ABSTRACT
Emas, Gustin L. Putri. (2017). Ecosystem Stability Portrayed in Jean Giono’s The
Man Who Planted Trees: An Ecocentric Concept. Thesis. English Department,
Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Sunan Ampel State Islamic University, Surabaya. Advisor: Sufi Ikrima Sa’adah, M. Hum
Mostly human activities are related to nature because humans rely their life to the nature. Unfortunately, many people do their activities which are very disadvantageous to the balance of surrounding ecosystems. From many cases of vandalism and exploitation towards nature, this study focuses on human efforts to restore damaged natural conditions on the short story of Jean Giono A Man Who
Planted Trees. The researcher uses Ecocriticism theory by Cheryll Glotfelty to
examine how environmental issues are illustrated in the story and use Ecocentric as the main perspectives to examine how human relationships with nature in order to maintain ecosystem stability in the area. The results of this study show that human relationships with nature primarily did not work, but because of Bouffier efforts as a main character, people in that place became aware to keep the ecosystem stability. In addition, nature that originally looked like a desert became fertile and filled with trees. At last, this study concludes that the human effort in maintaining and improving the environment is strongly influenced by the awareness and background knowledge possessed by that person itself. If they do not have both of these things or even just have background knowledge but they do not have consciousness to keep their environment, human will continue their exploitation towards nature and loose the ecosystem stability.
INTISARI
Emas, Gustin L. Putri. (2017). Ecosystem Stability Portrayed in Jean Giono’s The
Man Who Planted Trees: An Ecocentric Concept. Thesis. English Department,
Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Sunan Ampel State Islamic University, Surabaya. Advisor: Sufi Ikrima Sa’adah, M. Hum
Aktivitas yang paling sering dilakukan manusia tentu berhubungan dengan alam karena manusia hidup bergantung pada alam. Sayangnya, banyak orang melakukan aktivitas tersebut dan sangat merugikan keseimbangan ekosistem
sekitarnya. Dari banyak kasus pengerusakan dan eksploitasi terhadap alam tersebut, penelitian ini berfokus pada upaya manusia untuk mengembalikan kondisi alam yang rusak pada cerita pendek karya Jean Giono A Man Who Planted Trees. Peneliti menggunakan teori Ecocriticism oleh Cheryll Glotfelty untuk meneliti bagaimana isu lingkungan diilustrasikan dalam cerita dan menggunakan Ecocentric sebagai
perspektif utama untuk meneliti bagaimana hubungan manusia dengan alam dalam rangka menjaga stabilitas ekosistem di daerah tersebut. Hasil penelitian ini
menunjukkan bahwa hubungan manusia dengan alam tidak terjalin dengan baik, tetapi karena upaya Bouffier sebagai karakter utama, orang-orang di tempat itu menjadi sadar untuk menjaga stabilitas ekosistem. Selain itu, alam yang semula tampak seperti gurun menjadi subur dan dipenuhi pepohonan. Akhirnya, penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa upaya manusia dalam memelihara dan memperbaiki lingkungan sangat dipengaruhi oleh kesadaran dan latar belakang pengetahuan tentang alam yang dimiliki oleh orang itu sendiri. Jika mereka tidak memiliki kedua hal itu atau hanya memiliki latar belakang pengetahuan tetapi mereka tidak memiliki kesadaran untuk menjaga lingkungan mereka, manusia akan terus mengeksploitasi alam dan akan kehilangan stabilitas ekosistem.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Inside Cover Page ... i
Inside Title Page ... ii
Declaration Page ... iii
Dedication Page ... iv
Advisor’s Approval Page ... v
Examiner’s Approval Page ... vi
Motto ... vii
Acknowledgement... viii
Table of Contents ... x
Abstract ... xii
Intisari ... xiii
Chapter I Introduction ... 1
1.1 Background of the Study ... 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem ... 5
1.3 Objective of the Study ... 6
1.4 Significance of the Study ... 6
1.5 Scope and Limitation ... 7
1.6 Method of the Study ... 7
Chapter II Review of Related Study ... 10
2.1 Theoretical Framework ... 10
2.2 Ecocriticism... 10
2.3 Ecocentrism ... 14
2.4 Review of Related Study ... 16
