viii
Business and Sports Articles on Jakarta Globe Newspaper: A Functional Grammar Analysis” is conducted as one of the requirements of Sarjana Sastra Degree of Indonesia Computer University. First of all, the writer wants to thank to Allah SWT and our last prophet Muhammad SAW. Moreover, the writer wants to say thanks to the followings:
1. Prof. Dr. H. Moh. Tadjuddin, M.A., as the Dean of Faculty of Letters in Indonesia Computer University.
2. Dr. Juanda, as the Head of English Department in Indonesia Computer University.
3. Muhammad Rayhan Bustam , S.S., M.Hum., and Nenden Rikma, S.S., M.Hum., as the advisors.
4. Tatan Tawami, S.S., M.Hum., as guardianship lecturer.
5. All lecturers in English Department in Indonesia Computer University. The writer realized that this research would not be done without an effort and support from many people. Hopefully, this research can be useful and give the benefit for the readers and the next researcher in the future.
Bandung, July 2015
69 7. Smartflash has no products SFPC + relational process + unmarked topical theme 8. Smartflash has no
employees
SFPC + relational process + unmarked topical theme 9. Smartflash creates no jobs SFPC + material process
company for the ideas our
14. Smartflash argue it was entitled to a percentage of sales of Apple‟s devices
SFPC + verbal process + marked topical theme 15. Smartflash claimed that
Apple infringed the patents
SFPC + material process + unmarked topical theme
data 3 16. Apple doesn‟t respect
smartflash‟s in ventions SFPC + material process + unmarked topical theme 17. Jhon Ward of Ward &
21. It said smartflash did not have complete control of the patents
SFPC + verbal process + marked topical theme 22. Smartflash was started in
the early 2000s inventor Patrick Racz in an effort to commercialize his ideas
SFPC + material process + unmarked topical theme
data 2
23. Racz was offered less than $200,000for an interest in one of his patents
SFPC + material process + unmarked topical theme 24. Racz met with executive of
what is now Gemalto
26. Smartflash does not make any products
SFPC + material process + unmarked topical theme
unmarked topical theme 28. Ward said after the verdict
6. The recommendation will to bear the costs for such rescheduling
12. The EPFL reiterated that May would be a less 17. FIFPro was satisfied that
the summer months of June and July had been ruled out
SFPC + mental process + unmarked topical theme
18. The organization said in a statement
1 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
According to Hafied Cangara: “Teks adalah media komunikasi karena merupakan salah satu unsur pendukung yang membangun body of knowledge” (2010: 20). As one of communication media, text relates meaning between sentences and paragraph. The language in some media that is used in a text has many phenomena. The phenomena are described by different ways such as the use of language in newspaper. The newspaper shows that the text does not only describe the meaning, but also describes how the text works to deliver information based on the text itself.
of processes, participants and circumstances, whereas the textual through theme-rheme elements. As an example, the phenomenon of these components can be seen in a clause below:
After decades of development, 3D printing has emerged as a viable and affordable technology. (China Daily, January 16th 2014)
After carrier Process: relational:
attributive possessive
attribute Marked topical theme
theme Rheme
The example above consists of three different functional components, which are interpersonal that is marked by mood (subject and finite) and residue element (predicator and complement), the experiential consisting of carrier and relational process and the textual consisting of theme-rheme. The analysis shows that three different structures can appear at the same time, it indicates that every role has more than one function, which means that a clause is made up of three distinct structures that are combined into one.
There are many pieces of previous research that are discussed about these components, as one of example, there is research that has similarity to this discussion entitled “Thematic progression In Gail B. Stewart’s Cuba (Place In
(2010). The research discussed about the types of thematic progression and cohesion devices in narrative text, whereas this topic discussed about three different functional that one of the function is theme structures (textual).
In addition, there is another previous research that is more related to this discussion entitled “An Interpersonal Metafunction Analysis of Some Selected
Political Advertisements in Some Nigerian Newspaper” written by Moses
Olusanya (2013). Although the research has some similarity that discussed about functional components and used newspaper as data source too, the previous research only analyzed about interpersonal that described about what the clause is doing. The previous research used political advertisement from three Nigerian newspapers. Whereas, this research analyzes three types of functional components (interpersonal, experiential, textual) using business and sports articles as data source. The business and sports articles are taken from Jakarta Globe newspaper in edition of Thursday, February 26, 2015. The business article entitled “Apple to Pay $532.9m After Patent Trial” is written by Susan Decker & Dennis Robertson. Whereas, the sports article entitled “European Clubs Want Compensation for Qatar World Cup” is written by Mike Collet & Karolos Grohman.
in some different articles that are made by more than one native speaker. In addition, the writer chooses the topic in order to make this research more varied and more complete than the previous research.
1.2 Research Questions
1. What elements and types of mood in interpersonal meaning component are found in the business and sports article on Jakarta Globe newspaper? 2. What types of experiential meaning component (transitivity process) are
used in the business and sports article in the data?
3. What types of textual meaning component are found in business and sports articles in the data?
1.3 Objectives
1. To analyze elements and types of mood in interpersonal meaning component that are found in business and sports article on Jakarta Globe newspaper.
2. To analyze the types of experiential meaning component (transitivity process) that are used in business and sports article in the data.
1.4 Significant to knowledge
The discussion of the topic has benefits in understanding a combination of three different structures in newspaper. Through the discussion, the writer does not only show the case of these components, but also makes reader be more informed that a clause in the text can be produced by three types of function whether they have the different or same role. Based on the discussion above, those clauses play two or often three different functional roles that can also be found in other sources such as novel and advertisement. Based on that reason, this research has benefits to add more knowledge that relates with systemic functional grammar analysis. In addition, this research can help the readers to understand the three functional components of meaning in systemic functional grammar analysis.
