DESIGNING A CORPUS-BASED DICTIONARY OF K-3 VOCABULARY IN “ENGLISH IN FOCUS” GRADE VII, VIII, IX
THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
Sarjana Pendidikan
Ignatius Ferdian Chrysta Enggar Tritika
NIM: 112013030
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION PROGRAM
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS
UNIVERSITAS KRISTEN SATYA WACANA SALATIGA
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE……….i
PERNYATAAN TIDAK PLAGIAT………..…….ii
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN AKSES………...iii
APPROVAL PAGE………...……….iv
COPYRIGHT STATEMENT………..v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vi
INTRODUCTION ... 1
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 3
I. Vocabulary ... 3
Importance of Vocabulary ... 5
II. Vocabulary Learning Strategies... 6
Dictionary Use ... 7
THE STUDY ... 9
Research Method ... 9
Data Collection ... 10
Research Instrument ... 10
Data Analysis ... 11
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 12
CONCLUSION ... 90
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DESIGNING A CORPUS-BASED DICTIONARY OF K-3 VOCABULARY IN “ENGLISH IN FOCUS” GRADE VII, VIII, IX
Ignatius Ferdian Chrysta Enggar Tritika
INTRODUCTION
In our country the use of English in beginner level is less than enough. It
can be seen from junior high school in Salatiga, some students do not really pay
attention to their English lesson especially the lack of vocabularies. I can state that
because in learning English the most difficult thing is about vocabularies, without
vocabularies they will find it difficult to learn to the next level. Thus, it can be
assumed that the lack of vocabulary is a major problem of learning English. From
my statement above there is a major problem happen and from the problem, I
know what the big problem is. We can see and count how much vocabulary that
the students mastered. For beginner learners, vocabulary can be seen as an
important basic/role in learning English. Some Researchers (Laufer and Nation,
1999; Maximo, 2000; Read, 2000; Gu, 2003; Marion, 2008; and Nation, 2011 as
cited in Alqahtani, 2015, p. 21), have realized that the use of vocabulary is
important for successful foreign language to complete spoken and written texts.
For beginner learners of L2, vocabulary can be used as a first step to reach
the higher level. Focusing on the use of vocabulary this study tries to help the
students in SMPN 7 to have sufficient vocabulary knowledge which is the most
important thing to be learned. Although they have written the sentence in their
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of vocabulary. Wilkins (1972) as cited in Alqathani (2015, p. 22) states that it
would not be a problem if the learners not knowing about the use of grammar,
however vocabulary is significant since it conveys meaning.
Focusing about vocabularies in beginner level or L2 learners, there is a
need of using the vocabularies in the classroom, which is how the vocabularies
can convey meaning although the grammar is not correct. In this context we need
to know that how learning strategies will be the first important thing that teachers
have to learn to make the student‟ vocabularies becomes better. The language
demands of academic learning in the study of vocabulary development are
enormous. The more innovation teaching strategies the teacher in the English for
Academic Purposes classroom could make an increasing in student understanding
in learning English. As cited in Alqahtani (2015: 23) Maximo (2000) stated many
reasons for devoting attention to vocabulary. “First, a large vocabulary is of
course essential for mastery of a language. Second language acquirers know this;
they carry dictionaries with them, not grammar books, and regularly report that
the lack of vocabulary is a major problem‟‟.
The aim of designing this dictionary is to help the students while they are
learning English focusing on their handbooks with simple vocabularies, because a
lot of English dictionaries that I know might be too complicated for beginner
learners like junior high school students. Therefore, I am interested to learn more
about ”how Corpus-Based Dictionary of K-3 vocabularies in „English in Focus‟
Book VII,VIII, IX basic vocab can be designed for the students in Salatiga”. This
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commonly used in an academic text. The aim of designing this corpus-based
dictionary is to help the students while they are learning English focusing on their
handbooks with simple vocabularies. It is hoped that this study will be beneficial
for EFL teachers in providing a better platform for students to learn vocabulary.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE I. Vocabulary
One of the most challenges of learning in the second language during a
process of learning is vocabulary. Mustapha (2011, p. 84) Vocabulary had been
recognized as crucial to language use in which insufficient vocabulary knowledge
of the learners led to difficulties in second language learning. Thus, in the case of
learning the vocabulary in the second language, students need to be educated with
vocabulary learning strategies. As Nation (2001, p. 6) said when we plan the
vocabulary goals of a long-term course of study, we can look at three kinds of
information to help decide how much vocabulary needs to be learned: the number
of words in the language, the number of words known by native speakers and the
number of words needed to use the language.
After knowing students‟ goals of learning second language especially in
vocabulary there are some ways of learning vocabulary. It can also become the
first step to start making use of the unknown words they meet in many contexts.
There are two approaches to teaching vocabulary that have their own strengths
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Because these two approaches are different Schmitt (2000, p. 146) said that
explicit approaches to vocabulary learning, whether teacher-led in the classroom
or through self-study, can only provide some elements of lexical knowledge. Even
lexical information amenable to conscious studies, such as meaning cannot be
mastered by explicit study, because it is impossible to present and practice all of
the creative uses of a word that a student might come across. Therefore, explicit
and incidental approaches are both in the course of learning vocabulary.
In Schmitt's book (2000) traditional approaches to vocabulary teaching
have unsurprisingly focused on activities for the explicit study of vocabulary.
Sokmen (1997, pp. 146-147) as cited in Schmitt (2000) surveys explicit
vocabulary teaching and highlights a number of key principles:
• build a large sight vocabulary
• integrate new words with old
• provide a number of encounters with a word
• promote a deep level of processing
• facilitate imaging
• make new words “real” by connecting them to the student‟s world in some
way.
• use a variety of techniques
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Depend on some principles above, Schmitt (2000, p. 147) want to talk
about how to maximize student‟s vocabulary knowledge by defining the
underlying meaning concept to give an effect of teaching, by enabling students to
understand the word in a much wider variety of contexts. Teacher also can make it
a habit when introducing a new word to mention the other members of its word
family.
Different with an explicit approach, in incidental learning approaches to
vocabulary teaching and learning, the key to an incidental learning approach is to
make sure that learners get maximum exposure to language. Definitely, the most
effective way to do this is to transplant the learner into a country or situation
where the L2 is the primary language. This desirable approach is not widely
available to students around the world so teacher should find ways of increasing
their students‟ exposure to the L2.
Importance of Vocabulary
Reading
In every learning process of second language there are 4 skills that are
very important to learn vocabulary. Depend on Nation (2001, p. 145) research
small amounts of incidental vocabulary learning occur from reading. These small
amounts can become big if learners read large quantities of comprehensible text.
Robertson (2015) also said, “there is a high correlation between academic success
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vocabulary knowledge, reading comprehension will be affected. As a result,
teachers need to carry out more vocabulary instruction”.
Listening, Writing, and Speaking
Vocabulary research has tended to focus on reading, but vocabulary is
obviously necessary for the other three skills as well. In the teaching of writing,
many teachers focus on the grammatical well-formedness of a composition,
however lexis may be the element requiring more attention Schmitt (2000, p.
