The Development of Plantation in Jember during the late Colonial Period, 1859-1942

ltilfi

THE

DEVELOPMENT

OF

PI-ANTAIIONS INJEMBER

DURING

THE

LATE

COLONIAL

PERTOD 1859-1942

Nawiyanto

Lembah

llanah

THE

DEVELOPMENT

OF

PLANTATIONS

IN JEMBER

DURING

THE

LATE COLONIAL

PERTOD

185+1942

N:iiom

Li6rary of lndonesia

C:troging

n

Publietion

Data

The Developmeniol Plantalions in lember

D(ingthe

Late Colonial

Pe.iod

135q

lq42lNawiyanto

Yo*akarta:

Lnbah

Maiah

Giant

tobaM

tree

{C

Vemeer,

,(ort

Oprnhring,

B6t

an and Redtijt

d.r

'Ord

OJer6$, Deventcr, rS09)

@ 200!

ISBN : 97&6lD 3794 :143

LE[rBAH MANAH, Yosyakarta

D6un

Ke6

Rt 6/No

r

(p.jok)

Tntonnnob,

Kasihan, Bann'1, DIY

Ieh/Fax

:

\0274)

412 620

E

m:it:

tembah manrh64@yahoo

coo

Fl6t

tuinting Otlober 2008

Xanisn's Printins,

Yosyiti

r

CONTENTS

IISTOFTABLE5

1.2

Obj(tiws...

I

3 SpatDl aid Tempora Setinss

1.4

Hinorioszphy..

..6

1

5Thoretiel

Framemrk...

... ..

...

...

9

1 6 sotrrc€

MrreiaG

Illlfilllf,llllll rrr rrrxrr;'r'r r,r r.^'r'r r,,,' ,,NrnL liirrr.ir irl,i, r.ri:r

CHAPTER III

THE EMERGENCE OF THE WESTERN PLANTATIONS

1Bs9 - 1900

3.1 The Rise of Tobacco

Plantation..

...33

3.2 Problem of

Land

...47

3.3 Problem of

Labour

...43

3.4 The lmprovement of

Infrastructure

...47

3.5 The lmpact of

Plantations...

...53

CHAPTER IV BOOM AND BUST OF THE PLANTATIONS 19OO - L942,...59

4. 1 Further Development of Tobacco Pla ntations... 59

4.2The Rise of Rubber

Plantations

...70

4.3 The Establishment of Besoekish Proefstation ...,... ... _"...7 6 4.4 The Rise of Sugar

lndustry

...77

4.5 The Problem of

Labour

...83

4.6 lmprovement of

lnfrastructure...

...87

4.7 The lmpacts of Western

Plantations

...,.."...93

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION.

..

.

101

B|BL|OGRAPHY.... ..

.

.. .10s

F

PREEACE

his book is developed

from

a

1996 research project financed by The Committee on Summer Course

in

lndonesian Modern Economic History. ljoined the first course program, which was held in Yogyakarta on July 3-29, 1995. The program was jointly organized by

the

Department

of

History Gadjah Mada University in cooperation

with

the

Leiden University. Minor improvement has been

to

the earlier version of the manuscript.

lt

is expected that the book could enrich our understanding to the socio-economic history of Jember in particular and

Besuki residency in general.

I would like to thank to The Committee for providing me a research

grant

to

investigate

the

history

of

plantations

in

Jember.

My

spe-cial thanks go

to

a

number

of

individuals: Dr.

J.

Thomas Lindblad of

the

Leiden University,

the

Netherlands who helped me

in

many ways,

including research skills and improving

my

English.

Dr.

Vincent J.H. Hauben, also from the Leiden University, taught and provided me with valuable materials during the course. I also express my deep thanks to Dr. Bambang Purwanto of the Gadjah Mada University for the opportunities

to join the

course and

for

giving me generous financial support

to

do

research and to translate an lndonesian economic history text book. My

a

sntituh rrs sob

Dr.;

id Henleyorthe

K|TLV(Lenen)ror

herpins

me a

lotsduitrg

mv resea'ch ar the AEip

N:sion,

Reptrblik lndonesi:

(ANRI).lakrrtr

and

forhGcommenbon

the

repot

dEft.

l ako thank

ro

Dl.

rh"" Kii,

wic.

ro. hn

vruabh

(on

nera

dJiig

rhe

5.miu

pr*niation

of the

rearch

rcpon.

l!hank mycolleagues:

Dc.

rU.H. Sutrdorc, lhethen

DeaiofFaculty

of

Letes,

lembe'

UiiveBity

giving

me,

sronE suppofr ro

pafri.ip:te

in v:rious

aGdemic

adiviti6.

My

sEtnude

also

s.es

to D6. Di$n

Molyad

MSi

thelormersecrei,ryolHidory

D€partmeni,

DB

Sudro, 5.U., the

forms

chiefof Hinory Depanmeni Herc lam ako

srrrcrrlto

D6 EdvBufi:i

ArifinS.U

a lowina

meto.onstrlt

hispereon:lar.hival

coledlon.

lal$

thank

to D6.

Bamb:is

Samsu

BJdry.nro,

M.5

for hk helps. lhave

ale

b@n suppoted by Drs

lC

(istrrdi

M

ll,nn

DB.