1.5 Framework of the theory
The theories used in this research are the theories from M.A.K. Halliday and Christian M.I.M Matthiessen in their book entitled “An Introduction to
Functional Grammar 3th Edition”. They said that:
Based on the theory above, each clause does not only express one type, but it expresses three types of function from distinct functional components that determine the structural shape of the clause. When the three functional components of meaning are analyzed together, then they can be seen that clause constituent repeatedly plays more than one functional role at a time. It means, when these three types are analyzed together, all structure in every component does not always appear to show how many word that has more than one functional role. There are some elements in one component that have to be removed, but it does not affect the other element that appears because every element has their own position to indicate the position of speaker, the process of type and how the information in a text can be developed.
In addition, Halliday and Matthiessen also mention that:
“Transitivity structures express representational meaning: what the clause is about, which is typically some process, with associated participants and circumstances; Mood structures express interactional meaning: what the clause is doing, as a verbal exchange between speaker/writer and audience; Theme structures express the organization of the message: how the clause relates to the surrounding discourse, and the context of situation in which it is being produced. “ (2004: 320)
system of grammatical choice that involves a particular configuration of participant roles. When analyzing the transitivity, it does not only describe about the types of process that indicates the difference between process types, but it also shows the differences in functional participant roles and circumstances. In addition, mood elements express about the relation between the speaker and the addressee (listener or reader). Some roles are followed by how the addressee should understand to accept the information such as give and demand. Additionally, some categories indicate about types of theme such as unmarked and marked theme in theme structure. It shows about how the text can be developed by presenting information that is already available and adding to the element of rheme.
The writer also uses the theory from Suzanne Eggins through her book entitled “An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics”. She said that: “realizations of these three metafunction occur simultaneously, allowing
language to create different meanings at the same time.” (2004: 213).
8
This chapter explains about the theories that are used including supporting theories. The writer uses the theory of Halliday and Matthiessen (2004) as main theory, Halliday and Matthiessen (2014), Gerot and Wignell (1994), and Suzanne Eggins (2004) as supporting theories.
2.1 Functional Grammar
As the main base of the research, functional grammar shows many phenomena about the meaning in a text. It focuses how a text works based on grammatical units, and it explains the meaning that contained in a text. According to Halliday and Matthiessen:
“The grammatics- the model of grammar- should be as rich
as the grammar itself because the functional grammar is complex in making and understanding of meaning”. (2014: 24).
2.2 Three Functional Components of Meaning
Functional components of meaning are discussed by Halliday and Matthiessen (2004) as a combination of three different structures.
“The three functional components of meaning: interpersonal, experiential, textual) are realized throughout the grammar of language, but whereas in the grammar of the clause each component contributes a more or less complete structure, so that a clause is made up of three distinct structures combined into
one.”(2004:320)
From the quotation above, three functional components of meaning: interpersonal, experiential, and textual determine the structural shape in the clause. From these components, a clause is made by three different structures. Moreover, a clause has three different meanings based on components that contain in it.
2.2.1 Interpersonal Meaning (Clause as an exchange)
In addition, Gerot and Wignell states, “the interpersonal meanings are realized in the lexicogrammar through selections from the system of mood.” (1994: 22). They add that the interpersonal meaning has mood element to analyze every role in a text. Interpersonal meaning is also known as clause as an exchange, it shows speaker‟s attitude and judgments. Additionally, it explains clause role as a verbal exchange between speaker/writer and audience. Interpersonal meaning is divided into two elements, which are mood and residue. Mood consists of subject and finite, whereas residue consists of predicator, complement and sometimes an adjunct.
a. Mood
Mood is the first element in interpersonal component. Eggins particularly stated (2004: 149) the component that gets bandied back and forth is called mood element of the clause. It means clause, which can be placed in the beginning is called mood; it also consists of subject and finite. The subject is realized by nominal group, while finite is part of the verbal residue. In finite, there is also predicator fusing with another element that will change into residue element.
a.1 Subject
A subject is one of two main parts of a sentence. According to Halliday and Matthiessen, “The subject may be any nominal group” (2004: 111). Subject provides the person or thing in whom is vested the success or failure of the proposition. In other word, subject is about a person or thing, which has main role in a clause.
a.2 Finite
The second constituent from mood element is finite. Finite is the first of verbal elements that makes a proposition in a way that we can argue about it. Gerot and Wignell particularly stated (1994: 26) the finite element is one of a small number of verbal operators expressing tense or modality. Refers to the function, there are two kinds of finite verbal operators: a.2.1 Temporal
Temporal finite verbal operators are the words that refer to time. It indicates tense to the finite such as past (was), present (is), or future (will).
a.2.2 Modal
Modal is not the word that refer to time but it refers by modality. Modal consists of low (could), median (would), and high (must).
In addition, there are four types of verb if the finite element and the lexical verb are fused. Those types consists of simple past (ate = did eat) or simple present (eats = does eat), active voice (they eat pizza = they do eat pizza vs pizza is eaten), positive polarity (they eat = they do eat vs they don‟t eat), and neutral contrast (go away = do go away).
