Ana lysis of dist a n ce fr om r oa d a n d e n t r a nce
There is a decreasing of forest area and t he qualit y it self w orldw ide especially in developing and t ropical count ries. I llegal logging is one of t he fact ors considered in causing t his condit ion. I llegal logging in t his r esearch is in a form of single t ree felling. This research t ried t o invest igat e t he physical fact ors affect ing single t ree felling of illegal logging using opt ical rem ot ely sensed dat a and GI S.
Two set s of Landsat - 7 ETM+ dat a acquired on 16 August 2002 and 31 May 2003 were used in t his research. Subpixel Classifier was applied t o obt ain t he classified m ap showing new ly logged point s, which is illegal logging spot s.
Som e physical fact ors w ere decided t o be analysed t o find out t heir r elat ionship w it h illegal logging. Tw o of t he fact ors are dist ance from roads and ent rance. Maps were built represent ing classes on t hose fact ors. Those m aps were individually crossed wit h illegal logging m aps of year 2002 and 2003. The relat ionship bet ween each fact or and percent age of illegal logging w as analysed using Spearm an’s correlat ion.
The result of overlay bet ween each fact ors and illegal logging m aps shows t heir relat ionship in bot h years. More illegal logging found in t he closer dist ance from roads and closer dist ance from ent rance.
I t is concluded t hat t here is a relat ionship bet ween dist ance from road and dist ance from ent rance w it h illegal logging.
GPS Global Posit ioning Syst em
I UCN int ernat ional union for conservat ion of nat ure and nat ural resources LEI Lem baga Ekolabel I ndonesia ( I ndonesian Ecolabelling I nst it ut e) MOI Mat erial of I nt erest im port ant product s. These act ivit ies have built t he relat ionship bet w een producer, consum er and t he product s. Forest funct ions will be m aint ained as long as t he forest is m anaged in sust ainable w ays.
I n fact , t here is a decr easing of forest area and t he qualit y it self w orldw ide especially in developing and t ropical count ries. Of t he 15.2 m illion ha of nat ural forest lost annually in t he t ropics, 14.2 m illion ha were convert ed t o ot her land uses and 1.0 m illion ha were convert ed t o forest plant at ions ( FAO, 2001) .
I llegal logging is one of t he fact ors considered causing deforest at ion ( Selam at , Moham ed, & Hussin, 2000) . I t is a logging neglect ing t he sust ainabilit y aspect due t o illegal act ivit ies. This process w ill definit ely cont ribut e t o t he rat e of deforest at ion.
The alarm ing rat e of deforest at ion has brought about people’s awareness t o have a bet t er forest m anagem ent . I nt ernat ional Tropical Tim ber Organizat ion ( I TTO) has form ulat ed t he definit ion of sust ainable forest m anagem ent ( SFM) as “ t he process of m anaging perm anent forest land t o achieve one or m or e clearly specified obj ect ives of m anagem ent wit h regard t o t he product ion of a cont inuous flow of desired forest product s and services w it hout undue reduct ion of it s inherent values and fut ure product ivit y and w it hout undue undesirable effect s on t he physical and social environm ent ” ( I TTO, 1992) .
1 .2 . Pr oble m St a t e m e n t
diseases, fire, overexploit at ion of forest product s ( indust rial wood, fuel wood) , poor harvest ing pract ices, overgrazing, air pollut ion and st orm s ( FAO, 2001) .
The deforest at ion rat e of I ndonesia bet ween 1985 and 1997 was around 1.8 m illion hect ares/ year. Bet ween 1985 and 1998, t he rat io of forest area t o t ot al land area fell from 62.7 percent t o 50.6 percent ( FAO, 2000) . Furt herm ore, FAO m ent ioned t hat dry low lands as t he m ost valuable for com m ercial logging and biodiversit y conservat ion have t he m ost forest cover loss.
Deforest at ion and forest degradat ion are m ost ly caused by illegal act iv it ies. These include over- cut t ing of forest s and cut t ing in unaut horised ar eas. I n I ndonesia, t here is a sm uggling of illegal logs t o neighbouring count ries. Widespread of illegal logging net works operat e at t he dist rict level. About 40- 60% of t he t ot al indust rial round w ood supply has been est im at ed com e from illegal logging ( FAO, 2000) .