DewiSalindn and DE. Siti Sumardiaii, M Hum

MysRtindcasoso6

*:ffoftheAEipNasiona Republikhdonesi.aMHi.ksColle

ion,LlPl

itr

labna

lw:itbdedi.:teihis

bookto mywlfe, WcDy PtrdyJdtrti:nd

my daughter, Nlna MutiaE Calvaryni.

A proved says: 'Ti3da

Gdins

Yans

T:k

Rctrk

ADy.tro6:nd

shod.ominss in this

book:reallmyown rcspoiibiliry

ll'oI

rl'rt

rho

b.ok

could make a

v,lu:6le

contibution to

ilm

nDdcrsr trhtra of the

{onomic

hinory of Jember

LIST

OF

TABLES

Conposition

of

Tolracco Prodtrdion

al

the

Landb@w

Maa&h2ppij

Saekokeno

Adjohe,!92t-t934 .... ....

...

..

...

.64

TobaccoProductionolthelardbotw Maarschappij Soekokerto Adjans,

,'',,',

'',,,,

'',,,

,..,,.''..,.''.

',.''..

65

T.br..o

Produ.iiof,of

NV LMOD Jember.1359 1900

.

39

rea olland

u

ertob:c.oin

lem6er

1930

1933

Tob:..o

tuodrcuon of

B6uki

Plantations. 1900 1933

The Rrbber P'odu.iion of ih€ Besuki

Pl3d:iion

Ltd. 1923'1936

Poptr ation DensityofIember 1920 and

1930..

94

Ri.e ProdD.iion in the

Dinnds

ofJembe'

1930

1932..

....

95

i

LIST OF PLATES

Bedadunciver

Atrlmaldrawn

eGii

Puee. .

Toba-oFieldinlenrher...

...

...40

Worl€E of

tob,ao

drying

Oren-drawn

cafrsli:isportlnst br.coin

lembd

51

lember BondomscPaiarutGn

Rairrcrd

.

.52

Pa@r!kan5e.pot...

53

TobacoFieldinlemher....

62

Goen@nssrisusar mlll in Jember.. ..

Fenaerolke6of

thetoba..ophntationsi',

icn,lxr

34

RiverDadofKaliKaj,r...

...

.AA

M€w:i

R:il,o:d

CHAPTER

I

INTRODUCTION

1.1

Background

ol

the study

Some scholare have olten depicted rhe 19,\ and

20"

centu es in

tndonsian history 3s 3 penod

of

.hrnse

srh

a piciurc _{is siven} for

elrmpe

by

wetheim

Soehadjan,

Kuntowijqo,

Suh

tono.I

Even

n

ai

influenii:l

work hv Kartodirdio fo.using on

:

difiereni rheme,

,

sinilardepiction is

ale

ro!nd I

A.6rdinglo

Btrrger, the

chaig6 BUhed

from the iiiens

fi.rtion

o{we*e

.flrcn.es

rTheinfruen.es perctrrred

ilo

the

lndonen3n socieiy

th.oush

ihe

esbhlishmant

ot pbntriion

emerpi$s A..odins

to

Houbetr, lhe inrlrence grew not only rhro(gh

blei

n

f,Jn:nrli:i:nd

Bondowoso

,1934 'l

n 0

J^htionspr.yed.i

npofrant

ro€

n

nimuL:tnsth€eme,sen.eof

cihere.onom.:dvit6lnlvhL.h

d

ffc,c

_srctrps

ol

aopc

w.rc

invo

ved

Thc indsenous peope _sot

ivorv!d

n irE open ns

ofsrr

s whi.hprovrdeddtriyi{esiress!.hrs

crnomersoons:id

food*uf6

\4h

h

the Ch nea p aycd

an

nrpofr:nt

roe

in

rerhs.nd

nierhediry

fiide

ln

addnioi,

i

ihe cow

hlkns

busncs

boih the

lvstener

and Ch

ne*

were

advelv nvove{

The

iidgeno's

p€ope

ako

took

a

pat

i"

d's

busie$ ad,ol8h

$i

e$

signlfc:rt

i

Iq3B Resdeni Romondt repot€d

ihrttherclvere

10 cow

nlkiissin

Jember

5pe.ifi.rly5ownedbyw6ierner

4ownenbyChinese

:nd onlyoieowned by iidiseious

peophr!l

Thc.*ab

shmcrtofp

anhtionsa

son

mu atedioihedeve opmert of

smJ s.:

e

husne$

EiJn,plesrhJt.orld

be mentorcd

here:'e

rcof

tie

ndLnry

bri.k

indrnry

im*tone

nd6ry

and we,n.

The*

sma

phni:1otrs.

The

dcmandfor

mBioncrosesgnf.:rtysncethes.ab

shmeniof

sugr

idrn,y

in lember

The deveopmeii of

the+

qn:rs.:re

indrnies

pc,h:6.or

dbe*en:sse.on&ryb:ckw:rdrnk:gesof

p:rt:nois

The

m:

i

b:.kw}d

lin[:sas

of

p:trr]1.i:sftr

lLre

eire,pris.s

i

lember were the enablshment

ol

ec:

overhed

Gpib

fa.liiics

o

ii.!

y

ruilrcrds.id niqat oi

tuc

lties

,D-CONCLUSION

Tr'e

prc.ed

is

.h:pt.E

h:ve

demoindtd

the

dev.opm€nt

of

prit:iioasin

lemberdorinsllre

are.olsfi:

pe,od Sevtrr .onc!!sotr!

h:J

shifred Ed

c:

ly thc rcson

or.lember

Durng thre€

dc.ads

unrler

thc

.ukvJrioi

sy{em

the

nvovement

of

lenrbe,

.corcmy

1?ih the

'1r' 'oJ "'t.'

typewrss

lprcdom

i:itlyerbsiskn.c

n

n:nrc.