155). Ellis (1994) as cited in Schmitt (2000, p. 155) shown that lexical errors tend
to impede comprehension more than grammatical errors and native speaking
judges tend to rate lexical errors as more serious than grammatical errors. A
typical problem is that learners often use basic vocabulary where a good
native-speaking writer would use more precise lower-frequency words.
When it comes to verbal skills, lexis is somewhat easier because much less
is required for listening and speaking than for reading and writing, Schmitt (2000,
p. 157). For the conclusion of an importance of vocabulary in these four skills is
that vocabulary teaching means more than just introducing new words, it also
includes nurturing partially known vocabulary along to the point where learners
can use it at will.
II. Vocabulary Learning Strategies
Understanding the need of L2 learners, it cannot be denied that vocabulary
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second language. As Abdulhay (2015, p. 12) said it is crucial to acquaint students
with vocabulary learning strategies (henfort VLSs) so that they can do this more
effectively. Abdulhay (2015, p. 13) also states that, to compensate for the mass of
vocabulary in language, teachers can also train learners directly the ways to
improve their own vocabulary by teaching them apposite in contrast to simply
letting students learn vocabulary by themselves.
However, there are different means to achieve this goal. VLSs are
burgeoning and flourishing: mechanical/rote learning strategies (interchangeably
used terms), use of bilingual dictionary, keyword and grouping strategies, etc.
Learners discrepantly assume diverse strategies that give back to them. Some
learners canalize their effort into learning words from a list or doing various
vocabulary dry runs. However it may appear cliché and passé to some other
learners. Not with standing manifold of studies spur students to utilize all possible
ways to learn vocabulary. Related with the way of learning which looks cliché and
passé, Richards (1980) and Krashen (1989) as cited in Alqahtani (2015) said
“First, a large vocabulary is of course essential for mastery of a language. Second
language acquirers know this; they carry dictionaries with them, not grammar
books, and regularly report that the lack of vocabulary is a major problem‟‟. It can
be seen that vocabulary inside dictionary becomes one of many ways that could be
a key in for L2 learners.
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A single word may have several possible meanings, and the appropriate
one can often be determined based on context Huang, Eslami (2013, p. 1). A
common situation is that, for example, when a learner meets an unknown word in
the text and fails to infer the meaning through context, they might be advised to
consult a dictionary Lai,Yu-ling (2005, p. 25). It is also written in Hayati and
Fattahzadeh (2006, p. 125) dictionaries often supply information about the
language not found elsewhere. Dictionaries often supply information about
grammar, usage, status, synonym, discrimination, application of derivative
affixes, and distinctions between spoken and written English not generally treated
in textbooks, even in a rudimentary fashion (Bensoussan, Sim and Weiss, 1984, p.
263).
Indeed, the dictionary use studies mentioned above support the idea that looking
up words can increase learners‟ coverage of the text and enable comprehension
Prichard (2008, p. 3). There was a significant correlation between the number of
words looked up and the comprehension scores of less proficient learners in
Knight (1994) as cited in Prichard (2008, p. 3), suggesting that dictionary use
helped these learners reach the comprehension threshold. Dickinson (1920, p.
539) also support the “dictionary habit” is certain to occur to some as the only
cure for a poor vocabulary. Frankly, to my way of thinking, the “dictionary habit”
is one of the greatest consents in educational practice of the day. Based on this
research, designing a Corpus-Based Dictionary can enable the learners‟ language
comprehension. As Paradis, Willners (2006) said that the other use of corpus
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information that will help them setting up natives like links between words and
meaning.
THE STUDY
Research Method
The study adopted a document analysis method design which was the
other type of data collection tools used in qualitative research. “Documents are
printed or written records that may have existed before the start of the study, such
as a personal diary, or that were created after the study began, such as students
essays“ Jossey – Bass (2006) . As a study that was done by Hoffman (2004) who
examined how student‟s diversity was represented in high school yearbooks and
compared yearbook content to information obtained through interviews with
students. Some documents and artifacts such as bulletin boards, meeting minutes,
newspaper, or yearbooks might be publicly available documents. Depending on
Hoffman (2004), the documents and artifacts will help the researcher to do this
research which use handbook “English in Focus‟ grade VII, VIII, IX to know
about the lack of vocabulary in junior high school students in Salatiga. It is
important to create K-3 dictionary because for teachers and students who really
involved in learning, it would be useful in selecting the vocabulary that is needed
and most relevant for learning.
The material that the researcher used was the whole book of English in
Focus grade VII, VIII, IX written by Artono Wardiman, Masduki B. Jahur, M.
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Nasional Tahun 2008. This book was also recommended by the Ministry of
Education and Culture.
Data Collection
For the data collection the researcher compiled the “English in Focus”
book from pdf into MS word to make it simple and could be edited easily. The
purpose was deleting some unnecessary vocabulary items to be input in
vocabulary software / application. In this part there were some rules about what
the researcher should delete in this book. The unnecessary texts were Indonesian
words for example the preface, and then some proper names for example name of
people (Dedy, Rudy), towns (Bogor, Jakarta), places in Indonesia (Bogor
Botanical Garden), and scientific words (R. Arnoldiana). The last unnecessary
thing was about deleting all numbers in this text.
Research Instrument
In relation to the Research Instrument, the researcher had a tool to be used
in this research. The tool I used was Compleat Lexical Tutor which was available
at www.lextutor.Ca. It was divided into two steps , Vocabprofiler and Concordancer which had different function. For the Vocabprofiler the function
was to identify vocabulary items in different frequency groups. Then, the
Concordancer which was to identify contexts of particular word to be put in the
11 Data Analysis
After compiling the data from pdf to MS word, the researcher started to
organize the data into textbook to make it reliable. Then, run vocabprofiler to
identify word frequency group using VP-Compleat and select NAWL to produce
word frequency profile. After that, copied NSGL3 (K-3) and extracted the word
group to produce list of words for the dictionary entry. From the content words,
deleted some vocabulary items that were not necessary for the dictionary entry for
example: (am, and, but, then, etc). The chosen words were used as new list of
words and data for the dictionary for example : (able, about, account, etc). For
selecting the useful contexts (sentences) where the selected were used the
researcher used Corcondancer. We could select no 1: Corpus concordance :
English. Type an entry word, for example, able, as a key word. Then select 1k
Graded Corps from the menu list. From Corcondancer we could get the
concordance from the available list of context, selected the examples that had
different grammatical patterns where the key work is used. When the key word is
hit, a new page appeared showing the larger context. The amount of data (context)
selected should provide sufficient clue for the meaning on the key word. Every
key word that included in a sentence was translated by me and sometimes used
some online dictionaries. We also included 5 examples of sentences in different
context. For the dictionary content the researcher only includes 150 words from
some words that appeared from the tools. For this data analysis, 150 had
represented the number of all K-3 words. So, total of the example of these data
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FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
The data were collected from book “English in Focus”. This book has
three levels from grade VII, VIII, and IX. From these books, I collected some
vocabularies from K3 group. In every vocabularies that I used, should include of
five example sentences which could be representative. To find these five
sentences I used concordance corpus. From this corpus I usually used 1K Graded
Corpus, 2K Graded Corpus, and Academic General. 1K Graded Corpus consists
of 1000 word families from 2K Graded corpus which is 90% of it. Then, 2K
Graded Corpus is vocabprofile consists of 2000 word families which were created
of hundreds of graded readers. I also used Academic General which is
vocabprofile consists of 6 million word families. Then, for the sentence that I
selected should base on grammatical features that were used before and after a
particular lexical item.