Def ine t he research obj ect ives and research quest ion
St udy area select ion
Image preparat ion
Illegal logging maps
Ext ract ion inf ormat ion on f act ors af f ect ing illegal logging, logging int ensit y and f orest canopy densit y
Conclusions Field dat a collect ion
Dat a processing and analysis Training &
t est dat a
Map layers compilat ion
FCD mapping
Figure 1. 2. Research Approach
Lit erat ure st udy on f orest cert if icat ion, illegal logging, remot e sensing & GIS
A serious at t ent ion should be given t o com bat illegal logging. We need t o know what is happening in t he forest . The knowledge on what do people t ake int o account before t hey select a t ree, cut and saw n t he t im ber in t he spot illegally w ould help com bat ing illegal logging.
1 .3 . Re se a r ch Obj e ct ive s
The obj ect ive of t his research is t o invest igat e dist ance from road and dist ance from ent rance in affect ing illegal logging in a form of single t r ee felling using opt ical rem ot ely sensed dat a and GI S.
1 .4 . H ypot he sis
Dist ance from road and dist ance from ent rance affect ing illegal logging in a form of single t ree felling could be ident ified using opt ical rem ot ely sensed dat a and GI S.
1 .5 . Re se a r ch Qu e st ion s
I n order t o achieve t he obj ect ives of t his research, t he following quest ions need t o be answered:
1. Are t here r elat ionship bet ween dist ance from road and dist ance from ent rance and illegal logging in a form of single t ree felling?
2. How are t hose fact ors affect ing t he illegal logging of single t ree felling? 1 .6 . Re se a r ch a ppr oa ch
I n order t o achieve t he obj ect ives of t his research, t he research approach has been conduct ed as a guideline. The research approach is shown in Figure 1.2.
2 . LI TERATURE REV I EW 2 .1 . D e fin it ion a n d scope of ille ga l loggin g
Sm it h ( 2002) m ent ioned t hat illegal logging t erm refer s t o t im ber harvest ing- relat ed act ivit ies inconsist ent wit h nat ional ( or sub- nat ional) laws. The scope of t hose act ivit ies can be t he ent ire indust ry from wood harvest ing unt il product reaching t he m arket . The follow ing are different t ypes w hich considered as illegal logging ( Brack & Haym an, 2001) :
Logging in violat ing cont ract ual obligat ions
Obt aining concessions illegally, for exam ple, corrupt m eans
Logging nat ionally- prot ect ed species w it hout explicit perm ission
Logging out side concession boundaries
Logging in forbidden or prot ect ed areas
Rem oving under or over- sized t rees
Laundering illegal t im ber t hrough a concession
2 .2 . I lle ga l loggin g in I ndone sia
I llegal logging and ot her forest crim es have expanded int o prot ect ed areas of I ndonesia. There are m ore pressure on endangered and endem ic species of flora and fauna. A num ber of high profile species now face a real and ever- present t hreat of ext inct ion ( Wardoj o et al., 2001) .
Larsen ( 2002) has m ent ioned t hat I ndonesia‘s dom est ic wood supply of 2002 was 20 m illion cubic m et ers, while t he dem and st ood at som e 60 m illion cubic m et ers. This gap w as filled by illegal logging and dest roy t en m illion hect ares of I ndonesia’s forest .
The council had ident ified t he causes and cont ribut ory fact ors t o illegal logging ( I TTO, 2001) . The failure of forest laws, insufficient of m anagem ent and cont rol in t im ber product ion, availabilit y of m arket s for illegal logs, low risk and high profit abilit y of illegal logging, lack of int er- sect or coordinat ion are am ong fact ors m ent ioned by t he Council. Casson & Obidzinski ( 2002) m ent ioned a num ber of fact ors at t ribut ed t o t he recent boom in illegal logging including changes arising from “reform asi” – a calling for dem ocracy, reform and change – and t he new decent ralizat ion law s. Cent ral governm ent give t he aut horit y t o local governm ent t o m anage t heir nat ural resources. Governors and Regent s have t he aut horit y t o issue perm it s for sm all forest concessions. Governors were allowed t o grant concessions of up t o 10,000 ha, and Regent s were allowed t o grant concessions up t o 100 ha.