The clause below is the example of subject. Moreover, it has temporal finite verbal operator, which is past (was):
In the clause above, Lily has a role as subject because it is a nominal group providing the person. The word was is temporal finite verbal operator since it is a part of verbal group. Since both are part of mood, the speech function shows a statement gives information. The speaker wants addressee (listener or reader) to receive the information, which is about Lily was reading a book.
b. Residue
Gerot and Wignell states,” The remainder of each clause, if there is a
remainder, is called the residue” (1994: 25). The residue element is a part of a
clause. It is somehow less essential to the variability of the clause than mood element. Residue is the next part of the interpersonal component that consists of predicator, complement and adjunct.
b. 1 Predicator
The predicator is a content part of verbal group, it tells about action or the process being discussed. Halliday and Matthiessen (2004: 121) stated that the predicator is present in all major clauses, except those where it is displaced through ellipsis. The predicator can be fused with finite in mood element, but there is also non-finite containing predicator. For example:
Lily was reading a book predicator
b.2 Complement
Complement is used to predicate a description of the subject or object of the clause. Halliday and Matthiessen (2004: 122) stated that complement is element, which has the potential for being given the interpersonally elevated status of modal responsibility. The complement is element that completes the structure of clause. It has potential to be subject. For example:
Lily was reading a book complement
From these three analyses, the structure of residue element can be identified in the clause below:
meanwhile Lily was reading a book predicator complement residue
c. Adjuncts
Halliday and Matthiessen states, “An adjunct is an element that has not got the potential of being subject.” (2004: 123). Adjunct does not always appear in a clause, but some kinds of adjunct appear in interpersonal component analysis. There are three kinds of adjunct, which are conjunctive adjunct, circumstantial adjunct and mood adjunct.
c.1 Conjunctive adjunct
or prepositional phrases, which relate the clause to the preceding text. For example:
meanwhile Lily was reading a book conjunctive
adjunct
c.2 Circumstantial adjunct
Halliday and Matthiessen states, “circumstantial adjunct occurs in the end of clause because they function as circumstances in transitivity structure.” (2004: 125). For example:
Lily was reading a book in the backyard of her home circumstantial adjunct
c.3 Mood adjunct
Gerot and Wignell (1994: 35) stated that mood adjuncts, on the other hand, both express interpersonal meanings and do fall within mood element. It means that the position of mood adjunct is next to finite verbal operator, either before or after subject. For example:
d. Mood Types
Halliday and Matthiessen mentions “the mood types, declarative and yes/no interrogative are terms of in the systems of indicative type” (2004: 134). Mood types declarative and yes/no interrogative are terms in the systems of indicative type and interrogative type.
d.1 indicative
Gerot and Wignell state, “indicative mood is realized by the features of subject + finite” (1994: 38). The order of the subject and finite realized declarative and interrogative.
declarative
the type of declarative consist of subject and finite. For example:
we can wait until next week subject finite (modal) predicator complement the type of mood is indicative in declarative type
interrogative
polar (yes/no question)
should I be using my phone? finite subject predicator complement mood residue
wh-question
who killed her? subject/ wh finite (past) predicator complement mood residue
d.2 imperative
Gerot and Wignell (1994: 41) stated that in imperatives the mood element may consist of subject + finite, subject only, finite only, or they may have no mood element. For example:
look at me no subject or finite
2.2.2 Experiential Meaning (Clause as representation)
Eggins states, “Experiential meaning is expressed through the system of transitivity or process type, with the choice of process implicating associated
participant roles and configurations” (2004: 206). Experiential meaning explains
typically some processes with associated participants and circumstances. Those processes called as transitivity element.
The experiential meaning shows the relation of experiential reality such as the world of actions. In the clause, experiential meaning always construes a relationship of significant between words that represented and expressed. Experiential meaning have three important parts to represent and express the relationship: processes, participants and circumstances.
Transitivity System a. Process
According to Gerot and Wignell: “processes are central to transitivity that are realized by verbs” (1994: 54). The quotation means most important part in transitivity consists of verbs, but verbs do not always express about doing something. In several cases, verbs express being or having. The processes explain about the relation between experiences that have happened. The experience can consist of perception, emotion, imagination and it is about action and event.
Halliday and Matthiessen states, “the system of process type has six terms, which are material, behavioural, mental, verbal, relational and existential” (2004: 174). Each type expresses the differences in order of doing or being and with the process of types. It can be seen how the world of actions and relation give content to the conversation.
a.1 Material Process
involve actor and other participants. From the quotation, material process is one of the main types in transitivity system. It expresses how an actor in physically or materially does something to some other entity. For example: The doctor gave Lucy some medicine
Material process
a.2 Mental process
Mental process is a process of sensing, feeling, and thinking. According to Halliday and Matthiessen; “Mental processes are concerned with our experience of the world of our own consciousness” (2004: 197). Mental process is what we think or feel. It has similarity with material process, which uses the subject as speaker. For example:
I hate curly hair mental process
a.3 Verbal Process
Verbal process is a process of saying. Gerot and Wignell states, “verbal processes are processes of saying, or more accurately, of symbolically
signalling” (1994: 62). When the clause encodes a signal source to
responsible for the verbal process, it can be projected clause as indirect speech, which is used to reporting or quoting. For example:
Tony called me the story verbal process
a.4 Relational Process
Relational process is a process of being and having. Gerot and Wignell states, “Relational process involves states of being and having” (1994: 67). This quotation suggested that relational process used to identify something or to assign a quality to something. Moreover, relational process has three types whether they are attributive or identifying, which are intensive, possessive, and circumstantial. For example:
Relational process of attributive intensive
A rose is a flower relational process: attributive
intensive
Relational process of attributive possessive
Alvin has a car relational process: attributive
possessive
Identifying process of circumstantial identification
Today is independence day identifying process:
circumstantial identification
a.5 Behavioral processes
She screams loudly behavioral process
a.6 Existential Processes
According to Halliday and Matthiessen: “Existential process represent that something exists or happens” (2004: 256). Existential process uses the word there that has no representational meaning. The word there is used to indicate the feature of existence and as subject role in mood analysis. For example:
There is a fly in my soup existential
process
b. Participants
b.1 Material: actor, goal, beneficiary (recipient and client), scope, attribute In material process, an actor is the entity who or which does something. According to Halliday and Matthiessen: “actor is the source of the energy bringing about the change” (2004: 179). The actor is typically a subject, it is the constituent of the clause who does the deed or performs the action.
