master a variety of
perspectives and strategies and be flexible in their application.” It means that a
strategy is very essential for the teacher in teaching.
Fingerspelling is a gesture system in which there is a specific hand and finger
orientation for each letter of the alphabet, to communicate words for which there is no signed equivalent (such as proper names). According to Jantunen (2003: 80) and Valli & Lucas (2000: 64), Fingerspelling is one way to create new signs. Related to this statement, Fingerspelling is not only used for strategy of teaching by the teachers but also to make a new sign.
In the previous research, Wager (2012) who studied about”Fingerspelling in American Sign Language: a case study of styles and reduction” found that
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appear to correspond to clear speech and plain speech styles. Warida (2012)
conducted a research on teacher’s strategies in teaching English for students with
special needs. This research found that three strategies were used by the teacher. They were imitation and modeling strategies, demonstration strategies, and active strategies. In addition, another research was conducted by Kinanggi (2009). She conducted her study about the implementation of teaching strategy by the English teacher at SMAN 1 Kalabahi. She observed teaching strategies done by two teachers in the first grade. The result of her research showed that the teachers used expository, inquiry, imitation, and modeling strategies.
Based on information above that student with special needs especially deaf & blind students have a different way to learn from normal students. Therefore, the writer decides to investigate the teaching strategies used to teach children with special needs. The writer wants to know the strategy used by the teacher in teaching English subject for students with special needs, especially for deaf and blind students.
The explanation above is the reason why the writer wants to analyze the
Fingerspelling teaching strategy in Helen Keller novel. It is expected to give new
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1.2 Statement of the Problems
Based on background above, the problems of this study are stated as follows: 1. What kind of Fingerspelling strategy does Anne Sullivan use in teaching alphabet
in “Helen Keller” novel written by Helen Adams Keller?
2. How does Anne Sullivan implement the Fingerspelling strategy in teaching alphabet in “Helen Keller” novel written by Helen Adams Keller?
3. What difficulties do Anne Sullivan face in implementing Fingerspelling strategy
in teaching alphabet in “Helen Keller” novel written by Helen Adams Keller?
4. How does Anne Sullivan solve her difficulties in implementing Fingerspelling strategy in teaching alphabet in “Helen Keller” novel written by Helen Adams
Keller?
1.3 Purposes of the Study
Based on the statements of problem above, the purposes of the study are: 1. To describe the kind of Fingerspelling strategy used by Anne sullivan in teaching
alphabet in “Helen Keller” novel written by Hellen Adams Keller.
2. To describe the ways Anne Sullivan implements the Fingerspelling strategy in teaching alphabet in “Helen Keller” novel written by Helen Adams Keller.
3. To describe the difficulties that Anne Sullivan faced in implementing
Fingerspelling strategy in teaching alphabet in “Helen Keller” novel written by
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4. To describe the ways Anne Sullivan solves her difficulties in implementing
Fingerspelling strategy in teaching alphabet in “Helen Keller” novel written by
Helen Adams Keller.
1.4 Significance of the Study
The novel “Helen Keller” is a good and interesting story. It is suitable and
useful to be read by teachers and students. It gives a good example as a learning guide for students. Its purpose is to enrich the students understanding, especially in learning. The result of this study may help teachers get information on the strategy to teach the students with special needs, especially deaf & blind students. For the next researchers who conduct similar research or need sources for other related to the topics, this finding can be used as a reference for their study.
1.5 Scope and Limitation
The scope of this study is focused on the Fingerspelling strategy in Teaching Alphabet for students with special needs and (deaf & blind community). This study is limited on the deaf blind main character in Helen Keller novel written by Helen Adams Keller.
1.6 Definition of the Key Terms
Novel is a long work of narrative prose fictions because of its length, a novel can
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Helen Keller is one of the main protagonist characters in Helen Adams Keller’s
novel “Helen Keller” who is deaf blind.
Teaching strategy is a teacher’s tactic in teaching that is used to bring almost all
of the students, not just a few of them, up to high levels of proficiency in the material being learned (Charles in Helmi : 2009).
Teaching is showing or helping someone to learn how to do something, giving
interaction, guiding the study of something, providing the knowledge, causing to know or understand (Brown, 2000).
Fingerspelling is manual alphabet for representing the alphabet by using hand