Chapter III Environmental Issues and Human Relationship with Nature in Jean Giono’s The Man Who Planted Trees ... 19
3.1 The Portrayal of Environmental Issues ... 19
3.1.1 The Depiction of Nature... 19
3.1.2 Lack of Human Consciousness in Protecting the Environment ... 25
3.2 Human Relationship with Nature in Scope of Ecosystem Stability ... 32
Chapter IV Conclusion ... 45
Works Cited ... 49
Synopsis ... 52
E M A S | 1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
As the years fly, human civilization has moved forward, technology has developed rapidly, and state of the natural environment has undergone change. All human activity, whether consciously or not, affects the change of surrounding environment. For examples, fertile land filled by tress now change into residential land, green open land that used to be a place for children to play now turning into multifunctional skyscraper buildings, water ecosystem in river become unstable because people throw many kind of waste there, and many more examples. These issues have become concern for a group of environmentalist organizations, as quoted by United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in 21 Issue for the
21st Century, which discusses human activity affects the environment. Today
human actions have become major forces in the operation of the earth system.
They increasingly challenge the system boundaries of the planet, which will result
in fundamental, unprecedented and unpredictable changes in the earth system
(UNEP 3).
“we are facing a global crisis today, not because of how ecosystems
function but rather because of how our ethical systems function. Getting through the crisis requires understanding our impact on nature as
E M A S | 2
ethical system and using that understanding to reform them. Historians, along with literary scholars, anthropologists, and philosophers, cannot do the reforming, of course, but they can help with the understanding.” (Glotfelty xxi)
Glotfelty has stated in her book The Ecocriticism Reader Landmark in
Literary Ecology that today human is facing global crisis especially environmental
damage issues. This issue may be caused by lack of knowledge about the nature,
therefore human consciousness is less to make stable ecosystem. This problem
needs background knowledge of ethical environment system to literate people
how to treat the environment well. Subsequent to the understanding of ethical
environment knowledge and how to reform them, people awareness will arise
automatically (xxi).
On the contrary, people with minimum ethical knowledge will do
exploitation through the environment to fill their need. Many countries have
experienced some negative impacts on what has happened because of human
activity on the environment. Many newspapers carried stories about the natural
damage that occurs in some regions, such as a wildfire in Yellowstone Park, a
nuclear reactor disaster in Chernobyl, medical syringes washing onto the shores of
Atlantic beaches, and controversy over the Spotted Owl in the Pacific Northwest,
all these events invite the attention of the US government and announced that the
E M A S | 3
The numbers of occurrences of environmental damage on the land,
therefore, draw a lot of attention to environmentalists, furthermore some scholars
interested in discussing these problems for their studies of literature. Start from
1985, Frederick O. Wage edited Teaching Environmental Literature: Materials,
Method, Resources whose concern and awareness is in literary disciplines.
Likewise, Alicia Nitecki founded The American Nature Writing Newsletter in
1989 whose purpose was to enlighten study of writing on nature the environment
(Glotfelty xvii).
Peter Barry in his Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and
Cultural Theory explains that in Romanticism era many writers start emerging to
add environmental issues in their literary works –novel, short story, or poems.
This movement was begun with Wordsworth’s The Prelude in 1805. In early 19th
century, American Transcendentalists were predominantly interested in mountain
ranges, prairies, colossal cataracts and space itself. Then, constantly, there are
many writers who discuss human relationship with the natural surroundings, such
as Milton’s Paradise Lost, Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, and Herman Melville’s
Moby Dick (165).