In addition, Eggins states, “The goal is that participant at whom
the process is directed, to whom the action is extended” (2004: 216). In
traditional grammar, the goal is also known as direct object and has role as complement in mood analysis.
Additionally, Gerot and Wignell states, “The beneficiary is the one
Beneficiary is one of participant, which may occur in a material process and consists of two kinds: a recipient (the one to whom something is given) and a client (the one for whom something is done).
Meanwhile, Halliday and Matthiessen (2014: 239) stated that the scope of material clause is not in any way affected by the performance of the process. The scope indicates an entity of process.
The last participant in material clause is attribute. Halliday and Matthiessen particularly stated (2014: 242) the attribute may be used to construe the resultant qualitative state of the actor, or goal after the process has been completed.
b.2 Mental: senser, phenomenon
In mental process, there are two kinds of participant, which are senser and phenomenon. Gerot and Wignell states, “The senser is by
definition a conscious being” (1994: 58). The senser is only conscious
human who can think or feel. Whereas, Gerot and Wignell also states,
“The phenomenon is that which is sensed, felt, thought or seen” (2014:
58). The phenomenon is all reactions that are sensed by conscious senser.
b.3 Verbal: sayer, receiver, verbiage
In verbal process, the participant is sayer. According to Eggins:
“The sayer is the participant responsible for the verbal process that
addressed” (1994: 62). It shows to whom the verbal process is given and occurring with or without a preposition depending on position in the clause. They also declared (1994: 62) that verbiage is a name for the verbalisation itself, it is a nominalized statement of the verbal process.
b.4 Relational: Attributive: carrier, attribute Identifying: token, value
Relational process consists of two kinds, which are attributive and identifying. In attributive process, there are carrier and attribute. According to Eggins: “The carrier is always realized by a noun or nominal group” (2004: 239). From the quotation, it can be seen that carrier as the one which does relational process. She also states, “Descriptive epithet (attribute) is assigned to a participant (carrier)”
(2004: 239). Attribute is used as participant in the form of nominal group. Meanwhile, in identifying process, there are token and value. Eggins particularly stated (2004: 242) a token stands for what is being defined and a value defines about token. It can be indicated that token is a sign whereas value gives meaning about the role of token.
b.5 Existential: existent
c. Circumstances
Eggins states, “Circumstantials are realized by adverbial groups or
prepositional phrase” (2004: 222). Circumstance can occur with all process types,
and answer questions such as how, where, and when. It is consists of three types, which are:
c.1 Time
I Delivered it three times Circ. time
c.2 Place
I Delivered it to the school Circ: place
c.3 Manner
I Delivered it by uses the taxi Circ. manner
2.2.3 Textual Meaning (Clause as message)
According to Halliday and Matthiessen: “The clause is organized as a
message by having a distinct status assigned to one part of it” (2004: 64). Textual
the surrounding discourse. The theme is one part of the clause that is combined with rheme as the remainder so that the two parts together construes a message.
a. Theme
Theme is the beginning information from a message. It is old information or the information that has known before. Halliday (1996: 64) stated that the theme is the element, which serves as the point of departure of the message; it is which locates and orients the clause within its context. From the quotation, it can be seen that theme is the first element that appears in a clause, which relates from text to the context. In other words, theme is the beginning of information that explains the content of that information, which contained the first nominal group. For example:
Lily can speak English Theme
From the example above, Lily has role as theme because it is a subject in nominal group. As the beginning of the information, theme is not always nominal group. The theme has categories based on the first word that appears in a clause, it can be divided into three categories, which are:
a.1 Ideational theme
According to Gerot and Wignell:
From the quotation, ideational or topical theme consists of unmarked and marked topical theme. A topical theme is called unmarked topical theme if there is nominal group in the beginning of clause. However, if it is not nominal group is called marked topical theme.
Unmarked topical theme
Unmarked topical theme is nominal group that is also the subject. For example:
Lily can speak English Unmarked topical theme
In example above, it can be seen that the first nominal group is unmarked topical theme.
Marked topical theme
Marked topical theme may be consists of adverbial, prepositional and complement. For example:
Adverbial as theme:
down Lily fell theme
Prepositional as theme:
up the hill Lily went theme
Complement as theme:
From all the examples, several categories of ideational theme can appear to differentiate the functions in the element.
a.2 Textual theme
Gerot and Wignell states: “textual themes relate the clause to its context and they can be conjunctive adjuncts and conjunctions” (1994: 105). The textual theme expresses how the signal can affect the addressee (listener or reader) in the beginning of conversation to the context of speaking. It consists of conjunctive adjuncts and conjunctions, which the example below:
Conjunctive adjunct:
meanwhile she said conjunctive adjunct
textual theme
Conjunction:
and he said conjunction
textual theme
a.3 Interpersonal themes
Modal adjunct:
Perhaps Lily Decided modal adjunct
interpersonal theme
Whereas, vocatives express a personal name or nickname and used to address someone. For example:
Vocatives:
Lily, we wait until Monday Vocative topical
b. Rheme
Rheme is the remainder of the clause. According to Gerot and Wignell:
“The rheme points both backwards and forwards by picking up on
information which is already available and adding to it and by presenting
information which was not there before” (1994: 103)
From the quotation, rheme is the part where the theme can be developed. Rheme can be indicated as new information to complete the theme and develops the content of information. For example:
28 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH OBJECT AND METHOD
This chapter explains about the research object, research method, and process of collecting and analyzing data.