Evcnrhoush ir

bes:i

ro.hrnse wth

thc

rtrodrcton

ofthea:Eru,.offeectrtvaion.

t,t

Ee4.rcap.ciry,rssrll

sm:l

ln:ddtion rhhzroce$:l$pro.eeded

sowy

The

p:.e

of.Dnse

on y b

of

ih€plv

ctob..cophrt:totrs

wh.hw.rcsrbsequertlyfolowedlry

tubbfl:idsrs:rpl:t

ons

Thedeveophetrror.onmer.:

panhiions

:nslormed lemberlrom

r

e$

m

3

eadinsceile,of

rhe:sricrtrclexpod iB6!kiresd€n.y

Tre

opeEt on or pLantariois requnes

hnd

:nd lab.r,.

To

n,

r

I

the

rcqr

rcmeil

ol

rnds, the w€srern

prntE6

leased

aids

rrom rhe

Howevtr, whur I

rcq

n

Ei.i

olp:tri

otr::ook

ph..

t rc

rdot

.r,t5

iicrca{d

Lis

s

r[r

d]

p

r.hel

them to look tor

:rcdEr

:tL.hdiv.

in

oblr

i

trg

Jnds. From rhe

sovenien l[ey lero

granred

:

irn]b4

ol

:nds

ersed

otrrie

btrs

sor.,lpr.h.,c/r.s

ReEidinsthc

:bom prcb

en

n,ec.*orlsf

bershowstr

sin

rr

ly

\rd,

th:i

or

E:n srnrat.E

Lrbour !y:s

i.arce

i

lemb

be.:rr

itr!

regon

r[sni

sp:E.y

)optrared

Thu.fore

rhe reqr

re'naiof

hborr

:rolc6

to'n

orside

espe.a

y MaduE

Plt

of thc workeE

wrs:ho

rccr! ted from

th.

dlisey

p.prt

ed

l!ft

ot

cenrtr

rtrd

E:n

i:vr

I

he

diors

were mrde for

bw

aqq r!5qE

Fi6r

th. need.r rborrcBon

p

iihr

onsccni

ru.d ro

if.r.6e

5e.ond iherc

wrs

,so

:

shift

ol

phrt:toi

:rai

arcnr

.lry

fieds

to

wet lied5

Grwrl'

rhe

rectr

tmml of

p:nr:toi

wo*eE

hisf.rmcd

lenber

r.gio,

1o

tr

more

d.nscypoptr

ed

rre:

Evcntrr

y

ihe

poD! aiion

of icmbtr

sootr

b!.]ire

rrre

a4en

onc

ii

.-,.it

,. d \ c"roo, .,

oflcnber rhahNonDopr

ioi

.ois

ned

.r

peop e

rom

i

diff.rcnt

erhiic

bi.ksrornds

M:duresa

l;vir*e

Usins.E

Chire+

EtrrcpeJis

Jnd::ewothns

Wththcdcvetopmerft

orD:fhtofs

lcmberforned:

trtr,

rip.

crhn.

o. {y

wri.rr

pbv

dc:

fcrti.

:r.

D

ror

doiiJ

r.+:J, oi

Th.

rertoishp

herwen

Danbron:$cunrc.id

pei'rt

:sr.dnne

i

lemb

sso

preserted:i

irerenhe

ph.nomenon The

6t.b

shmentofp:rft:lioi.sricr

turel,thcnexpodmr[eloreitaion

did

iot Je{by

the persrnt

espe.iity

food

prod!.tioi

Tr.csrr.tyof

roods l?rs E re y _{reporad to} havc happened torhe regioi

orlember

Ev.n

tE

developmert

of

p

:rt3io's

wrs

p:ru e

w

ih ihe

ris

ns.:p:.

ry of

rh€ reson

ro

prcduce

foodnuff

The

res.i

$[s

:h

e

to

prodr.e

:rse

qr:rtitics

ofr.e:nd

Lporld

the

srrpu$

to othcr

p:.es

The.rse

of

l.mher.h:

eiged thcvicur

prt

fonv:rd

lorai.noe

Lry

l(:dodrdlo

iid

srryo thrr

wes:e,f

philrl

ois

hid

:

dd

n.ta

mp:cl

on food

t

2l-'Jdro

tlDL

tlt

optr

on

ol

Pifrrors

lliibo

d d not

do

Um

:o lrie

s'bqner.e:srnL

tue

T

E p:

t

'ons d d nor

cnd:ne.r

ihe

psenG

lvhosc

lve

ri.od,ei!d

oi:srnt

rre

otr

the

.otEry,ihcprcdrcloiolfoodnuff erEren.edr.otrtn!

rg

n.rcise

.en,tinsnon,

_mprovem.rt

in

ag

or

i:.

ries

lirerriontothebich!.d

irk:ses

t,een:blhhiieitof

prnEtons

n

mr trted a

irnLErol

smal

hr^d i',digenous prop c,

ror

i*:n.es

br.k

ndtrnry

rooriie

ndunry.