The writing about nature in literary works becomes more popular in last
few years. Poems, novels, and also short stories contain full of environmental
issues nowadays. One of the literary works that contain full of environmental
issues is Jean Giono’s short story entitled The Man Who Planted Trees. Short
E M A S | 4
Similar to the novel, Menrath also said in his writing, short story is a
representation of everyday life story or can also be written based on a true story. In other words, short story is a piece of real life story.
Based on these reasons, writer chooses to use a short story than other literary works. Jean Giono’s short story The Man Who Planted Trees contain much of nature ethical knowledge and able to gain people’s awareness to restore and keep the environment. The researcher argues that the story really illustrates human life associated with the natural surroundings. Hence, the researcher use Ecocriticism from Cheryll Glotfelty as relevance theory and analyze from Ecocentric perspective.
The Man Who Planted Trees is a story about a shepherd who were able to
change the place he lived, barren valley and almost no life, into a fertile place, full of trees, rich in water, and be a decent habitable for human kind. The
environmental issue contained in this story is the natural damage that occurs due to human activities themselves which do not concern about the condition of barren nature. Elezeard Bouffier as the main character in this story is able to change the formerly barren environment into a habitable place for future generations with his own technique; to plant as much of trees all ways long he went through.
E M A S | 5
Ecocriticism is the study of the relationship between literature and the physical environment (Glotfelty xviii). Glotfelty adds that Ecocriticism takes an earth-centered approach to literary studies. All ecological criticism shares the fundamental premise that human culture is connected to the physical world, affecting it and affected by it. Ecocriticism expand the notion of “world” to include the entire ecosphere. In other words, this theory tries to
find the relationship between human and environment from eco-perspective in literary works.
From the explanation above, Ecocriticism theory is very precisely applied to investigate Jean Giono’s The Man Who Planted Trees from
ecocritical perspectives. Using Ecocriticism theory explained by Cherryl Glotfelty, the researcher would like to find how the relationship between human and its environment moreover how the main character solved the environmental damage emerged in this short story.
1.2Statement of the Problems
Based on the research background above, writer formulates the problem statements as follows:
1. How are the environmental damages depicted in Jean Giono’s The
Man Who Planted Trees?
2. How is the stability of ecosystem described in Jean Giono’s The Man
E M A S | 6
1.3Objective of the Study
Based on the problem statements mentioned above, these are the following objectives:
1. To describe the environmental damage issues appeared in Jean Giono’s The Man Who Planted Trees
2. To explain the stability of ecosystem that occurred in Jean Giono’s
The Man Who Planted Trees.
1.4Significance of the Study
The researcher explains four theoretical significances from this study. First, enlighten the Ecocriticism theory and its application in literary work, especially in Jean Giono’s The Man Who Planted Trees. Second, explain the relationship
between human and its environment in literary work, particularly in Jean Giono’s
The Man Who Planted Trees. Third, explain kind of environmental damage and its
solution in this literary work. Forth, the researcher hopes that this research can be studied by students, lecturer, or other people who are interested in environmental studies and can be a reference in studying Ecocriticism theory. Moreover, this paper can give contributions to English Department of State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya
E M A S | 7
that, the researcher hopes that this study can be used as illustration to apply
Ecocriticism theory toward literary works and as starting point for further research.
1.5Scope and Limitation
Jean Giono’s The Man Who Planted Trees is a short story which is rich
in environmental issues to explore. To avoid a broader analysis, this research is focused on the environmental damage and the relation between human, in this case is Elezeard Bouffier as the main character, and natural surroundings in this literary work. What kind of environmental damage and how the main character solves the problem are points to be analyzed. The writer uses Ecocriticism theory by Cheryll Glotfelty to analyze the subject and Ecocentrism as the main
perspective.
1.6Method of the Study
This study concerns in analyzing the environmental damage and the relation between human and its surrounding nature and finding solution for environmental damage within the short story. Thus, the writer conducts this research with qualitative method. Qualitative research focuses on description and interpretation and might lead to development of new concepts or theory, or to an evaluation of an organizational process (Hancock 6). He also added that it is concerned with developing explanations of social phenomena.