3.1 Research Object
The research object in this research is three functional components of meaning: interpersonal, experiential, and textual. All data are taken from Jakarta Globe newspaper in edition of Thursday, February 26th, 2015. From the edition, the writer chooses business and sports articles.
3.2 Research Method
This research is qualitative and uses descriptive-analytic method. Flick (2009:90) mentions “qualitative research comprises a specific understanding of the
relation between issue and method”. Based on the theory, this research can be
mendeskripsikan atau menggambarkan data yang telah terkumpul sebagaimana
adanya”. It explains that in describing the topic, the data are analyzed to show the
issue and to describe the topic under discussion.
3.2.1 Data Collection
In data collection, several steps are taken. First, the data source is taken from Jakarta Globe newspaper in edition of Thursday, February 26th, 2015. The writer reads the whole articles in Jakarta Globe then chooses two of five articles that are included, which are business and sports articles.
Second, after choosing two articles that will be used, the writer analyzes the whole data. Moreover, the writer focuses on the data that have three functional components.
Third, after analyzing the whole data, the writer separates every sentences then analyzed into several clauses based on the classification.
3.2.2 Data Analysis
After collecting the data, the writer found the sentence that has more than one clause and analyzed it based on three functional components of meaning. The first component is interpersonal meaning that consists of mood elements (subject, finite) and residue elements (predicator, complement). The second component is experiential meaning that consists of transitivity (process, participants, and circumstances). The third component is textual meaning that consists of theme-rheme. In addition, the writer also classified the component of theme that consists of the ideational or topical and conjunctions.
There is an example of data analysis of three functional components:
Lily was reading Book subject finite predicator complement Mood Residue
actor process: material unmarked
topical theme
theme Rheme
32
4.1 SFPC + Material Process + Unmarked topical theme
This classification consists of three data and have the same structures, which is subject, finite, predicator and complement (interpersonal component), material process (experiential component), and has types of theme, which is unmarked topical theme (textual component).
Data 1
Apple was told to pay $532.9 million Analysis
the type of mood is indicative in declarative type Experiential
Meaning (EM)
goal process: material actor passive structure with subject as goal
Theme-rheme structure with subject as unmarked topical theme
In this data, the interpersonal that is marked by the existence of mood (subject and finite) and residue (predicator and complement) shows a statement about information. It means that the speaker invites to receive the information because he or she allocates the role to the listener or reader. The tense of the finite indicates that the subject apple already know that they had to pay $532.9 million.
role as goal in experiential because it indicates as a direct obejct, which is something that does something by another entity (actor).
Additionally, the textual, which is marked by theme and rheme shows about the old and new information. In this clause, the theme has categories as the ideational or topical theme and the subject has a position as nominal group then the topical theme is unmarked case. Meanwhile, the rheme carries new information, which is not there before. The relation between theme and rheme indicates that how the text can be developed by the existence of theme, which has several categories and rheme that also presents what the elements said about it.
Data 2
Smartflash was started in the early 2000s by inventor Patrick Racz in an effort to commercialize his ideas.
the type of mood is indicative in declarative type EM goal process: material circumstance:
time
circumstance: manner
passive structure with complement as circumstance time & manner
TM unmarked
topical
theme rheme
In this data, the interpersonal is marked by the existence of mood element (subject and finite) and residue element (predicator and complement). It is a statement about information by the speaker and invites to receive the information to the addressee (listener or reader).
In addition, the experiential is marked by goal that also has role as subject in interpersonal component, while material process shows how goal affect by other entity, which is circumstances of manner in the end of the clause.
Additionally, the textual is marked by theme and rheme shows about the old and new information. In this clause, the theme has categories as unmarked topical theme because the first word that appears is subject. Meanwhile, the rheme carries new information and develops the meaning in a text.
Data 3
Smartflash claimed that apple infringed three patents Analysis
smartflash claimed that apple infringed three patents
IM subject finite
(past)
predicator complement mood residue
the type of mood is indicative in declarative type EM actor process: material participant: goal
material process with subject as actor
TM unmarked
topical
theme rheme
In this clause, the interpersonal component is marked by mood, which are subject and finite (past), and residue (predicator and complement). In mood element, the word claimed includes to finite along with predicator because it is a part of verbal operators. The interpersonal component shows about a statement that demands information, it means that the speaker invites to the addressee to give the information.
Meanwhile, the experiential component is marked by actor, which has role as subject in interpersonal component. Smartflash as an actor is the one doing something that followed by material process to the entity, which may be done by goal that also has a role as complement in interpersonal component.
4.2 SFPC + Adj + Material Process + Unmarked topical theme
This classification consists of one data that has structure subject, finite, predicator, complement, and adjunct (interpersonal component), material process (experiential component) and has type of theme, which is unmarked topical theme (textual component).
Data 4
The recommendation will be sent to FIFA‟s executive committee for a final decision in Zurich on March 20, ending a four-year long saga over
Analysis
the type of mood is indicative in
declarative type with adjunct after complement EM actor process: material recipient
client material process with complement as recipient and adjunct as client
TM unmarked topical
theme rheme
In this data, the interpersonal component is marked by mood (subject and finite) and residue (predicator, complement and adjunct). It is a statement about information by the speaker to the addressee to receive the information about a final decision in Zurich.
Meanwhile, the experiential component is marked by material process with subject as actor, complement as recipient and adjunct as client that also known as beneficiary. In this case, the recipient is the one to whom the service is given, which means to a FIFA’s executive committee, while the client is for whom services are provided.