There were several criteria for selecting sample sentence. They were article,
adverb, conjunction, verb, pronoun, preposition, adjective, infinitive, auxiliaries,
determiner, possessive, noun, and collocation. Below, there was a brief
explanation of those criteria based on grammar book “The Teacher‟s Grammar of
English” written by Ron Cowan (2008) every criteria also have two sentences for
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Article : Article is the words which can be followed by noun and/or
adjective phrases. There are 2 kinds of articles (definite (the) and
indefinite (a, an))
Example : I buy a car, give her the eraser !
Adverb : Adverb is a word that can modify adjectives, adverbs, verbs, and
clauses. They are often used to show time, manner, place, or degree.
Example : I often sleep in the morning, I run very fast
Conjunction : Conjunction is a part of sentences, phrases, or clauses
which is used as a connector .
Example : She run and bring some cookies together, this girl is old but
beautiful
Verb : A verb is a word which is usually referred to as the predicate in a
sentence. It can be used to express action, state, or a relation between two
things.
Example : He throws the ball, She writes a novel
Pronouns : Pronouns is a grammatical forms that substitute an entity in
some way, there are three types of pronoun , Subject, Object, and
Possessive.
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Preposition : Preposition is the word in a sentence that can appear as the
head of prepositional phrase and is usually followed by an object.
Example : I put the glass on the table, are you afraid of the dark ?
Adjective : Adjective is the word that has a function as descriptive words.
Because adjective can describe nouns and pronouns.
Example : He brings me some new shoes, It is a red, old, big house
Infinitive : Infinitive is nonfinite clauses with "to" , they may or may not
have an explicit subject. It is used as a noun or is used with auxiliary
verbs,
Example : John wanted to eat many snacks in the morning, she hopes to go
to the airport early
Auxiliaries : Auxiliaries is a verb that has function to complete the
meaning of main verbs, an auxiliary also determines the mood, tense,
voice, or aspect of another verb in a verb phrase which is followed by
modals, lexical verbs, etc.
Example : I have seen this castle, I will bring this book alone
Determiner : Determiner is kind of word that come before head nouns in
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Example : There was no class yesterday, I will go to the America this
December .
Possessive : Possessive pronouns are words that can replace Noun Phrases
that indicate possession. It is also the word that refers to someone or
something that indicates possession, ownership, and origin.
Example : This car is yours, This is my mother’s book
Noun : Noun is the word that refers to people, places, and things. There are
2 types of nouns, proper nouns and common nouns .
Example : Gio bought a new motorcycle, My father is in the library
Collocation : Collocation is the combination of two or more words/phrases
with others which is used together.
Example : I sleep after making my bed, I learn about library program
From all vocabularies in these books there were 565 vocabularies in K3
group. Then, I selected 150 words from 565 word families. I used 150 words from
565 word entries, because 150 words are representative word that represents 565
word entries. In collecting the data I used systematic sampling technique which
was a random method of sampling that applies a constant interval to choosing a
sample of elements from the sampling frame based on Lavarakas (2011) for
selecting 150 words from 565 word entries. After selecting the vocabulary, every
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grammatical features. These dictionary entries also have to be organized
alphabetically.
1. ACCURATE (2k graded, academic learners)
- Article : All I can do is to keep an accurate record. (sebuah
catatan yang akurat)
- Adverb : And your discoveries, as I learned from Paige, are really
very accurate. (sangat akurat)
- Noun(collocation) : Both linguists wish to produce accurate
descriptions of the particular language studied.(deskripsi akurat)
- Adjective : Is the material factually accurate ? (akurat secara
fakta)
- Conjunction : The idea of disorganization in social relations is
important and accurate . (dan akurat)
2. ADMIRE (2k graded, learner teacher )
- Conjunction : When Mr Collins was shown into the sitting-room,
and had time to look around and admire it. (dan mengagumi)
- Infinitive : But I would like to say that I have come prepared to
admire the young ladies. (untuk mengagumi)
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- Adverb : What I also admire is that they have learned to take
advantage of individuals' weakness to easily be intimidated. (juga
mengagumi)
- Verb : One of the things I admire about them is their will to
survive. (saya kagumi)
3. ALCOHOL (1k graded,2k graded)
- Verb : They have very strong ideas about how to dress and are
against alcohol and tobacco. (melawan alkohol)
- Determiner (quantifiers) : But some alcohol fell onto the stove.
(sedikit alkohol)
- Conjunction : Since then he had spent the family's millions on bad
business plans, women and alcohol . (dan alkohol)
- Preposition : 'At least I was not under of alcohol ,' said Mr Page in
defence of his actions. (dibawah pengaruh alkohol)
- Possessive : The purpose of the test is to provide an objective basis
for assessing the nature and extent of participants' alcohol
knowledge before and after doing the course. (pengetahuan peserta
mengenai alkohol )
4. ANGER (1k graded, 2k graded corpus)
- Conjunction : I was wild with fear and anger . (dan kemarahan)
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- Adjective : It gave us a look of terrible anger , (kemarahan yang
mengerikan)
- Infinitive : Then his fear turned to anger and he shouted out,
(berubah menjadi marah)
- Preposition : He was shaking with anger and fear. (dengan
kemarahan)
5. APARTMENT (1k graded, 2k graded corpus )
- Noun : apartment Life Of course, there are not many houses in
Manhattan. (kehidupan apartemen)
- Preposition : Most people live in apartment buildings. (di
apartemen)
- Possessive : That night I stayed in John's apartment , (apartemen
milik john)
- Adjective : It's better than my old apartment, (apartemen tua )
- Article : I would get someone to clean the apartment , and then it
could be sold. (apartemen)
6. APPROVAL (2k graded)
- Conjunction : the rivalry for public attention and approval
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- Adverb : 'He is much admired by the younger men,' said Mr
Mybug daringly, with a glance at Flora for approval . (untuk
persetujuan)
- Possessive : There, of course, she can marry without her parents'
approval . (persetujuan orang tuanya)
- Verb : The editorial attacking Stephen Biko, however, won
approval from everyone. (memenangkan persetujuan)
- Article : Children are more interested in the approval of their
parents and teachers (persetujuan)
7. AUNT (1k graded , 2k graded )
- Conjunction : But aunt March was an angry woman, and Jo didn't
always like her. ( tetapi Bibi March )
- Infinitive to : They walked to aunt Pitty's house, saddened by the
city's burned and blackened buildings. (berjalan menuju rumah
bibi)
- Adjective : But his old aunt , who lived near Barton, (bibi tua)
- Verb : Somebody knocked on the door downstairs and she heard
aunt Pitty open it. ( mendengar bibi Pitty)
- Possessive : Biko served beer to everyone, smiling and putting his
arms round Tenjy's aunt . ( bibinya Tenjy)
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- Article : New Dance students jete and releve in what were once the
offices of an architecture concern and public relations company.