rEnon€

'ndlnry

:id

1re

it

ndrnry

These

sel.d

the

nt?rcn

of

plr^lrl.is

Nowcv.r

:

mo,c,ipod:rft

€ximpe

or

hi.kw:d,Lrges

wrsd,cdcveoomd,rorso.r overheid.rph

f:.

riess!.has

rg

ion

sc:pod

,ord5 rtrd

E

rords

Thci

f:.llteswere

r

irn(l

mproved ro

nrpport the

n.cd:

or

pr non;

r

v:s d{ereil

]rcm

thc

b:.kward lnkrsc5

rhesbb

sm€ntofpLnrr.'s

i

l.nb.,!vu.noiro

owedby

.-'npls

of

fo^v:d

rka!.s

Thep:tnonshc,c !{prcd!.€dcw

w.,c

.xDotcd

t.

nord

mr*ei

Th{e wis

i3

i,dL{,y

i

l.mrc,

u/h cr,

p'od!.€d.et:ln

_soods

u!iA

rob:...

rubrcr

orsus:,asirsiawmfie,rs

A _sood

erdiDe.l foN:rd

nks.5 wa.

nd,nry

-h.h

m

ned

toba..o

3s

iE

rw

m

erJl

tsut

ihs

ndtrnryh

ediocncrs.

nthe

resoi

of

leinbe,

l.lo$,eve, n G obvious

thil

n,e

esbblisrmert

or p

riEr

oE

nrd.

f hmb.,(,owins

Thc

r.io,

(e

cd

rob

opp.trrires forthc

nd

3eiotr! peope:nd immisrrnb

r'o'.

other

i,

theerGtn.eor.bo

eE'J

sedthc

demannrord:

yie.estcsn.hasclnone,soods:ndrood$trrrs Ths

.re

ed

:

.ond6

ve.

hite

ld

the emerscn.e or

*:

l!

\th

dr

prov{ed

:bourersdi

lvie.esr!s

Treinvovemetrtol id

senou5peoph

I

thn

iciiv !y

w3s siEr

fi.ant

ex.ept

i

.ow

mi k ns brsiness

Arhorsrthc

nd

seiors

peop

e:

so

p

ti.ipned

the

niirr

ro.wrsrtthc

llnxls

ol

Finally,

irh

impofradto

nd€ h€rerhattheesEblishmentof

pantaiiois

in

Jemb.rwasableto$imuleth€adiv.

ihrclvemedof the indisenous people in

*pot

prcductid.

Th€ phenmenon was clea y

een

in the

.aseottoba@,

but

norintheca*of

tubberorsusarpanbrions

Bestd€

the pantation tob3c.o, the smalholder toba.@, which

w6

plant.d on the

ininatiGof

the peasnts, had a panmount position in lember The widespreadof

thenallholdertob.cco

pavedthewryforthsoperarion

ol

tobaeo dealeE

(oprtupd

runninstohacco busine$ without dew opins

then

Nn

plantltions, _{Their adivhies}

fr.quedly

b&am

a

caR

of the

+ d

mp.iition

aith

tha plantere. The eneqence of tob.c@

l€res

dslinss

and sheds bumings

@ud

b€

sg

.s

sidd

eff.cb

of the

ftrict

compd iion, rather than

forfl

ot

$cial

pbt€sts.

BIBLIOGRAPI:T

.Algses

_{Verelas van}

de Reddotie

Bd*ki,

_{1323, 1332,}

1336,1337

136r,

1370, 1332, 1603, 1336,

Ua7,

1333, 1390.

1391"

.Memo vanOreE!revan&nResid€ntvanBeckiE.M.Van

den BeAvan Heinenord, 190?'.

"lvemoie

En

ovrgale

ven den

Reident

v.n

Bseki,

J.

'Mcmorie van OveGave van den R6idenr van

B€e.ki FL

''Memorie

v:n

olargave

van den Resided van

Beski,

26

''Memorie

lan Owlgpw

van

dd

Resident van

Beeki,

I

P

.Nlemne

En

Owlgare

_{van den Resident}

van

_B.soekidd

Pr@in.ie

OodjaE

owr het Jaar 192&1931

,Memoie

_{van Oversave van}

d.n

_{Resident van Beso€k, H.A.}

'Memo

e van overs.ve der Residsde (Afdeelins)

BondoMe

ANR

Memore

€n

Oveq.vc van

dei

Rsdeft

van Besoek

aHrl

Mc'nore

v:i

ovssavev:i

dar

R6denrv:n

tsesoeki

vir

Romondr 19151913'

ANR

opr.hinc

v:i

eei Su kcronCerneming in dc Bon{oroldo

oo$

T:iCg

r oon ei Keilloisoon

ANRI

'Ovtrz

.],*.rtr

_{dcr Bev,oe}

iglB.b.den

ndeVtiltev:nZW

Dremb0 ZO Loanai.rnc

aNRr.

Probornsco Bezoekiei

Srnjo.wrtrs

1367

ANRI.

Ser*ekvan

l3v:.

Resdor.

Besce[.1320

1336 ]361

K,rod

rdro.

Srrtono

(ed

)

Menon Senh

hbn

te2l

$3a

Jawa

rinu dJ

rrtrr,

Ke.:rran

l3t:r:

ANR|

rq73

ll.