4.3 SFPC + Conjunctive Adj + Material Process + Unmarked topical theme
This classification consist of one data that has structure subject, predicator, complement, conjunctive (interpersonal component), material process (experiential component), and has type of theme, which is unmarked topical theme (textual component).
Data 5
We expect the clubs to be compensated for the damage that a final decision would cause.
EM actor process: material participant: goal client material process with subject as actor
TM unmarked topical
theme rheme
theme-rheme structure with subject as unmarked topical theme
In this case, the process of material consists of two participants, which are actor and goal. We as actor is the one who doing something to goal as other entity (the clubs to be compensated).
4.4 S + Circumstantial adj + FPC + Relational Process + Unmarked topical theme
This classification consist of one data that has structure subject, circumstantial adjunct (interpersonal component), relational process (experiential component) and has type of theme, which is unmarked topical theme (textual component).
Data 6
“Staging the World Cup in November and December is an organizational as well as a financial burden for European Leagues,”
Analysis
the type of mood is indicative in declarative type with circumstantial adjunct after subject
EM token circumstance: time
identifying: intensive participant: value
relational process with circumstantial of time after carrier position TM unmarked
topical
theme rheme
In this data, the interpersonal component is marked by mood (subject and finite) and residue (complement). It is a statement gives information from the speaker to the addressee (listener or reader) with the existence of circumstantial of time to explain when staging the world cup.
Meanwhile, the experiential component is marked by staging the world cup as token, which also has a role as subject in interpersonal component. The position of token means that staging the world cup stands for what is being defined. In other word, staging the world cup is the identity of an organizational as well as a financial burden for European Leagues.
4.5 Adj + SFP + Relational Process + Marked topical theme
This classification consist of one data that has structure adjunct, subject, finite, predicator (interpersonal component), material process (experiential component), and has type of theme, which is marked topical theme.
Data 7
When the tournament should be played Analysis
when the tournament should be played IM adjunct subject finite (future) predicator mood residue the type of mood is indicative in declarative type
with adjunct before subject
EM value identifying: intensive relational process with subject as value TM marked
topical
theme rheme
theme-rheme structure with adjunct & subject as marked topical theme
In this data, the interpersonal component is marked by mood element (subject and finite) and residue element (predicator without complement). It is a statement demands information from the speaker to the addressee (listener or reader) to give more information about the tournament.
Additionally, the textual component is marked by theme and rheme and has categories as marked topical theme, because the first word that appears is not subject but adjunct.
4.6 Mood adjunct + SFPC + Material Process + Interpersonal & Topical theme
This classification consist of one data and have structure mood adjunct, subject, finite, predicator, complement (interpersonal component), material process (experiential component), and has two types of theme, which are interpersonal and topical theme (textual component).
Data 8
Closely held Smartflash, which claimed that apple infringed three patents, was seeking $852 million in damages
Analysis
Closely held smartflash was seeking $852 million in damages IM mood adjunct Subject finite
(past)
predicator complement mood residue
the type of mood is indicative in declarative type with mood adjunct before subject
EM actor process: material participant: goal
passive structure with actor as subject TM interpersonal topical
In this data, the interpersonal component is marked by mood element (subject and finite) and residue element (predicator and complement) and the existence of mood adjunct in front of subject. In this case, the word closely held is mood adjunct because it expresses probability about the problem between smartflash and apple. In addition, the speech function is statement giving information, which indicated by the speaker to the addressee (listener or reader) to receive the information, in this case, is about $852 million in damages.
Additionally, the experiential component is marked by actor, which has role as subject in interpersonal component, material process, and goal as participant that formed in passive structure. In material process, they express a role that does something as the reason why it should be done; this entity is marked by goal as participant, which also as complement in interpersonal component.
4.7 SFP + Verbal Process + Unmarked topical theme
This classification consist of one data and has structure subject, predicator (interpersonal component), verbal process (experiential component), and has type of theme, which is unmarked topical theme (textual component).
Data 9
DLF managing director Andreas said Analysis
DLF managing director Andreas said IM subject finite
(past)
predicator mood residue the type of mood is indicative in declarative type
EM sayer process: verbal
verbal process with subject as sayer TM unmarked topical
theme rheme theme-rheme structure with subject as unmarked topical theme
In this data, the interpersonal component is marked by mood element, which are subject and finite. It is a statement about information by the speaker to the addressee (listener or reader), in this case the finite is a part of verbal operators expressing tense.
Whereas, the textual component is marked by theme-rheme and it consists of unmarked topical theme, because the first word that appear is subject.
4. 8 SFP + Adj + Verbal Process + Unmarked topical theme
This classification consist of one data and has structure subject, predicator, and adjunct (interpersonal component), verbal process (experiential component), and has type of theme, which is unmarked topical theme (textual component). Data 10
Ward said after the verdict was announced Analysis
Ward said after the verdict was announced
IM subject finite (past)
predicator adjunct mood residue
the type of mood is indicative in declarative type EM sayer process: verbal verbiage
verbal process projecting adjunct as indirect speech TM unmarked
topical
theme rheme
theme-rheme structure with subject as unmarked topical theme
In this data, the interpersonal component is marked by mood (subject and finite) and residue (complement). The predicator is not appears because it already fused with finite in residue element, it is a statement about information by the speaker, which invites the addressee (listener or reader) to receive the information.
signal source (sayer) with projecting adjunct as indirect speech, it also used to reported by ward as a sayer.
Additionally, the textual component is marked by theme-rheme that consists of unmarked topical theme because the first word that appears in the clause is subject.