(sebuah arsitektur)
- Preposition : The London News expert on architecture , (pada
bidang arsitektur)
- Possessive : the Modernism which had dominated the world's
architecture (arsitektur dunia)
- Adjective : I do not think it is possible for domestic architecture to
be beautiful, (arsitektur dalam negeri)
- Verb : so I came back to England and studied architecture . (belajar
arsitektur)
9. AUTUMN (1k graded , 2k graded corpus)
- Preposition : 'Oh, as it always looks in autumn ? (di musim gugur)
- Determiner : and that autumn was warm and beautiful. (bahwa
musim gugur)
- Article : In the autumn of 1621, (musim gugur)
- Adjective : Everyone looked happy on that warm autumn evening,
(musim gugur yang hangat)
- Conjunction : a picnic under the shadow of the Great Pyramid is
very pleasant in spring or autumn . (atau musim gugur)
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- Article : People think that's an awful thing to say, (sebuah hal
mengerikan)
- Verb : They had no money, and they often ate awful food.
(makanan mengerikan)
- Determiner : It's awful to see them, all locked up together in that
house. (ini hebat)
- To be : It is awful cold down here,' he agreed. (mengerikan)
- Adverb : I work near hot ovens (especially awful in summer).
(terutama di panas yang mengerikan)
11.BATH (1k graded corpus)
- Adjective : They all took their clothes off and got into a big bath
as usual. (bak mandi besar)
- Infinitive to : People came to bath to drink the waters for their
illnesses and to find husbands for their daughters. (ke bak mandi)
- Determiner : Ten people in one room, with no bath , no water,
nothing! (tidak ada bak madi)
- Article : She had a bath and tried to choose some clothes. (sebuah
bak mandi)
- Preposition : This was true of the city of bath in England, (dengan
bak mandi)
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- Article : A bend in the road, and the whole place disappeared.
(sebuah tikungan)
- Auxiliary : It was at the bottom, and he had to bend down, lower
and lower. (harus membungkuk)
- Pronoun : As I came round the last bend in the path I saw the
hotel. (tikungan terakhir)
- Infinitive to : And then she dropped a little perfume bottle, madam,
and she tried to bend right down and pick it up herself - a thing she
never did. (untuk menikung)
- Conjunction : But as he watched her slim figure turn and bend
over the food, he suddenly felt depressed and hopeless. (dan
membungkukkan)
13.BITE (1k graded,2k graded corpus)
- Modal : They cannot see, but they can bite ?The facts An alligator
was found in New York ? in East Harlem, in 1935. (bisa
menggigit)
- Infinitive to : They began to bite at the dying fish with their great,
sharp teeth. (mulai untuk menggigit)
- Article : Look,' said a man, those are the bite -marks of wolves.
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- Adjective : Just to show how happy she was, how she liked being
among these friendly men, Laura took a big bite out of her bread
and butter. (gigitan besar)
- Conjunction : She'll try and bite you if she sees you, sir. (dan
menggigit)
14.BOOT (2k graded corpus, academic general)
- Article : In the end, I found it inside a boot . (sepatu boot)
- Conjunction : The doors and boot were all locked. (dan boot)
- Preposition : and the toe of his boot with his stick. (sepatu boot
nya)
- Noun : I kicked the ground with my walking boot . (sepatu boot
berjalan)
- Infinitive : the operating system fails to boot , (gagal untuk boot)
15.BREAD (1k graded corpus)
- Conjunction : The woman called Messua took Mowgli to her house
and gave him milk and bread . (dan roti)
- Preposition : High tea is a big meal with a main dish ? meat or
fish ? followed by bread and butter and cakes. (oleh roti)
- Possessive : living under his roof and eating his bread , (roti nya)
- Adjective : 'We've only got old bread and cold meat for our tea,
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- Determiner : I gave it some bread , and it sat on my hand.
(beberapa roti)
16.BRILLIANT (2k graded corpus)
- Article : I think he is a brilliant man, one of a kind. (cerdas/brilian)
- Adverb : Fresher's Week was absolutely brilliant . (benar-benar
brilian)
- Conjunction : The first was a chilling and brilliant book by Harold
Bloom, (dan brilian)
- Preposition : But in the darkness of those cheap hotels on my own,
after a day of looking at brilliant architecture, (di arsitektur brilian)
- Verb be : 'Yes, you're right, Sven, she's brilliant - she lives for the
sea and for her filming. (dia brilian)
17.BRUSH (2k graded ,academic general)
- Article : The ugly one with hair like a brush . (sebuah sikat)
- Conjunction : Meg, go upstairs and brush your hair. (dan sikat)
- Adjective : His servant handed him a small brush with red paint on
it. (sikat kecil)
- Infinitive to : I did not see the photographer at first, but suddenly
George started to brush his trousers, and he fixed his hair and put
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- Possesive : Let the painter's mind be sensitive, but not his brush .
(sikatnya)
18.BUTTON (1k graded, 2k graded corpus, academic general)
- Article : He pushed a button and spoke into the radio. (sebuah
tombol)
- Determiner : no one is irreplaceable push another button ( tombol
lainnya)
- Adjective : He held the bottle against Joyce's foot and pressed a
small button . (tombol kecil)
- Conjunction : verbal reports and button presses. (dan menekan
tombol)
- Possessive : One Birmingham woman was able to keep her button
(tombolnya)
19.CAKE (1k graded, 2k graded corpus)
- Article : 'And the tea and the cake . (kuenya)
- Determiner : "Would you like some cake , Mrs Allan?" asked
Anne. (beberapa kue)
- Noun : The wedding cake was more than ten metres high! (kue
pernikahan)
- Conjunction : At half- past four you may bring up tea and cake .
26
- Possessive : ate her cake and started putting sugar on her orange.
(kuenya)
20.CASTLE (1k graded corpus)
- Article : A palace is a large house where an important family, like
the Royal Family, lives. (sebuah istana)
- Possessive : Sir Lancelot left the room and went quickly back to
King Arthur's castle . (istana milik Raja Arhtur)
- Preposition : There is danger at castle Dracula.(di istana)
- Adjective : It's only an old castle . (kastil tua)
- Determiner : Now that it was light, I could see that castle Dracula
was old and dirty. (kastil itu)
21.CEREMONY (1k graded corpus, Academic General)
- Article : She wanted the ceremony to be on television.
(perayaannya)
- Conjunction : I know you would die for honor, or for Rome, or
ceremony of your family. (atau perayaan)
- Determiner : I want no ceremony , or words from the Bible. (tidak
ada perayaan)
- Adjective : We've had the wedding ceremony , so she's my wife
27
- Preposition : , and demonstrates that cultural activities associated
with ceremony and , (dengan perayaan)
22.CHARITY (1k graded, 2k graded corpus)
- Article : Princess Anne has worked for Save the Children, a charity
, for many years. (amal)
- Possessive : A lot of Diana's charity work was with children, and
she was always happy and natural with them. (amal untuk Diana)
- Preposition : She loved her two young sons and her work for
charity . (untuk amal)
- Determiner : I can give it to that charity , "Help the Children".
(amal tersebut)
- Infinitive to : All the money from Newman's Own salad dressing,
popcorn, and spaghetti sauce, now a multimillion dollar business,
goes to charity . (digunakan untuk amal)
23.CHARM (2k graded corpus, academic general)
- Possessive : She was depending on her charm to persuade him.
(daya tarik nya)
- Adjective : It was the old voice, but it did not have the old charm .