E M A S | 8
1. Reading the short story the whole story and finding the problem in the story
2. Focusing on the environmental damage issues and human relationship with nature in that short story.
3. Classifying the data which have relation to research problems mentioned before.
The researcher classify the data that show the relation to research problems that describe the relationship between human and nature also the environmental damage and its solution.
4. Analyzing the selected data
After choosing the proper data, the researcher analyzes that collected data using Ecocriticism theory.
5. Draw interpretation, conclusion, and suggestion
1.7Definition of Key Terms
Ecocriticism: Study of the relationship between things, literary work and
environment, and between human culture and the physical word (Glotfelty xx)
Ecocentric: The view in environmental ethics that the interest of the
E M A S | 9
Ecosystem: The living community of plants and animals in any area together
with the non-living components of the environment such as soil, air and water, constitute the ecosystem (Bharucha 54)
Ecology: The study of the interactions between organisms and the
E M A S | 10
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED STUDY
2.1Theoretical Framework
Jean Giono’s The Man Who Planted Trees is fully contained the
environmental issues, especially human and non-human relationship. Therefore, researcher chooses Ecocriticism as basic theory to analyze natural degradation that explained by Cheryll Glotfelty. Furthermore, researcher uses Ecocentrism as point of view in order to limit broader analysis which is focusing at the
relationship between main character, Elezeard Bouffier, and his natural surroundings.
2.2Ecocriticism
The term Ecocriticism was possibly first coined in 1978 by William Rueckert in his essay “Literature and Ecology: An Experiment in Ecocriticism”,
he defined Ecocriticism as “the application of ecology and ecological concepts to the study of literature”. His definition, mainly, focuses with the science of ecology.
Ecocriticism term did not fully deal with many environmental critics. They
argued that it needs not any specific names, but others disagreed about it. Some of them think that a name is important, therefore, many scholars like the term
Ecocriticism because it is short and can easily be made into other forms like
Ecocritical and Ecocritic. Ecocritic means a person who wants to keep sustainable
E M A S | 11
between things, literary work and environment, and between human culture and the physical world (Glotfelty xx).
The goal of Ecocriticism through literary criticism is to give contribution for solving environmental degradation and to preserve biotic sphere. It can be formed as motivational awareness of ecology which focuses at the landscape as the main concern of analysis. Additionally, Glotfelty believes that the objective of
analyzing a literary study with Ecocriticism is to seek the ideology that
constructed within the literary itself. This theory has relationship between nature and culture. Thus, built ideology within the text can be found easily if we
understand the culture (Glotfelty 78).
According to Glotfelty, Ecoriticism is the study of the relationship between literature and the physical environment. Ecocriticism take an earth-centered approach to literary studies (Glotfelty xviii). Alternatively, William Howarth stated that the root of Ecocriticism is comes from Greek, oikos is nature like home
and kritos is a judge of tastes who wants the house kept in good order (Howarth
69). Eco is short of Ecology, which is concerned with the relationships between living organisms in their natural environment as well as their relationships between with that environment. By analogy, Ecocriticism is concerned with the relationships between literature and environment or how human interrelated with their physical environment that reflected in literature.
E M A S | 12
“Despite the broad scope of inquiry and disparate levels of sophistication,
all ecological criticism shares the fundamental premise that human culture is connected to the physical world, affecting it and affected by it”.
(Glotfelty and Fromm xix)
In the other hand, human activities are mostly affecting natural damage either. Indeed, it makes ecosystem stability were disrupted. Through this
Ecocriticism theory too, researcher seeks to examine how metaphors of nature and land are used and abused. (Glotfelty 81)
Jean Giono through his literary work tries to expose how human can change his wrecked environment by his own effort because the nature itself had been affected human’s life before. This story is very valuable work because human
become the only living creatures that has capability to make nature change. As Glotfelty said in her book that if human is not part of the solution, they will part of the problem (Glotfelty xxi). Thus, this literary work is able to become solution guide for human to react with environmental issues and criticize natural change happened surrounding us.