Private

and

Offi.ial

Publicarions

anonim Suftenvandevereeni!rcBEoekishpr.ekbnoi,

kmh*

Anon

m

Notrrai dnAcc.mene

Vers:derinsCehordei oo Dofdcrdag

Drc2tac

Repart

3nd

Srrtehert ai

A..otnts

Th-"

B.]*ki

Ljtlicd

Pb,t,iions

1923 1s36

Dutch

Tob:..o

P:iE6

wand Tabxia

conErcs An4ertt2h1 195): Rdpart an

Tahr..a

CukiBtiaD )n

tu./one.i, Amnerdrn,

i

p 1951.

otornder

T

B.soek

rh

Proefitri

on

i::rue6rE

1912,

Reqeeitgn

Alndtrk

hat

1333 Wcltev/edar: Landsdruk[4i]

Reqeerran

AlnaEk

nat

1929 \N. _ievreden

Lifdsdrukkcrl

Staatbbd

r2n

Nedenrr.t+tndte

avet het

tr2t

1334. Barzu.:

Landsdtukkerij,l335

Stz3tbta.l

Er

Nedenrnd.Jndi

t926/1e271e34:1935

Ardrrh,Tillik sqrrl,

Lok,/C;

hd.tesl:

Yosyakana

C:dFh

Mrd:

Lri vaEity

Pr.s

1935

A ef,

C

C

:nd

Ardrcy

Doii

thon.

we*€tr

Enrerytise

ir

tt\t.resz

a,./

Malayr

NevrYork:

TheMr.m

llsn

ComP:ry

1957

Anke6mt

F

R

Rereksi

sqrfah

P€rtlrptt

Pandrpxt M.,1en tentarg Frrs,6.

Sq,.rh

Lki,$: Pl

Crim.da,1937

Anon

i'

E.,

lrbelcr

h

over d€

bbak

A.o.lruG

ArvIMOD

l909

Aionim

Mnedelirsen

!n

Bcreiei

r^rl,

i

a'wesse

Gjrg

(1363).

An

nin

]t-"bitkerEzn

Pel.etir:h

Htrdia

Behdr

D2l3n

Bi.tanE

Eiono,x

l:k3d.

K

TLV.ri

LlPl

lg73

A,li

EdyBLrhai

'EnEsH'j:u

d

le'niFr

Ae

!n

Pe

rnbrh:rd:n

PcnS.nihny:

dram

Keli

dup:i

Sosia Eltotrom

M:sv:ckrt

1360

lsso Lsis

Yosyrkrfrr

Fak!

lrs P:(:

sarriir

r,',iveEhscrjah

M:dtr. rese

Aho!@d

dro

Shniet

Prr@d

Veuetiikln.te

Ad

rc.hftetijke Strd)e

Rr

O\tj2v2se lladaete4r

e,

Oc5nrsd^:

An*.rdrm

St,do,:e,dtrk[{] Po.

Pers. 1952

Badrlya

o

&nrbanE

SaiEr

'Adu:n Sapi

AitD

TEdis

din

l!dl"

au,er,n

sas&

r'01/l!

i(1939)

B:mbrnsPunvinlo LndrnriPc.amh:isrtrM nFkd

SunrienB:cin

Se:b,

p:d,

Akhn

ab:d

XX

dan

a: Abr

XX

Pro.r

p,e*nted

n

se'ni'D, Sei:ch

Ehoio'ni

hed

n

Yosy:bt:

B:,ow

Co

iaidlohnDDbbe

Fene,

ii3h

Can

rd!+r

Krrei Y:ns

llrfc!

d lidoncsad:i

M::y!:1900

3940, iAnieBoo:h

wr

:m

I

o

Ma

ey

Atrn Wedemam

Gds)

setzlah Ekorann

,,ro,esi:

Lksrr:

Y:yJni

Obo,lnd!iesi:

1qB0

Beek.,.P

Fdsn,etetr€enerResoverltrvs

RcGdoor0onetlkl:v:

rN,

Meededce

11(13a9)

LaMsdtukker,

1929

Srnatet

r

en

l2e

Tabak

Sc.nE.h

Av-qzicht ap

H

.tels

er

Finanoeel rLbl€d

,llrlgars

l9.Jd

A'naerdirr

Deni

env:iderBregeei

Baete,

)H

E.anonics and

Ecohonic

Patky

ol

DLtl

Sa.i.tics

2s Exenplified by lndone.ia.

Ntu

\orl:

lntenrtionrl

linitutc of

Bo.ke, J

F.

Pt2k2pirzlisne di Asia. lakarta: S nar Ha6patr, 1933.

Bos.h

C l.A:ntekeninsen over de AldeLing BotrdMoso (Residentie Bezeok

)

IBC6(13s7).

Breman,

Jan

kolq

P/:niers

o,

Kolaniale Palitiek. Doldtecht: Fotis, 1957

B,eman

l:n

Th€civili,iion

orR:citm"

itr.lan Breimn (ed. _{), /mper,a/} ldankay

Bu$ins:

RaciatS\prenz.r

in

hruinist

Theary and

'

ao,o,,,/Pr:.ra

Am{e.d:m

CASA 19qH.

Broe6ma,

R

aerelree,6ewen

in

Opkorst

Amsteldam: S.heltems atrd Holhema, 1912.

Brset,

D.H.

Petubahan Petubahan

Stuktut

hhm

Masyankar

di

Jal,

lekartr:

Bhrab.:

Karya

Ak$6,1933

BurAer, D

H

5e,;r,1,

Ekononis dah SGiotosis

t.doresi..