(pesona tua)
28
- Infinitive : and made no further attempt to charm Elizabeth. (usaha
untuk jadi daya tarik)
- Preposition : but here one can speak of charm (dari daya tarik )
24.CHASE (2k graded, academic general)
- Article : I described a chase across the desert, and an attack on the
ship from Africa. (sebuah pengejaran)
- Conjunction : Go and chase them away, Max.' (dan kejar)
- Infinitive : He wanted to chase the robbers, and began to give
orders about collecting men and boats, but Tamb' Itam hesitated.
(ingin mengejar)
- Auxiliary : The researchers could chase up forms, and keep the
motivation going even when team members were hard pressed.
(bisa mengejar)
- Determiner: ,or even of ghosts that chase people out of graveyards,
(yang mengejar)
25.CHEESE (1k graded, 2k graded corpus)
- Conjunction : There was some bread, milk and cheese on the table.
(dan keju)
- Preposition : You do ten with meat and then ten with cheese .
29
- Adjective : On the seat beside him were some fruit and some very
expensive cheese . (keju mahal)
- Verb : And we can make cheese from her milk.' (membuat keju)
- Determiner : Well, we don't need much cheese (banyak keju)
26.CHEST (1k graded, 2k graded corpus)
- Conjunction : The cuts on his face and chest were bad enough, but
he was acting very strangely. (dan dada)
- Possessive : Grace turned and lay her head on Annie's chest . (dada
annie)
- Article : He looked at the top of the chest . ( lemari )
- Collocation : It is a great wooden chest . ( lemari kayu )
- Adjective : He was of medium height, with wide shoulders and a
strong chest . (dada yang kuat)
27.CHOCOLATE (1k graded corpus)
- Article : She sat in her seat, ate a chocolate and started to enjoy the
dancing. (sebuah cokelat)
- Conjunction : She ate cakes and chocolate , and was sometimes
sick several times a day. ( dan cokelat)
- Verb : she was good at Russian soup but she and the girls in the
30
- Preposition : For chocolate butter cream, add one large spoonful of
cocoa. 9 Unroll the cake and take off the greaseproof paper. (untuk
cokelat)
- Quantifiers : They first became friends when Andrew played a joke
on her with some chocolate cake at one of Princess Diana's parties.
(beberapa cokelat)
28.CLOUD (1k graded, academic general )
- Adjective : A black cloud came down over Ethan's world. (awan
hitam)
- Article : There's a cloud coming over the moon. (awan )
- Determier : But I am tired. ' 3 Kaa's hunting Bagheera and Kaa
were also watching that cloud . (langit itu)
- Preposition : It was hotter than ever, and there was a thin circle of
cloud around the sun. (awan itu)
- Adverb : The only cloud , and in 1918 a threatening thunderstorm
to all appearances. (awan satu satunya)
29.CONTEMPORARY (2k graded corpus)
- Article : "the contemporary Gothic horror film that opened last
31
- Conjunction : Those seeking to broaden their horizons can sign up
for courses on science, literature, art, music and contemporary
culture. (dan budaya kontemporer)
- Preposition : The other sisters were developed as strong, defined
characters too, which is hard to find in contemporary books.
(didalam buku buku kontemporer)
- Determiner (quantifiers) : , and Sophia Chauchard-Stuart talks to
some contemporary role models about its influence. (beberapa
model kontemporer)
- Verb : She becomes the most read contemporary author on
English university campuses. (penulis kontemporer yang paling
banyak membaca)
30.COUSIN (1k graded , 2k graded corpus )
- Adjective : My poor cousin , you have suffered so much! (sepupu
yang kasihan)
- Possessive : So Mattie came to Starkfield to work, without pay, in
her cousin Zeena's home. (rumah sepupunya)
- Article : She would see her dear father again, and have a cousin of
the same age to play with. (seorang sepuu)
- Verb : in have advised cousin Amos to preach to a wider audience.
32
- Adverb : And your second cousin , Charles Fairford, is in town.
(sepupu yang kedua)
31.CRACK (1k graded, 2k graded, academic general)
- Preposition : Looking closely, I noticed a narrow crack in the wall.
(retakan sempit)
- Article : The crack in the wall of the house was Suddenly the door
of the room opened ... getting wider. (retakan)
- Adjective : The only thing that I noticed was a very small crack
which started at the top of the building and continued all the way
down into the dark waters of the lake. (retakan kecil)
- Auxiliary : a star player who can't crack the starting lineup, (tidak
bisa memecahkan)
- Pronoun : But how are we to interpret the symbolism of other
cultures how can we crack their symbolic codes? (kita
memecahkan)
32.CREATURE (1k graded, 2k graded, academic general)
- Article : He began to feel like a man, not a creature. (suatu ciptaan)
- Adjective : She's the most beautiful creature I've ever seen!
(ciptaan terindah)
- Adverb : Every creature which lives sometimes has to do things it
33
- Preposition : When you come to visit me, you must explain to me
what sort of creature I've married. (jenis makhluk/ciptaan)
- Determiner : Another creature commonly found on the beakers is a
dolphin. (ciptaan lainnya)
33.CIGARETTE (1k graded, 2k graded corpus)
- Article : The soldier waited in the moonlight, smoking a cigarette .
(sebatang rokok)
- Possessive : Her cigarette fell out of her mouth. (rokoknya)
- Preposition : The small house filled with cigarette smoke, (oleh
rokok)
- Conjunction : Elinor's house had always looked like that full of
people and cigarette smoke and dirty drinks glasses. (dan rokok)
- Adjective : She bent down and picked up an empty cigarette
packet. (rokok kosong)
34.CURIOUS (2k graded corpus)
- Article : 'What a curious man. (seorang pria penasaran)
- Conjunction : He opened the door, and shy but curious , she went
into a strange room. (tapi penasaran)
- Determiner : By now I was so curious to know what had happened
to put him in this mood that I decided I'd just got to ask him.
34
- Adverb : Nicky asked, politely curious . (penasaran dengan sopan )
- Adjective be : I was curious to see the gipsy. (penasaran)
35.DESERT (2k graded corpus, academic general)
- Article : He was in a desert , and a man stood in front of him.
(suatu padang gurun)
- Preposition : Tanya Brinkley, a 14-year veteran who served in
desert Storm and now commands an MP company in the Georgia
National Guard. (di padang gurun)
- Adjective : All those empty American desert roads seem
startlingly similar. (gurun pasir America)
- Possessive : Robinson Crusoe can talk to himself and keep a diary
on his desert island. (gurun pasir nya)
- Determiner : The kangaroo rat, like many desert rodents, (banyak
hewan pengerat gurun pasir)
36.DESIGNER (1k graded , 2k graded corpus, academic general)
- Adjective : The clothes were not by an expensive designer .
(perancang mahal)
- Collocation : First, Amelia de Melo, a textile designer . (perancang
35
- Conjunction : She was talking seriously to a very well-dressed man
with a bald head and designer sunglasses, who was standing next
to a silver Mercedes. (dan perancang kacamata)
- Article : No, she's having lunch with a designer . (seorang
perancang)
- Preposition : The house was shared by designer Mal Dean, (oleh
perancang)
37.DIRTY (1k graded corpus)
- Article : It was a dirty young man with long hair and a beard.