4.9 SFPC + Verbal Process + Unmarked topical theme
This classification consists of one data and has structure subject, predicator, and complement (interpersonal component), verbal process (experiential component), and has type of theme, which is unmarked topical theme (textual component).
Data 11
English Premier League chief executive Richard Scrudamore said there was little discussion during Tuesday‟s meeting.
the type of mood is indicative in declarative type
EM sayer process: verbal existential circumstance: time verbal process projecting complement as indirect speech
TM unmarked
topical
theme rheme
In this data, the interpersonal component is marked by mood element (subject and finite) and residue element (complement). The predicator is not appear because it already fused with finite in mood element, it is statement about information to the addressee (listener or reader) about what the subject is talking about.
Meanwhile, the experiential component is marked by verbal process that consists of sayer and circumstance of time. The sayer has also role as subject used to encodes signal source with projecting complement as indirect speech, the projected clause explains what the subject said.
4.10 Adj + SFPC + Verbal Process + Marked topical theme
This classification consists of three data and have structure adjunct, subject, predicator, and complement (interpersonal component), verbal process (experiential component), and has type of theme, which is marked topical theme (textual component).
Data 12
After a federal jury said the company‟s iTunes software used a Texas company‟s patended inventions without permission
the type of mood is indicative in declarative typewith adjunct before subject
EM sayer process: verbal verbiage verbal process projecting complement as indirect speech TM marked topical
theme rheme
theme-rheme structure with subject and adjunct as marked topical theme
speaker selects a speech role that indicates the addressee (listener or reader) to receive the information.
In addition, the experiential component is marked by the subject, which has a role as sayer and predicator has verbal process. The verbal process shows a clause that encodes a signal source to responsible for the verbal process (sayer), in this case the verbal process used for reporting that also realized to signaling.
Meanwhile, the textual component that is marked by theme has a category as marked topical. It happens because the first word that appears in clause is not subject but adjunct.
Data 13
While apple said it was worth $4.5 million at most Analysis
while apple said it was worth $4.5 million
at most IM adjunct subject finite predicator
(past)
complement mood residue
the type of mood is indicative in declarative type with the existence of adjunct before subject
EM sayer process: verbal verbiage verbal process projecting complement as indirect speech
TM marked topical
theme rheme
In this data, the interpersonal component is marked by mood element (subject and finite) and residue element (complement). In mood component there is only subject without predicator because it already fused in finite, while adjunct that appear in the beginning of the clause can be identified as element, which do not have potential to become subject. It shows about statement gives information by the speaker to the addressee (listener or reader) to receive the information.
In addition, the experiential component is marked by the subject, which has a role as sayer and predicator has verbal process. The verbal process shows a clause that encodes a signal source to responsible for the verbal process (sayer), in this case the verbal process used for reporting.
Data 14
While the leagues said such a move would cause „great damage‟ to domestic soccer
Analysis
while the leagues said such a move would cause „great damage‟ to domestic soccer
IM adjunct subject finite predicator (past)
complement mood residue
the type of mood is indicative in type declarative with adjunct before subject
EM sayer process: verbal verbiage
verbal process projecting complement as indirect speech TM marked topical
theme rheme
theme-rheme structure with adjunct and subject as marked topical theme
In this data, the interpersonal component is marked by mood element (subject and finite) and residue element (complement). In mood element there is only subject without predicator because it already fused in finite, while adjunct appears in front of subject can be identified as element, which does not have potential to become subject. It shows about statement gives information by the speaker to the addressee (listener or reader) to receive the information.
Meanwhile, the textual component that is marked by theme-rheme has a category as marked topical because the first word that appears in clause is not subject but adjunct.
4.11 Conjunctive Adj + SFPC + Verbal Process + Marked topical theme This classification consists of one data and has structure conjunctive adjunct, subject, predicator, and complement (interpersonal component), verbal process (experiential component), and has type of theme, which is marked topical theme (textual component).
Data 15
Meanwhile, the world player‟s union FIF Pro said any discussion over shortening the World Cup should involve its members.
Analysis
the type of mood is indicative in declarative type with conjunctive adjunct
EM sayer process: verbal verbiage
verbal process projecting complement as indirect speech TM marked topical
theme rheme
In this data, the interpersonal component is marked by mood element (subject and finite), and residue element (complement). The predicator is not appear because it already fused with finite in mood element, it is shows the statement giving information by the speaker to the addressee to receive the information. Meanwhile, the conjunctive adjunct in the beginning of the clause is one of several types of adjuncts, which fall outside of mood structure.
In addition, the experiential component is marked by verbal process and it has two participants, which are sayer and verbiage. In verbal process, the projecting clause encodes a signal source (sayer) used for reporting about what the sayer is talking about.
4.12 SFPC + Mental Process + Unmarked topical theme
This classification consists of one data and has structure subject, finite, predicator, and complement (interpersonal component), mental process (experiential component), and has type of theme, which is unmarked topical theme (textual component).
Data 16
“The jury was very attentive, took good notes and worked very hard,”
Analysis
the type of mood is indicative in declarative type EM senser process: mental phenomenon
theme-rheme structure with subject as unmarked topical theme
In this data, the interpersonal component is marked by mood element (subject and finite) and residue element (predicator and complement). It is shows statement giving information by the speaker through passive structure to the addressee, which indicates to receive that information.
Additionally, the textual component is marked by theme-rheme that consists of unmarked topical theme because the first word that appear is subject.
Data 17
European clubs want compensation if FIFA stages the 2022 World Cup in Qatar in November and December.