2 .3 . Re m ot e Se n sin g a nd GI S
Rem ot e sensing is t he science and art of obt aining inform at ion about an obj ect , area, or phenom enon t hrough t he analysis of dat a acquired by a device t hat is not in cont act w it h t he obj ect , area, or phenom enon under invest igat ion ( Lillesand & Kiefer, 1994) . I nform at ion is derived from t he im age dat a, which form a ( lim it ed) represent at ion of t he real world ( Janssen & Huurnem an, 2001) .
Rem ot e sensing relies on t he m easurem ent of elect rom agnet ic energy. Elect rom agnet ic energy can t ake several form s. Many sensors used in rem ot e sensing m easure reflect ed sunlight . Som e sensors, however, det ect energy em it t ed by t he Eart h it self or provide t heir own energy ( Janssen & Huurnem an, 2001) .
GI S st ands for geographic inform at ion syst em . I t is a com put erized syst em t hat helps in m aint aining dat a on geographic space. I n t he wider sense, a GI S consist s of soft w are, dat a, people, and an organizat ion in w hich it funct ions. A GI S alw ays consist s of m odules for input , st orage, analysis, display and out put of spat ial dat a ( de By, 2001) .
3 . STUD Y AREA
The select ed st udy area is locat ed in Berau Dist rict . The select ion of t he st udy area is im port ant in order t o achieve t he research obj ect ives and answer research quest ions. I t w as based on it s condit ion relat ed t o illegal logging act ivit ies.
3 .1 . Loca t ion
Labanan forest concession is locat ed in Berau Dist rict , East Kalim ant an Province, I ndonesia. The locat ion is bet ween lat it ude of 1o49’ N and 2o10’ N and longit ude of 116o57’ E and 117o27’ E. I t covers an area of 83,240 ha. According t o regional land use plan, Labanan area is allocat ed int o t hree land use t ypes. There are 54,567 ha of Fixed Product ion Forest , 26,997 ha of Lim it ed Product ion Forest and 1,676 ha of Non Product ion Forest . The locat ion of t he st udy area is shown in Figure 3.1.
3 .2 . For e st M a n a ge m e n t Syst e m
The forest concession was m anaged by a st at e ow ned com pany, called PT. I nhut ani I . I t was est ablished in 1974 and has applied select ive logging since 1976.
Adapt ive Collaborat ive Managem ent ( ACM) w as est ablished t o have part icipat ion from st akeholders in t his ar ea. On 4 February 2003, PT I nhut ani I and Regional Governm ent of Berau have an agreem ent on operat ional cooperat ion for m anaging Labanan forest by est ablishing a share com pany called PT Hut ansanggam Labanan Lest ari ( BUMNOnline, 2003) .
The forest m anagem ent unit has been div ided int o sev en five- year working plan areas ( know n as RKL :Rencana Karya Lim a t ahun) ( Table 3.1) . The five- year w orking plan areas are shown in Figure 3.2.
The silv icult ural syst em applied in t he st udy area is called select ive cut t ing and plant ing ( TPTI ) . According t o t he nat ional guidelines, an average of 8 t rees per hect are are felled at 35- year int erval. This m anagem ent unit is going t o ent er a second felling cycle by t he year 2011.
3 .3 . Clim a t e a nd for e st t ype Dipt erocarpus acut angulus, Shorea pinanga and Shorea hopeifolia ( Dahal, 2002) .
3 .4 . Th e la n dsca pe
The Labanan area consist s of undulat ing t o rolling plain w it h isolat ed m asses of high hills and m ount ains. I t is locat ed in inland of coast al sw am ps. The elevat ion of t he st udy area ranges from about 12.5 t o 437.5 m above sea level. According t o Mant el ( 1998) m ent ioned in Bhandari ( 2003) , t he Labanan landscapes can be cat egorized as follows:
- Flat land: t he floodplains adj acent t o t he river Siduung, Kelai and Segah
- Sloping land: t he dom inant landscape of t he area, undulat ing t o rolling plain w it h hillocks
- St eep land: t he m edium t o high gradient hills
- Com plex landform s: t he lim est one associat ed landscapes consist ing of undulat ing plains w it h rock out crops
3 .5 . Socio- e con om ica l con dit ion
There are fift een villages and set t lem ent including 3 t ransm igrat ion set t lem ent unit s surrounding Labanan area. There are 2 t ransm igrat ion set t lem ent unit s inside t he area. The locat ion of villages can be seen in Figure 3.3.