Djak2nz:

Pdnj:panhla

1962.

Clemens,

Adrlan

I

Thonas Lindblad

:id

Jeroen

Touwei.

ahrrsin!:

Ecan@y in lntlonsia. Valune 12b: ReCionat

Paien,

Forcbn

Trzde 1911

t94A Anste'dan

Roy, Tropica

lnstiiute

1992

Creutzbug,

Piet€r

Dan

LTH.

van

Laanen,

lPmyuding)

s.r'l,,

Statislik Ekanonj lndanesia )akafra: Yryasan Obor lndoneia,

Cribb,

Robed

Dovelopmenl Policy in the Early 20h

Ceiiury

, '

J.P.

Djojohadirosumo

Soemito

Eko,omi

U'n,n

, Dj:krrt'

l)r

Pembans!i3n.1957.

Ekon

R.

E

,/,v:,cse

Perent,,d

the Colanial Sugar

lidtsttv

lnpa'r

rnd

Chanee in 2n East

JaD Rsid.n.v

133019-tA Singaporer

Oxford UtriveEity

Pres

1934

E son,

R

E.

Vlhse

hvz

Lndet the aul.ivaiio, Svstem. Svdfevr All€n

:nd

Ema(

Etuiza.

Ke*njan?.

Butu, da,

M:rll(ai

Jab

::

Penerbi! Sinar

FerMndo F.R

:nd

Williah

J

O

Maley

Pebnldan

Pembtrdidavaan

Kopi

dl

Kar6idemn

Cnebon 1300

rq00',

li

Anne Booth wLlliam J.

o

Maley

Ani

weidemann

Gds) seri,E,

Eko"D'

,n

/nd.retr,

l:k:t::

Yava$n Obor ltrdonesia. 1933

Ft.tdho!*.

D.K

ihe

Caloniat

Enpizs:

A

Catnpzrative

Sttutt

fm

the Eahteenth

Cernry

Horndnlil

3nd

London

M3cmllan

EduGtion

Ltd

1937

F

'jr21t,

).5.

Nethelands

tntlia: A Stldy af Pturul Ecanon!

Can'ttdee:

Camb dge UniwEity

Pres

1*9

Geenz

Ctlltatd

tnvolusi Penanian

Petub,h.n

Akotogis

di lrdan$ia

-l,karta: BhGtars Ka,ya

Aks

a, rS77

Gepl<e

l.H

F

Sollewijn.

Budidavr

%d

di

Jawa: Strmbangrn Pada llmu

ilmr

Aahasa, Daerah,

Pendldrk

Hindia Belanda",

ii

Salosw and

wirri,m

L

cotuet

\eds

_{). Bltdidzva} Padi di Jawz

.lahrta:

Yayasan Obor lndonesia 1936.

Gonsrjp,C.F.E.ceirl,srerde Erv.lapaedie van

Nedetlan?'h tn'tie Leiden: N.V. LeidscheUiis€wEmaatsch:ppij, 1934

Coibcltlk,Lofis

Mengeri sPlra h: Peneant2t Metade Seizah. Jakatt2: Penelbit Unive'slbs lndonesia 1s75

Hagem:r

J.'Aanleekeningenover

Nijiwhe

den

hndbo0winO.neijk'

Ja\,

Tijtkhit't@t

Niwheid en L.ndhatw in Nede

an.l*h'

rd,e

del

rx

(nieloe se e deel

rU,

( _1363).

Heaton

Herbed "Apakah Sejaah

Ekoiomi?,

Mr,z,/3,

/sro,,

No

4 Dnkse,

F6ns

H!iske',

M

Rriten

_{eds

).

Development and

S.cial

Welfate tndon6i2 s Expetience

ndet

the New O<let

Leiden

K]TLVPrss.1q93

Da.usupGpio.

B:badBlambanCan:

Pemb:hasan,Sunting3nNaskah dan Te.jemahai' . Yoeyaka.ta: Fakultas

P:s.:

Parjaia,1934. DeGraaf

H

J.aidIh

C

Th

Piseard

Kptzj

n

KdajaanlshhPenam

drJrwr

.lak3fra, PT Crafiti Pe6, 1935

De GGzf, H.

l.

Ptncak

Kek\aaan Mataran:

Patitik Ekspansi Sultan

.4s,na

Jskata:

G€fitipea,

1990

H,r.hmrn,

a

'Population and Soclety

if

Tuertiell'

Cedtrry5q

h..{

Astd

Jaurn

.r

s.utheast Asian Snrlies 25, 2 _1199a)

Fa$er,r!

)

H

KEtan Bnd KLnpeni Leden, KITLV Prcs,1994.

Houben,V.

l.

H.'CoonalHin

ryRevslted,

k,renr,o

(19S3).

Houben,

V.

J

H

"History

aid

fulo6liry: East Sumate,an

ln.ident

as Des.iihed by

l:o Arcmrn'

lir,eEr,o,

io

12,(rq8)

Karodrdio,

Sadonodan

DjokoSrryo

SejaGh Petkebtnah di lndanesh

Yosyrk3rt::

Aditya lvedia, 1991

Ka frodnd lo, s a dono. Penb.rorla la

i

Petr,r dr

a,,ie,

l,karta:

Ptrsbk:

lctudndio, Satono

Pendekatan

llnu

lnl

Sosiat

Dalan MdadaLgi

sqiar,fi

Jakada: PT C6nedla.1992.