(seorang pria muda yang dekil)
- Conjunction : He was very tired, hungry, and dirty , so I put him to
bed in a quiet little room. (dan kotor)
- Possessive : I looked at my mother, at her dirty hair and her ugly
face, (rambut kotornya)
- Preposition : There were more bags of dirty skin on the front and
back of the creature's body. (dari kulin kotor)
- Adverb : 'You're very dirty ,' the old woman said. (sangat kotor)
38.DISAGREE (2k graded, academic general)
- Conjunction : I said nothing to agree or disagree with this, (atau
36
- Auxiliary : the Patapedia Pool is "the best holding pool in North
America, " and few would disagree . (akan tidak setuju)
- Adverb : I never disagree lightly with Elias Bickerman who has
defended this tradition, (tidak pernah tidak setuju / setuju)
- Verb be : in a way which usually just begs the question against
those with whom you disagree, (kamu tidak setuju)
- Preposition : the Stoic philosopher Panaetius of Rhodes, did not
disagree on this. (setuju dengan ini)
39.DISCOVERY (1k graded, 2k graded corpus, academic general)
- Possessive : I wondered if I should tell Mrs Maudsley about my
discovery . (penemuan saya)
- Preposition : your visit to China will be one of discovery (satu dari
penemuan)
- Adjective : I then made my third important discovery . (penemuan
penting)
- Article : that was as important a discovery as if they did. (sebuah
penemuan)
- Conjunction : Furthermore, these months were usually periods of
synthesis and discovery . (dan penemuan)
37
- Article : Maybe this is why the disaster is still famous.
(bencananya)
- Preposition : She had only to speak to Komarovsky and he would
save her brother from disaster. (dari bencana)
- Determiner : This time there was no disaster . (tidak ada bencana)
- Adjective : But I still look forward to each new disaster with the
greatest delight. (bencana baru)
- Verb : In most developed countries, people are living longer while
having fewer children, spelling disaster for "pay as you go "
(musim/mengeja bencana)
41.EASTERN (1k graded corpus )
- Preposition : Bill and Maisie were very interested in eastern
Europe. (di eropa timur)
- Conjunction : The Irish, Italians and eastern Europeans usually
stayed in the big cities of the East or the Midwest, (dan eropa
timur)
- Article : We also had a country house at Belrive, on the eastern
side of the lake. (bagian timur)
- Determiner : There was more and more information about groups
of politicians and workers who visited from other eastern
European countries, the deeper into the past I went. (negara negara
38
- Possessive : Oh, Pennyfeather, before you go, surely you have my
copy of Stanley's eastern Church?' (gereja timur Stanley)
42.ENVELOPE (1k graded, 2k graded corpus)
- Article : He looked at the envelope . (amplop)
- Possessive : Those letters were on Uncle Elias's envelope too!"
(amplop milik paman Elia)
- Determiner : Inside was another envelope , with 'Charles Richards'
written on it. (amplop lainnya)
- Adjective : The black envelope was still there, with the piece of
clear plastic. (amplop hitam)
- Noun : It was a paper envelope , (amplop kertas)
43.ELECTRIC (1k graded, 2k graded)
- Article : A moment later, all the electric lights went out. (lampu
listrik)
- Adjective : Beside the freezer was a big electric switch. (saklar
listrik besar)
- Preposition : Duncan puts on ,a lot of electric lights in all the
rooms. (lampu lampu listrik)
- Adverb : A living animal, not electric . (bukan listrik)
39
44.EMPHASIS (2k graded corpus, academic general)
- Adjective : Mr Mortimore called for a new emphasis in schools
on math‟s and reading, (penekanan baru)
- Determiner : We put more emphasis on communication on
computers (internet). (penekanan lebih)
- Auxiliary : schools will understand that they must not put emphasis
only on sciences but also on language, (tidak harus menenkankan)
- Conjunction : he lets the speech fall into place as if by coincidence,
but controlling the pace and emphasis of the words. (dan
penekanan)
- Possessive : Richards's emphasis was on the reader's response to
literature and on the evaluation of this response. (penekanan
Richard)
45.ENTERTAINMENT (2k graded)
- Preposition : What about entertainment ? (mengenai hiburan)
- Determiner : and Mrs Bennet made sure there was always some
entertainment for her brother and sister-in-law. (beberapa hiburan)
- Article : The audience wished that the entertainment would stop
so that they could go into supper. (hiburannya)
- Conjunction : Fourth, there is a similar frontier between education
40
- Adjective : movies, museums, and other popular entertainment .
(hiburan popular)
46.EVERYDAY (1k graded,2k graded corpus)
- Article : So, fights are an everyday part of football and probably
always will be. (bagian sehari-hari)
- Prepostion : For everyday writing, the Romans used wax. (untuk
penulisan sehari hari)
- Possessive : But some of these things are not part of most ordinary
people's everyday life. (Kehidupan manusia sehari-hari)
- Conjunction: Now my English is not well and everyday i'm
frustrated because I do'nt know what the newspapers says. (dan
setiap hari)
- Verb : Brat noticed that this girl who had met him was wearing
everyday clothes and had obviously been riding. (menggunakan
pakaian sehari hari )
47.EVIL (1k graded corpus)
- Preposition : If people learn about evil , they become evil . (tentang
iblis/kejahatan)
- Article : The bad games are like an evil message. (pesan sebuah
kejahatan)
41
- Verb : He became evil because people were stupid and unkind.
(menjadi jahat)
- Possessive : He did not know about her evil plans. (rencana
jahatnya)
48.EXAM (1k graded, 2k graded corpus)
- Article : 'There will be an exam today.' (ujian)
- Possessive : I got an A in my exam the next day. (ujian saya)
- Pronoun : Were they exam papers? (kertas ujian mereka)
- Conjunction : projects and exam papers, together with provision of
information technology, language laboratories, (dan kertas kertas
ujian)
- Noun : She's won first prize in a ballet exam . (ujian balet)
49.EXPANSION (2k graded corpus, academic general)
- Article : it was decided by the amount of money available and the
expansion stopped. (pengembangan tersebut)
- Pronoun : Or was it expansion on the cheap, (pengembangan itu)
- Determiner : that the NFL will not pinpoint Los Angeles for a
second expansion team after dealing with Cleveland, (ekspansi
kedua)
- Infinitive : But in the late 1980s the Government switched back to
42
- Conjunction : The pace of her expansion was matched only by
Russia's, (ekspansinya)
50.FANTASTIC (1k graded, 2k graded corpus)
- Conjunction : filled each room with strange and fantastic shadows.