There are t wo t ypes of com m unit y in t he area; t he first is a com m unit y originat ed from Java, brought by t he governm ent around 10 years ago t hrough t ransm igrat ion program . They m ainly pract ice perm anent low land agricult ure as t hey did previously in Java. The second is a Dayak Com m unit y. They live in som e relat ively new villages. They pract ice shift ing cult ivat ion and collect non- t im ber forest product . Not so m any of t hem w ork as an em ployee of forest m anagem ent com pany or governm ent ( Novarina, 2003) .
3 .6 . Acce ssibilit y
Labanan area has a very good accessibilit y. There are m ain roads passing t hrough t he area connect ing Tanj ung Redeb t o Sam arinda ( t he capit al cit y of East Kalim at an Province) and from Tanj ung Redeb t o som e villages in Labanan.
Figure 3. 3. Location of villages in and surrounding Labanan Forest Concession (Novarina, 2003)
4 . M e t h ods a n d M a t e r ia ls
The research m et hods are div ided int o 3 st ages. The st ages are Pre- fieldwork, Fieldwork and Post - fieldwork.
4 .1 . Pr e - Fie ldw or k St a ge
The basic st ep of t his research is lit erat ure review. The lit erat ure is relat ed t o t he obj ect ive of t his research and st eps t o com e t o t he answers of t he research quest ions. The lit erat ure st udy covers t he follow ing subj ect s:
Forest cert ificat ion w orldw ide and in I ndonesia
I llegal logging act ivit ies and im pact
Rem ot e sensing and GI S
For t he fieldwork purposes, t he im ages were prepared. The im ages were geo-referenced. I t was print ed as hard copies for ground t rut h, field observat ion and com parison purposes.
4 .2 . Fie ldw or k St a ge
Colle ct ion of fie ld da t a
The freshly logged point s were purposively found by t racking t he freshly used t rails by illegal loggers on eit her side of t he road. All point s encount ered in t he forest t hat seem ed t o have been logged wit hin one year were recorded.
Coordinat es of perm anent point s such as road j unct ions were also collect ed t o im prove t he georeference of t he im age. These variables were ent ered in a t ally sheet , which was prepared before going int o t he field.
4 .3 . Post - Fie ldw or k St a ge
The fieldwork has given t he knowledge on what is going on in t he spot relat ed t o illegal logging. I llegal logging in t his research is in a for m of single t ree felling. Tree was sawn in t he spot and t ransport ed out side. Spot s w ere found along t he m ain and secondary roads.
Based on t he field invest igat ion, inform at ion and relat ed r eferences, som e fact ors had been t aken int o account t o be analysed in t heir relat ion wit h illegal logging. Those fact ors are dist ance from roads and dist ance from ent rance.
4 .3 .1 . Pr e pa r a t ion of fa ct or m a ps
Figure 4.1 shows t he st eps on preparat ion and const ruct ion of fact or m aps. Dat a needed for t hese m aps were const ruct ed using I LWI S:
Dist ance m aps: road, river, ent rance 4 .3 .2 . Con st r u ct ion of fa ct or m a ps
Classes were det erm ined for each fact or. Each class represent ed t he range of values w it hin input m ap. Each input m aps were classified according t o t heir ranges. Those m aps w ere creat ed using I LWI S. At first , dom ain of each input w as creat ed. The dom ain cont ains t he classes and range of values for t he input m ap. The range of classes was defined wit h equal int erval.
The follow ing are t he input m aps which w ere being furt her classified:
D ist a n ce fr om r oa d
There are roads passing t hrough t he t est sit e. Findings in t he field have shown t hat illegal logging spot s found along t he road. The dist ance from road was divided int o 200 m int erval. There are 11 classes in 200 m int erval. Those classes are 1- 200 m ( Class 1) , 201- 400 ( Class 2) , 401- 600 ( Class 3) , 601- 800 ( Class 4) , 801- 1000 ( Class 5) , and so on unt il beyond 2000 m ( Class 11) .
D ist a n ce fr om e n t r a nce
4 .3 .3 . Ana lysis of ph ysica l fa ct or s
Each fact or was ident ified in 2 sources of inform at ion: illegal logging m ap of 2002 and illegal logging m ap of 2003. Bot h m aps are t he result of Subpixel classifier
Each input m ap w as crossed w it h each illegal logging m ap. This st ep gave t he evidence which fact ors have relat ionship w it h illegal logging.