Keser

"Verkod R:ppod omsent Krc$oldarder en

Crediet

in Regenschappen

Dj?mb.r

en

Bondowos

,

in

U,kese€,

.loor

Alseneene

Valkerediethank.

Batavia:

Algemeene

Volks.redietbank, 1933

Knlght,

G.R"

Katrm

Trnl&i

Budiday,

T€b!

di

Ptrbr

lawa Abad

ke

19",

li

Atrne Booih,

Willbm

I

O'Mrley, Arn

Weldemrrn

\eds). seFrah Ekanoni

rd.,esi,.

Jakafra:

Yayaen

Obor

Kftp.k,

C

Vegetijken.t OndeEaek betrcfiende .len

A.htua2nd

en

Ve

d

ft

kk

i

n _s va n S e na e n c r e d I et

b

j de Vol

kfl

e d itb a n ke n 5 ed e

rt

Aptil

1934

Plzzrs.likke

Kantorcn der AVB

ft

Bahdowe

en

lembei Batavia: Algem.ene

Volrs.redid

Bank 1930

KrughJi,

Paul.

De@tapnent,

Gostzphy znd

Ercnonx

fheary

Crmbidge, The MIT Prc$, 1Sq5

]<um:r,

Ann. "Histoioenfl lawa

meigenai Periode

Koiotria:

Sludi kasus', inAnihony Reld and David Maat _\.ds

) hn

Raja Ati

Hrl, h,,gga

Ba-k,

-1,[ata,

PT

CrfitiPe6,

rq30.

Kunat,

Ann Java and Maden

E,npe: AnbisuoE

Enalntus

Srtey

kuntowijoyo'socla ChaigeinaiA96rianSo.iely:Madur:

1350 1940'

PhDTh6ir

N*York

Columbia

UnivedtyPre$,

r$0

Ktrnlrdr.

Aiko

Mobr,eii

tun

(o

ntol

5n'<1i Tent2ry Pc,ubahxn Sosial

di Peddran ltwa19121945

)at

nrr

PT Cra'neditr,1q93

Lekke*erl€r,C "E.la'nbans:n

/rd&.he

G,s'

45

ll,

(rS20)

Lulors Madelon

H

Crol;e Shsapors Oxfod Unive6iiv

Prc$

195s.

Mz.kie )

A

C

Sedi2ah

Penb}"Elnza

Ekanoni Dalan

Dbi2

Moddh

Jal€tu:

PT PemS:nsunai, 1957

Mackie, J A

C. Changiis

Pollca

Economv

of

ai

Expofr Cropr

lhe

C:se

of

Jemb?r's Tobac.o

lndustri

Bulbtin of

tndanPsizn Econonic

Sttdie,

21

(Apil

1945)

Mrngsisbn'PodukslPadidilawaYaigTidakMeicul<!pi

in5sjogvo

drtr William

L

Collier

(eds)

Btdidava

Padi.li

lawa

)akanz:

YaFsan Obor lndonesia, 1936

Mmrtono,soemaEaid. /VegrD

d,n

Usaha Bina Negata

diJzwa

Ma

LaDp,,

Jaka*.r

YaFsan

Obo

lndonesia, 1935

Moh,

l

"Rainf3llandc|kuresinNethen:nds

lndia,inS/ultrs'Mon,r/v.

FortlndianM:sazlne

volmel.MavDec(1s70)

Mrbyzfro Tanh

dan TenaEa Ketja Pe&ebLnan

voetal'2nz

Aditva

\r1,Po'"dl

roerso,H-o,)

\"w'o''

EP

D"o'

06r

O'M3lley

Willan

I

Perkebunan 13301940r

l.htGai'in

Ann€ Booth

Wlllam

I

O Mallev, Ann Weidemann

kds).5e,,,2h

E(oion'

/ironesi, Jakat,:

Yayasai

Oborlndoi6i.

1q33

Ongho|Mm

'Pe.ubahan Sosial

di Madiui Sel,m:

Abad

Xlr

Prjak

dan

Pens:rlhnya

Te*adap

Petr8u,sa:n

Taiah'

,

in

S.M.P

Ijotrdronesoro

d:n

Gunawatr

WiGdi

Gd, Dc

Ab'd

pe,g,rsrrn

la,,n.

Jakata: PT C.rmedir, 1934.

P:dmo,

Soeeij:nlo

fhe

CuhivariaD

af

Va&enhtu'

Tobacco

of

in

Suhk

@ R6ilenc!

2nd

Besukilobz.co

in Bestki FtPsidcncv

and lts

tnpact an

the Peasant Eeononv and Societr: 136+ 1960 Yocyakan2r Aditya [,iedia 1994

PdrnB, J (2d

)

Encyttapzedievan

Nedehndl4nd*h

tt|.lie s Catennzqe:

Madinus

Nrhoff

1917.

P e

bt

,

\an

J

Tadn Kebaen .1an Petani Palnik Kolanial da.

P.tj

t.

rsrt

,grr,:i.

Jakada, Sinar H3rap:n, 1935

Pende6, C.L

M

Bajaregoto, 190A 1942: A

Studyof

Endenn Poveny in

Nanh E2n

lzla,

1,<1on6ia. Singaporer Cununs

fuuns,

1934

Pende6, C.L.M.