(dan luar biasa)
- Article : He had chosen all the clothes with the greatest of care,
putting together the beautiful and the ugly, the strange and the
fantastic , the surprising and the frightening. (keluarbiasaannya)
- Adverb : These ideas were too fantastic for me, and I could not
answer him. (sangat luar biasa)
- Preposition : which fill the sky with fantastic colours.(yang luar
biasa)
- Determiner : This will give us the opportunity to clear his mind of
this fantastic idea, (luar biasa ini)
51.FESTIVAL (2k graded corpus, academic general)
- Conjunction : the name and festival symbolize, (dan festival)
- Possessive : This year's festival , (festival tahun ini)
- Article : Behind the journalists, some of the festival crowd
watched, a little surprised. (festival tersebut)
- Preposition : The circus Another form of festival activity was to be
43
- Adjective : He then waited for the next major religious festival,
(festival religi/keagamaan)
52.FOUND (1k graded, 2k graded corpus)
- Conjunction : I searched carefully and found it. (dan menemukan)
- Adverb : He also found many shoes in his size and bought them
all. (juga menemukan)
- Pronoun : He found that he liked the young woman. dia
menemukan)
- Determiner : I would have to give up the part of me that found its
happiness in her. (yang menemukan)
- Auxiliary : He had found it that morning in the garden. (sudah
menemukan)
53.FRIENDSHIP (2k graded corpus)
- Article : There was something tragic in a friendship so corrupted
by passion. (sebuah pertemanan)
- Preposition : Fischer felt grateful for this gesture of friendship .
(dari persahabatan)
- Infinitive : 'And in hope for that day,' the speaker ended, 'when
isolation and anger have changed to friendship , let us sing together
the Song of Africa, that Steve Biko loved as we do.' (menjadi
44
- Possessive : Now their friendship seemed to be getting even
stronger. (persahabatan mereka)
- Verb : Where shall I find friendship , and hope?' (menemukan
persahabatan)
54.FURNITURE (1k graded, 2k graded corpus)
- Conjunction : In fact, the horse had its own house, slaves and
furniture . (dan perabot rumah)
- Adjective : a beautiful furniture , lots of rooms, (perabot rumah
yang indah)
- Preposition : The few pieces of furniture were of the poorest kind,
mostly broken and dirty. (dari perabot rumah)
- Determiner : and of course we had to buy more furniture . (lebih
banyak perabot rumah)
- Possessive : The day came when we were going to choose our
furniture . (perabot rumah kita)
55.GALLERY (2k graded corpus, academic general)
- Noun : I phone home every Sunday, and when I go to a museum
or art gallery , I always send them a postcard. (galeri seni)
- Adjective : He says he'll meet you in the National gallery at two
45
- Article : The bookshop was on the ground floor, and the gallery in
the basement. (galeri tersebut)
- Possessive : He accepted a position in a dealer's gallery , (galeri
penjual)
- Determiner : Despite the interchangeability of gallery spaces,
(dari galeri) hal yang dapat ditukarkan
56.GENTLE (1k graded, 2k graded corpus)
- Article : Gloria was Nutty's older sister, a gentle , beautiful girl,
who always had lots of boyfriends. (seorang yang ramah)
- Conjunction : It was all so unhurried, soft and gentle . (dan ramah)
- Determiner : Soon there'll be no warm smile, no gentle voice,
only this cold paper and dead words,' he thought. (tidak ada suara
yang lemah lembut)
- Adverb : Nicky, dear, you must learn to be more gentle . (lebih
ramah)
- Possessive : I've always wanted a daughter, my dear,' added Nancy
in her gentle voice. (suaranya yang lemah lembut/ramah)
57.GENTLY (1k graded, 2k graded corpus)
- Adverb : I opened the door very gently the room was quite dark.
46
- Verb : 'You must talk to your God, Mr Wyatt, and I must talk to
mine,' he said gently . (berkata dengan lembut)
- Conjunction : The days passed slowly and gently . (dan dengan
lembut)
- Determiner : Morse continued more gently . (dengan lebih
lembut)
- Verb : He spoke gently to her, telling her that the hospital was
nothing to be afraid of. (berbicara dengan lembut)
58.GIANT (1k graded, 2k graded corpus)
- Article : It was fighting with a giant squid. (seekor cumi-cumi
raksasa)
- Determiner : These giant squid are true monsters. (cumi-cumi
raksasa ini)
- Possessive : I expected his giant hand to come smashing in and
pull me out through the windscreen! (tangan raksasanya)
- Conjunction : mostly Kmarts and giant Food stores,(dan toko
makanan besar)
- Preposition : They treated the American land like a piece of giant
graph paper, (sepotong kertas grafik raksasa)
59.GOD (1k graded, 2k graded corpus)
47
- Possessive : 'You must talk to your god , (Tuhan mu)
- Conjunction : You can talk to the vicar about god . (tentang Tuhan)
- Verb : 'I'll ask god for a girl, (bertanya Tuhan)
- Adjective : Here I was a small god who carried messages, (Tuhan
yang kecil)
60.GOLDEN (1k graded, 2k graded corpus)
- Article : And on the middle finger of the hand was a gold ring, a
ring in the shape of a golden fish. (seekor ikan emas)
- Preposition : In golden letters it showed how far it was to
different cities in the empire. (didalam surat emas)
- Conjunction : The sun rose, warm and golden . (dan keemasan)
- Possessive : Her golden wavy hair fell around her shoulders.
(rambut keemasannya yang berombak)
- Adjective : Her beautiful golden hair hung over her face. (rambut
keemasan yang indah)
61.GRAMMAR (2k graded corpus)
- Article : Hu looked up 'used to' in the grammar book. (buku
tatabahasa)
- Determiner : I have some grammar pages where I write irregular
48
- Possessive : 'His grammar is perfect,' said my friend. (tatabahasa
nya )
- Conjunction : He went to a local elementary and grammar school
and then read English at Leeds University. (sekolah tatabahasa)
- Preposition : a lottery with parents lobbying to get into the best
comprehensive just as frantically as they lobbied to get into
grammar schools. (ke sekolah tatabahasa)
62.GRANDMOTHER (2k graded corpus)
- Conjunction : She wrote to her aunt and grandmother regularly,
(dan nenek)
- Possessive : His grandmother looked at him. (neneknya)
- Determiner : 'Is that grandmother ?' asked Mr Neck. (itu nenek )
- Adjective : a mad grandmother at Cold Comfort, (seorang nenek
pemarah)
- Article : Today she is a grandmother and she has her film- star
looks back again. (seorang nenek)
63.GRASS (1k graded, 2k graded corpus)
- Conjunction : Near the end of the day, they found a good place to
stop, with fresh water and grass . (dan rumput)
49
- Adejctive : We were completely hidden by the tall grass that
grew beside the river. (rumput tinggi)
- Determiner : Marina and Tom had planted some grass in the
garden when they first came to the village, (beberapa rumput)
- Preposition : At the top of the hill behind the house was a ring of
trees with grass inside. (dengan rumput)
64.GUITAR (1k graded, 2k graded corpus)
- Article : A guitar , and some clothes. (sebuah gitar)
- Possessive : When he did get his guitar , he practised all the time.
(gitarnya)
- Verb : he played guitar on the song. (bermain gitar)
- Preposition : and music for guitar (untuk gitar)
- Adjective : But now he took a shiny electric guitar out of the case.
(gitar elektrik)
65.HAPPINESS (1k graded corpus)
- Conjunction : I say 'kind' because there are no words to describe
our love and happiness together. (dan kebahagiaan)
- Adjective : You bring me great happiness . (kebahagiaan yang
hebat)
- Possesive : I was responsible for his happiness or unhappiness .
50
- Infinitive : She stepped quickly out of the way, and Ethan's sudden
fear turned to happiness . (berubah menjadi kebahagiaan)
- Determiner : Then I will not need any other happiness .