4 .4 . M a t e r ia ls
The research considered cert ain t ypes of dat a and inform at ion relat ed t o t he st udy area. Landsat - 7 ETM+ of 31 May 2003 was t he input of FCD Mapper. The t wo m aps of illegal logging w ere t he result of subpixel classificat ion of Landsat - 7 ETM im ages; acquired dat e of 16 August 2002 and 31 May 2003.
Maps were needed t o const ruct input m aps: cont our, RKL, boundary, river, road and ent rance. Dat a and inform at ion relat ed t o t he st udy area were also needed. These dat a cam e from t he forest com pany and relat ed inst it ut ions.
5 . RESULTS AN D D I SCUSSI ON S
This chapt er describes t he result s obt ained t hrough dat a processing following t he m et hods of t he research. I t w ill be used t o answ er t he research quest ions.
2 .4 Fie ld k now le dge on ille ga l loggin g a ct ivit ie s
I n year 2002, Bhandari ( 2003) found t hat t he dist ance of 1 km from road as an effect ive range of logging. I t can be considered logical because if t he felling operat ion t akes place far from t he road, t he operat ion becom es m ore expensive. From t he field knowledge, he m ent ioned t hat nobody ent ers very deep in t he forest t o log a t ree because all logging ar e m ainly for com m ercial purpose. Dist ance fact or can be used t o refine t he inform at ion derived from rem ot ely sensed dat a.
Figure 5. 1. Truck loading sawn wood from single tree felling (Bhandari, 2003)
As t he t im e goes by, people becom e m ore and m ore seeing t he pot ent ial of having incom e from cut t ing t rees illegally in t he form of single t ree felling. Based on t he fieldwork conduct ed in year 2003, people can go furt her t han 1 km from t he m ain roads. They use t he secondary road t hat was a logging road and skidding t rails of t he com pany in t he last felling schem e ( period of 1976- 1980) . They bring t he sawn t im ber t o t he locat ion where t he t ruck was ready t o t ransport t o furt her dest inat ion ( Figure 5.1.) .
The loggers consist group of people of 6 t o 7. They select and cut a single com m ercial t ree and sawn it on t he spot . The sawn t im ber would be brought out side m anually and put by t he people near t he m ain road. Lat er, a t ruck was ready t o t ransport t he t im ber t o t heir dest inat ion. So, t hey w ill select t he t rees from a reasonable dist ance, which should not be far from t he m ain roads.
Figure 5. 2. Base camps found in some location inside the study area
having t he place t o st ay, t hey can go furt her inside and st ore t he sawn t im ber in t hose cam ps ( Figure 5.2.) . Lat er, t hey can t ransport t he sawn t im ber t o t he m ain road.
The old logging roads inside t he area were est ablished by t he com pany in t he logging year of 1976- 1980. The lengt h of t he road was 2- 4 km from m ain roads t o inside t he forest . There w as no illegal logging found beyond 4 km due t o t he accessibilit y. During t he fieldwork, t he fart hest dist ance where illegal logging spot s found was 1.5 km from t he m ain roads. The spot s had been revisit ed by t he com pany and found t he fart hest dist ance range of 1- 2 km1. I n RKL 1, about 60% of t he area is w it hin 2 km dist ance from roads. The condit ion of t he road is not t he sam e in whole area. Som e roads are st ill accessible for t he t ruck t o com e inside for a short dist ance. Ot hers are difficult t o be accessed by t ruck due t o bad condit ion and st eep slope.
By having t he field knowledge and inform at ion, t he result of t he im age classificat ion of 2003 was refined wit h t he dist ance fact or. The dist ance considered as an effect ive range for t he loggers was 2 km from t he m ain road.
5 .3 . Re la t ion ship be t w e e n physica l fa ct or s a nd ille ga l logging
I n order t o see t he relat ionship bet w een physical fact ors and illegal logging, overlay operat ion was conduct ed bet ween each fact or m ap and illegal logging m ap of 2002 and 2003. I t was decided t o consider t he percent age of illegal logging by dividing illegal logging area found in each class w it h t he t ot al area of illegal logging of whole st udy area.