Analysis
European clubs want compensation if FIFA stages the 2002 World
EM senser process: mental phenomenon
mental process with complement as phenomenon
TM unmarked
topical
theme rheme
theme-rheme structure with subject as unmarked topical theme
In this data, the interpersonal component is marked by mood (subject and finite) and residue (complement). The predicator is not appear because it already fused with finite in mood element, in this case the statement gives information from the speaker to the addressee (listener or reader).
interpersonal component. The process of mental shows how the European clubs as senser feels about compensation if FIFA stages the 2022 World Cup in Qatar in November and December as phenomenon through the word want as mental process.
Whereas, the textual component is marked by theme-rheme and has categories as unmarked topical theme because the first word that appear is subject.
4.13 SFPC + Relational process + Unmarked topical theme
This classification consists of one data and has structure subject, finite, predicator, and complement (interpersonal component), relational process (experiential component), and has type of theme, which is unmarked topical theme (textual component).
Data 18
Apple had sales of $18 billion for iTunes, software and services last fiscal year, about 10 percent of the company‟s revenue.
Analysis
apple had sales of $18 billion for iTunes software and services last fiscal year about 10 percent of the company‟s revenue
subject finite (past)
predicator complement mood residue
the type of mood is indicative in declarative type carrier process: relational:
attributive possessive
participant: attribute
relational process with finite & predicator as possessive attribution unmarked
topical
theme rheme
In this data, the interpersonal component is marked by mood that consists of subject and finite, and residue that consists of predicator and complement. The statement in interpersonal component is declarative and giving information from the speaker to the addressee about $18 billion for iTunes software and services.
In addition, the experiential component is marked by relational process that have carrier and attribute as participants. The carrier element has role as subject in interpersonal component and the type of relational process is attributive possessive, which is used to identify something, in this case is attribute as one of participant.
Additionally, the textual component is marked by theme and rheme, in this data, the theme has categories as unmarked topical theme because the first word in the clause is subject.
Data 19
The dispute is over digital rights management Analysis
the type of mood is indicative in declarative type EM carrier relationa process: attributive
In this data, the interpersonal component is marked by mood (subject and finite) and residue (predicator and complement). It shows a statement of information about digital rights management; in this case, the speaker invites to receive the information to the addressee (listener or reader).
Meanwhile, the experiential component is marked by relational process that has carrier and attribute as participants. The dispute as carrier also has a role as subject in interpersonal component; it is the one that assign quality to something, which is attribute (digital rights management).
4.14 SFPC + Existential process + Marked topical theme
This classification consists of two data and have structure subject, finite, and complement (interpersonal component), existential process (experiential component), and has type of theme, which is marked topical theme (textual
the type of mood is indicative in declarative type
EM process: existential participant: existent
existential process with complement as existent
TM marked
topical
theme rheme
theme-rheme structure with (dummy) subject as marked topical theme
Whereas, the experiential component is marked by there as existential, that has a role as dummy subject in interpersonal component, and bit of a relief trade
here that she wasn’t hawkish said Michael Materasso as existent is a phenomenon
from the function of existential process.
Meanwhile, the textual component is marked by theme and rheme. It has categories as marked topical theme, although there is subject but the position shows it as a role of dummy subject and has no representational function, which means not nominal group and expressed by verbs of existing.
Data 21
There is reason to feel good about the economic outlook. Analysis
the type of mood is indicative in declarative type
EM process: existential participant:
existent
circumstance: matter existential process with complement as existent & circumstance of matter
TM marked topical
theme rheme
In this data, the interpersonal component is marked by mood (dummy subject and finite) and residue (complement without predicator). The dummy subject there tells that such reason exists; in addition, the statement gives information by the speaker to the addressee to receive the information about the existence of reason to feel good.
Whereas, the experiential component is marked by existential process there has a role as dummy subject in interpersonal component, and reason to feel good as existent is a phenomenon from the function of existential process while the circumstantial matter explains what the reason (existent) is about.
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This chapter describes the conclusion and suggestion of the research. The conclusion explains about the data result of three functional components of meaning. Moreover, the suggestions are given for the next researchers to understand more about grammar analysis. In addition, it is also to make deeper research about three functional components of meaning in systemic functional grammar analysis.
5.1 Conclusions
From the analysis, there are 21 data consist of three functional components of meaning; interpersonal, experiential, and textual. Based on the analysis, the data describe about every role that has more than one function. Those functions consist of three different components, which are divided into several classifications. The classification shows that there are some different processes in the data. However, the classification shows same mood structure and types of theme. In interpersonal component, mood element has several kinds of finite. In addition, experiential component (transitivity process) consists of material process, relational process, verbal process, mental process, behavioral process and existential process. Moreover, textual component has types of theme, which are unmarked and marked.
of six clauses, four clauses for relational process, seven clauses for verbal process, and each of two clauses for mental and existential process. Although the data consist of same experiential component, it does not mean that the other components, which are interpersonal and textual have the same structure.
theme in data 18 and 19. Then, there are SFPC + existential process + marked topical theme in data 20 and 21 as the last of process in classifications.
Based on analysis, it can be seen that the clause in business and sports article on Jakarta Globe newspaper is declarative. The type of clause in two articles has three different components, which consist of interpersonal, experiential, and textual. Moreover, every clause in both articles is identified according to the dominant process type being selected by participants, which is material process.
In addition, business and sports articles also have a tendency of different mood structures and theme-rheme based on the classifications. Additionally, the existence of mood structure is marked with subject, finite, predicator and complement. It is a marker that the clause has mood and residue element although there are some data that begin with adjunct or conjunction. Therefore, the structure of mood and residue is very influential on the types of theme.
5.2 Suggestions
To make deeper research about functional grammar, the next researcher can analyze three functional components of meaning in novel as data source. In addition, the next researcher can analyze the other type of clause such as imperative and interrogative that are found in the novel.