/.do,esir:

S-r{tel

Daehenb oh Colanialin

and

N2tiontlisn,

1a3019)2.

sr. LRia:

univeEtty

of

Qtreerstand

P epq ,

Bran. Pentnb\h

2n Pendudlk J

awa

Jakanz:

Bn?bn,

t915

PeieEen,

W

A GeneralTypolosy

ol

Misraroi,

i

C ifford

J

J:nsen

(ed.l.

aedi,gs

r the

.iotasy

ot

t',tisratia

N@

\otk:

Pelg:non

P'e$

1966.

Raffles,lhomasStamlord The

Hilotyol

_{Java Volune} l.

Rrt

z

LJnpu:

Oxford Unlve6ity Pres, 1973 A

Reid,

Aiihony

"L@

Population

CrMh

and hsCausestn

Pecotoiiat

sodheast

Asia"

in

N

c.

owen (ed.), Dezth

z\d

Di*2f

in Sotthe an Asi a : Explontions in Sacial, Medical dnd DenoEra phic

Irkory

Sinsrpor€: Oxford Unirereilv Pre$, 1937.

Reid Anihony

rsla toggaE D,lan

Kum

Ni2s,,

Ji d

1: Tanah

di

Bzwah

A,cin J.k2fra

YaF'n

Ohorindonesi:,1992

FIckl.E,

M.C Wa.

Cultu.e and Ecanony in Java 1677 17%. Sydney:

Allei aid

Unwin,1q93

Reksohadiprodjo,

l$ dai

Soedamno

Hads:p@ro

"Perqbrhai

Kepadatrn Pendudrl dan Penghasihi B:han

Pang:i

_{(Padi )} diJaua

dai

Madura'', itr Sajoeyo

dai

Wilam

L

Collier

(ed,

Budidaya Padi

di Jdwa

Jakrna:

Yaylqi

Obor

lndoiGia,

Schekema, A.M.P.A

''PrcduksiBeEsdilawa

dan

M:drrr",

ii

S:jogyo dan

Wiliam

L. Collier

(ed,

Bldidaya

PadidiJdwz.

Jakana: Y2yasan Obor tndones

3

1936

smith,

clen'Penrirgnya

sapi Datam

Masyar:karMduE",in

Huubde )onEe _Gd

j.

As2n2,

kebudayaan dan

Ekmoni:

st\dj-stDdi

lntedbipliw

tentzry

Masyaokat MadLra. Jdkartz:

?1

Raj.wa l,1939.

'-;]

- _c

Soemrdjan,

selo

Pfllb/,,,So,i,/di

voAyakadr Yosy,kafrr:

Gdjah

Mad, Utr veEity

Pre*

1990

srole,, Ann

LatrB

C.pnatin

znd Canfantation in

Stnatrz''

Plznbtion

aolt

New Hawn, Yale UniveEiiy Pre$, 1935.

Suaryanr

I

Nyoman "Perubahan

S6lald2i

Elonomidl

Aesuki 1330_

la5o

Tesis52 Yogyakada,F,k!ltasPa{aSarjaiaUtriveEitas

C:dlah Mada.1939

Snnzfrorc. Aprnaee dan Bekel: Perubahan Sasal di Pedeszn

Stakana

7330J93,

Yosyakarta: PT

liaE

Wacam, 1991.

Stnanano.

Bandt Ban.lt

Pedesaar di 12w2: Studi Histot6 135t1t94o.

Yosy:kata:

Adiylya Meni:, 1s94

lennekes,

I

De BevoLl<itrsspreiding der Residente Beoeki

in

1930 ,

tijdschtilt

van het Koninklijke

Nqle

andah Azdrikskundie

6@ootrh,p,

30 _{1963)

Ilee

I

)zr

Wi..

Exototations

in

lndon6ian

Econonk Hista,y

jakana

Fene,birFE

Ul

1Sq4.

The

Khn

Wie

P/,,.,tb"

.Asr.uld1re and Export

Crtuh:

An

L@@1e

Historf

of

Ee

srnatetz,

135a1942. Jakana:

National lnstituia ot Econom

caid So.i:lRearch,1977

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.r.O

lv13irey.Ainweidemaii(ed,

Sejz?h Ekonani

hdonda

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lndoiesb

1933.

Tjiptorim.djo

FAsetjipto

Koia Kota PanraidiSeLt3rSebt M:nura (Abad

xvllMenia

Abad

XIX)". P,rD

ThesE Yosyatan.:

UniveGnasGdlah Mada, 1933

VanderEist,P

'KrisG Bud daya

Padidilawa'

nWillianL Colie,d:n

Sz aaw

led.).

Brdidry2

P2didiJawr

Jakata, Yayasan Obor

lsdonsi: d:n

PT Cramedia

r$6

verneet,

c.

Kon owEicht

van

Op

chtins,

B6taa.

en

Bedni

dq

Ondetreninq'Oud-Djffiber

ter geLganhekl van hax 50

jatic

Jrbilern Saftr8Ee/a-

O*nter:

N

V

[MOD,

1S09.

Veth,

P

l.

J,v,:

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d

Hisldiirch,

Vol.

L

H,

eem: DeEruen F.Bohn,1912.

Wefrhdm.

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A Stldy of Sdizl

Chrn&.

s Ghvenhage: W.

€n

HRw,1959.

Wetheim

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Sociev

, in EasrErn