5 .3 .1 . D ist a n ce fr om r oa d
Dist ance from road was calculat ed using dist ance calculat ion in I LWI S. This m ap w as furt her classified int o 200 m int erval ( Figure 5.3) . The m ain road is passing t hrough
1
t he st udy area. This road is a provincial road connect ed Tanj ung Redeb ( Dist rict dist ance. The illegal logging found in 2003 are reaching beyond t he range of dist ance in 2002. percent age, t here was decreasing num ber of illegal logging in lower classes ( 200- 400 m ) and increasing num ber of illegal logging percent age in classes 3- 5 ( 600- 2000 m ) . I t m eans m ore logging in t he closer and furt her dist ance from t he roads.
Figure 5. 4. Illegal logging area within distance from road classes
I n bot h years, t he correlat ion bet ween percent age of illegal logging area and t he dist ance from road is found very high ( rs= - 1 ( year 2002) , rs= - 0.988 ( year 2003) , 0.01
level, 2- t ailed) . The closer t o t he road, t he m ore I llegal logging found. I t is in accordance wit h what was found in t he field. Good accessibilit y is t he m ost im port ant fact or affect ing illegal logging in t erm s of t ransport ing t he illegal saw n t im ber of single t ree felling.
5 .3 .2 . D ist a n ce fr om m a in e n t r a n ce of t h e a r e a
The roads passing t hrough t he st udy area are provincial roads. I t is a connect ion of Berau Dist rict and it s m aj or cit y Tanj ung Redeb and t he capit al of t he province of East Kalim ant an, t he cit y of Sam arinda. All m ain t ransport at ion t o Sam arinda such as buses, t rucks and public car pass t hrough t he road. People can pass t hrough t he area easily. The ent rance t o t he st udy area is considered t o be im port ant as t he ent rance for m any people, including t ransm igrant and people from out side of t he area.
Figure 5. 5. Distance from entrance classes
This ent rance also leads t o t he m arket out side t he area. Using dist ance calculat ion from ent rance, t he dist ance m ap of ent rance was obt ained. This m ap was classified int o 1 km int erval ( Figure 5.5) . The logging area wit hin t hose classes was t he result of overlay bet w een t his m ap and illegal logging m ap.
Compar ison of illegal logging per centage
Figure 5. 6. Comparison of illegal logging percentage within distance from entrance
Figure 5.6 show s t he t rend of illegal logging percent age relat ed t o t he dist ance from ent rance. The m ost illegal logging area w as found in t he close dist ance w it h t he ent rance. The furt her t he dist ance, t he low er t he percent age of illegal logging. This t rend is also in accordance wit h t he correlat ion analysis. I t shows a high correlat ion ( year 2002: rs= - 0.859, 0.01 level, 2- t ailed; year 2003: rs= - 0.788, 0.01 level,
2-t ailed) .
5 .4 . Ana lysis of fa ct or s a ffe ct in g ille ga l logging
The st udy area covers 6,748.2 ha of product ion forest . This area has been logged bet ween t he year of 1976 and 1980. Aft er 24- 28 years being logged, t he forest has already recovered from logging. The second felling cycle by t he m anaging com pany will begin in year 2011.
Logging by t he m anaging com pany is a planned logging. I t follow s t he rule given by governm ent on forest m anagem ent . The issue of sust ainabilit y is t he basic concept t o have a good m anagem ent of t he area.
The silvicult ural syst em applied in t he st udy area is called select ive cut t ing and plant ing ( TPTI ) . According t o t he nat ional forest m anagem ent guidelines an average of 8 t rees per hect are are felled at 35- years int erval.
What is happening in t he field can be t he base of argum ent t o do im m ediat e act ions t o st op t his sit uat ion. The know ledge on relat ionship bet w een physical fact ors and percent age of illegal logging can give an idea about how people decided t o select and cut t he t rees.
There are som e resear ch on relat ionship bet ween physical fact ors and deforest at ion ( At o, 1996; Selam at et al, 2000; Bavaghar et al, 2003) . Those physical fact ors are including dist ance from road, slope, dist ance from set t lem ent , dist ance from river, elevat ion, soil, forest cover and aspect .