(kebahagiaan lainnya)
66.HEAVILY (1k graded, 2k graded corpus)
- Adverb : Then one night he drank very heavily and ran wildly
out of the house, (sangat berat)
- Verb : She fell heavily to the floor. (jatuh dengan keras)
- Conjunction : Then he took his head in both hands and raised it
slowly and heavily . (dan dengan berat/keras)
- Article : the heavily armored office of Mayor Rudolph W. (kantor
berat/keras lapis baja)
- Determiner : because Europeans rely more heavily on government
pensions. (lebih berat)
67.HUNGER (2k graded corpus, academic general)
- Article : Alexander, like Aristotle, had a hunger for knowledge.
(kelaparan)
- Preposition : What about hunger ? (mengenai kelaparan)
- Conjunction : The army suered terribly from cold and hunger , (dan
kelaparan)
51
- Verb : When harvest came, the people could put hunger to sleep.
(menghilangkan kelaparan)
68.HONEST (1k graded , 2k graded corpus)
- Article : A very beautiful girl, an honest , country girl. (seorang
yang jujur)
- Conjunction : But I'm hard-working and honest and I'll be a good
husband to Anita. (dan jujur)
- Adverb : John sang painfully honest songs about his mother's
death. (lagu jujur yang menyakitkan)
- Preposition : Sometimes it is right for honest men to break the
law. (untuk pria jujur)
- Possessive : Jim's clean white clothes, his honest eyes, and
confident look made Brown hate him immediately. (mata jujurnya)
69.HORRIBLE (1k graded corpus)
- Article : The room was cold and dark, and there was a horrible
smell in it. (bau mengerikan)
- Conjunction : She was sitting in the churchyard, white in the
moonlight, and I thought I saw something dark behind her ,
something dark and horrible . (dan mengerikan)
- Possessive : it is the beating of his horrible heart! (hatinya yang
52
- Determiner : the colours and shapes in this room became more
horrible than ever. (lebih mengerikan)
- Adjective : red horrible blood, on the body and face of each person
it visited. (darah merah mengerikan)
70.HURRY (1k graded, 2k graded corpus)
- Article : 'Son, you're in too much of a hurry . (buru-buru)
- Conjunction : Agatha had to leave her friends and hurry home,
(dan buru-buru kerumah)
- Modal : 'And now you must hurry home. (harus buru-buru pulang)
- Possessive : In her hurry to leave the hotel, (ketergesa-gesaannya)
- Infinitive : Please don't try to hurry things, sir,' begged Godfrey.
(coba untuk bergegas)
71.ILLEGAL (2k graded corpus)
- Article : There may be an illegal male inside...' (laki-laki illegal)
- Pronoun : 'Sandra,' I said, 'are you sure we're not doing something
illegal ? ' (sesuatu yang dilanggar)
- Adjective : 'This is the biggest illegal meeting I have ever seen!'
(rapat tidak sah terbesar)
- Determiner : crystal bowls, football tickets and other illegal
53
- Noun : 'Did you know that it is illegal to drive a vehicle in this
country without a seatbelt on and fastened?' (adalah tidak sah)
72.INVITATION (1k graded, 2k graded corpus, academic general)
- Article : Chapter 2 An invitation to Dinner It was a long way to
Devon. (sebuah undangan)
- Adjective : One day a beautiful invitation arrived. (undangan
indah/cantik)
- Determiner : Now . . . what about that invitation ?' (undangan
tersebut)
- Possessive : 'Will you accept Mr Bingley's invitation , sir?
(undangan pak Bingley)
- Preposition : Sometimes such influence was exercised by
invitation . (dengan undangan)
73.JACKET (1k graded, 2k graded corpus, academic general)
- Article : Have you got a jacket or something with you? (sebuah
jaket)
- Adjective : Grant wore an old blue jacket and some old black
trousers. (jaket tua berwarna biru)
- Possessive : Here, Nicky ... do you want to borrow my jacket ?
54
- Determiner : A young man with a tie but no jacket sat behind a
desk. (tidak ada jaket)
- Preposition : I don't want that type of jacket , I want that jacket .
(dari jaket)
74.JAIL (1k graded.2k graded corpus)
- Preposition : He chose fourteen days in jail . (dalam penjara)
- Infinitive : I read a lot every time I go to jail ." (pergi ke penjara)
- Determiner : but this jail was worse than Reidsville Prison.
(penjara ini)
- Possessive : you will soon have a very dangerous man to take to
your jail . (penjaramu)
- Noun : LETTER FROM BIRMINGHAM jail (penjara
Birmingham)
75.JOY (2k graded corpus, academic general)
- Article : The beach, named for an Egyptian saint, Onuphrius, is a
joy to walk. (sebuah kegembiraan)
- Preposition : And the beautiful new bed became a place of joy for
them both. (kegembiraan)
- Determiner : 2 In Ibuza there was no joy for Aku-nna's family.
55
- Possessive : Dear God, don't let anything happen to destroy our joy
.' (kegembiraan kita)
- Conjunction : but the fruit of experience and joy in life. (dan
kegembiraan)
76.KNEE (1k graded, 2k graded corpus)
- Article : 'How far above the knee ?' (lutut tersebut)
- Possessive : 'My knee hurts very badly,' he said, (lutut saya)
- Conjunction : A step, a fall, some hand and knee movements,
(dan lutut)
- Preposition : right elbow on knee , cheek on hand, (pada lutut)
- Determiner : Dropping to one knee , Cook felled one, and the other
struggled off with his comrade, sending no further fire in his
direction. (satu lutut)
77.KNIFE (1k graded, 2k graded corpus)
- Article : He picked up a knife from the table. (sebilah pisau)
- Possessive : Mowgli took his knife and started to cut the coat from
Shere Khan's body. (pisaunya)
- Adjective : He picked up a long knife . (pisau panjang)
- Determiner : no knife , no diamond necklace. (tidak ada pisau)
- Preposition : as the number of Americans hurt in knife (didalam
56
78.LABORATORY (1k graded, 2k graded corpus, academic general)
- Possessive : I took everything out of my laboratory . (laboratorium
saya)
- Article : I ran out of the laboratory and went to my bedroom.
(laboratorium)
- Determiner : 'There's something wrong at that laboratory , I'm sure
of3 it,' I said. (labotratorium itu)
- Adjective : 'Oh, I was asked to advise on the building of a new
laboratory . (laboratorium baru)
- Conjunction : and laboratory research, (dan laboratorium
penelitian)
79.LAZY (1k graded, 2k graded corpus)
- Conjunction : She became proud and lazy . (dan malas)
- Possessive : 'My dear boy,' said Lord Henry in his lazy voice,
(suara malasnya)
- Adverb : But he felt too lazy to move and after a moment he said
Come over here and sit by the fire.' (terlalu malas)
- Preposition : they've all heard stories about lazy western students.
(tentangsiswa barat yang malas)
57 80.LEATHER (1k graded corpus)
- Article : This was not always easy because sometimes the leather
was not cheap. (kulit nya)
- Conjunction : He made new designs for clothes and leather
products. (dan kulit)
- Adjective : He also wanted to make beautiful leather products.
(kulit yang indah)
- Preposition : Most of the sales come from leather product