The result on relat ionship bet w een physical fact ors and percent age of illegal logging has shown t hat t he exist ence of road is t he m ain issue. I t is in accordance wit h t he field findings. I n t racking t he spot of illegal logging, it is very clear t hat people st art ing t he logging in t he closer dist ance from t he road. Cont inuously t hey select each t ree as t hey are m oving furt her from t he road aft er having t rees cut in t he closer dist ance. This is relat ed also wit h t he cost and t im e benefit of having t he closer dist ance.
I n year 2002, alm ost 61% of t he illegal logging area is concent rat ed wit hin 200 m dist ance from roads. While in year 2003, t he loggers have m ove furt her inside. Alm ost 67% of illegal logging ar ea in year 2003 is wit hin 1 km from t he road. The illegal logging spot s found in year 2003 are reaching beyond t he range of dist ance found in year 2002.
Secondary road t hat is t he old logging road of RKL 1 has also becom e an access t o m ove furt her ( Figure 5.8) . Even t hough, m ost of t hese roads are difficult t o be accessed. These were abandoned roads and oft en up and down in t erm s of slope condit ion. People can st ill access t his area by foot and t ransport t he sawn t im ber t o t he road m anually.
2
1
Figure 5. 8. Passage f ound in t he side of t he main road t o go inside t he area (1)
logging wer e found wit hin 600 m dist ance from roads. The forest in t his dist ance has becom e vulnerable t o be logged.
The findings on dist ance from roads and slope found sim ilar in research on deforest at ion ( ( At o, 1996) ; Bavaghar et al, 2003) . More deforest ed area found in t he closer dist ance from exist ing roads and in t he flat t er rain. I t is m ore vulnerable t o hum an dist urbance.
I llegal loggers considered t he closer dist ance from roads t o be m ore efficient in t erm s of cost , t im e and securit y. I t is in accordance wit h t he field findings t hat m ore logging found in t he closer dist ance from roads. The loggers would easily bring t he sawn wood t o t he side of t he road, so t he t ruck can bring it lat er ( Figure 5.9) .
Figure 5. 9. The sawn wood was lef t in t he side of t he road, lat er will be picked up by t rucks
The ent rance t o RKL 1 was considered t o be analysed relat ed t o illegal logging. There are roads passing t hrough t he ot her part of Labanan Concession, but t he area of RKL 1 has shown a prom inent condit ion of illegal logging. This is t he only ent rance t o m any people from out side t he area.
As m ent ioned before, t he road passing t hrough RKL 1 is a provincial road. I t is t he connect ion road of dist rict capit al of Berau and capit al cit y of East Kalim ant an. Most operat ing saw m ills are locat ed w it hin 10 km radius of t he dist rict capit al of Tanj ung Redeb ( Obidzinksi & Suram enggala, 2000) . Loggers go inside t he area t o conduct illegal logging and bring t he t im ber t o furt her dest inat ion for selling it .
6 . CON CLUSI ON S AN D RECOM M EN D ATI ON S
This chapt er includes conclusions and recom m endat ions t hat were drawn based on t he findings of t his research. The obj ect ive of t his research is t o invest igat e t he physical fact ors affect ing illegal logging in a form of single t ree felling using opt ical rem ot ely sensed dat a and GI S.
6 .1 . Con clu sions
1. Regarding t o research quest ion 1 : “Ar e t h e r e r e la t ion sh ip be t w e e n dist a n ce fr om r oa d a n d dist a n ce fr om e nt r a n ce a nd ille ga l loggin g in a for m of single t r e e fe llin g?
Dist ance from roads and dist ance from ent rance are t he physical fact ors t hat have st rong relat ionship w it h illegal logging in a form of single t ree felling.
2. Regarding t o research quest ion 2: “H ow a r e t h ose fa ct or s a ffe ct in g ille ga l loggin g in a for m of sin gle t r e e fe lling?
Based on field knowledge and t he analysis of relat ionship bet w een physical fact ors and illegal logging area, it is concluded t hat t he physical fact ors affect ing illegal logging are relat ed t o accessibilit y t o t he area. Good accessibilit y giv es benefit t o illegal loggers in t erm s of cost and t im e efficiency and m inim izing t he effort in
By having an increasing and devast at ing num ber of illegal logging area, m onit oring of newly logged point s should be done in short period of t im e cont inuously. The m et hods of det ect ing and m onit oring illegal logging should be developed. The t est and validat ion of classificat ion result should be furt her developed in relat ion w it h t he condit ion in t he field.
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