Ecocritics concern in four principles in doing critic as stated in Howarth’s article about some principles of Ecocriticism declares four correlated disciplines, which he had found from Barry Lopez’s Crossing Open Ground (1989), those are:
E M A S | 13
represent human and non-human life. Criticism judges the quality and integrity of works and supports their spreading. As a result, each discipline stresses the relation of nature and literature.
There are five steps that Ecocritic usually do in analyzing literary works using Ecocriticism theory as explained by Peter Barry on his book Beginning
Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory. First, they re-read major
literary works from Ecocentric perspective with mainly focus to the representation of the natural world. Second, they expand the applicability of a range of
Ecocentric concepts; such as growth and energy, balance and imbalance, symbiosis and mutuality, and sustainable or unsustainable uses of energy and resources. Third, they give special emphasis to writers who raise nature as a major part of their subject matter, such as American Transcendentalist, The British Romantics, etc. Fourthly, they do a critical practice through literary works and emphasize on doing factual writing; that is wrote by relevance of culture fact with contain of the text. Fifth, the last, they despite cultural and political point of view and instead emphasis Ecocentric values of particular observation, collective ethical responsibility, and the claims of the world beyond (Barry 169). As a result, researcher follows all of explained steps by Peter Barry as guidance at analyzing the main data.
“Ecocriticism seeks to redirect humanistic ideology, not spurning the
E M A S | 14
sources for early ideas of time and space, or history and property.” (Glotfelty 78)
From explanation above, it means that Ecocriticism used to seek ideology within the literary work. Glotfelty explains in her book the way to find ideology that constructed in the text. There are three phases in observing the literary works that represent environment issues. First is study how the nature is represented in the text in how landscape or setting and other non-human and non-living things are in a good condition or damaged by human. Second, analyzing the issue that has important function in rediscover and promulgate environmental consciousness to the reader by looking at the mainstream genres of the writing as well as
studying the author’s life. Third is examines the ideology set by author.
2.3Ecocentrism
E M A S | 15
Ecocentric perspective is to seek what is the meaning behind all of the cases that emerged. It leads us to see from nature as a centre.
“…it may help to inspire and prepare the ground for a new orientation toward nature and “give humanity prudential reasons for treating the
biosphere with more care” but that “a change in scientific understanding
alone cannot produce the needed change of consciousness.” (Eckersley 52) Major ecosystem problem and its solution are requiring human’s awareness.
Thus, from Ecocentric perspective, people may help how to treat the environment well. Jean Giono’s story has an implication meaning that this story will be
revealed and built the awareness of the reader.
The ecological theories on which traditional Ecocentric ethics are based, theories we call collectively the “ecology of stability,” were developed by
Frederic Clements and Eugene Odum, among others. They tended to view natural systems as integrated, stable wholes that are either at, or moving toward, mature equilibrium states. The terms equilibrium, balance, stability, and integrity often go unexplained in traditional Ecocentric ethics (Shrader-Frechette 65-67).
An Ecocentric ethic treats natural system as basically valuable or morally considerable. Ecocentric is raise holistic as their typical of ethic. Holistic is base moral concern as primarily on quality of natural system. It has evaluated human impacts on the environment primarily in terms of their effect on the integrity and stability of ecosystem.
E M A S | 16
ecosystem was called as stable system if it is relatively constant over time, if it resists modification, if upon being disturbed it has a strong tendency to return to its pre-disturbance state, and if it moves toward some end point despite
differences in starting points. Explanation above is become a guidance to analyze ecosystem stability that portrayed in The Man Who Planted Trees (Hettinger and Throop 5)
Ecocentrists believe that traditional moral norms and ethical theories that are focused on relationships between humans, including attempts to extend this norms and theory to cover animals and plants, are not sufficiently environmental and thus are inadequate to derive an environmental ethic. They take insights to heart from the science of ecology. Ecologists study the relationships between organisms and their environments, including collections or group of organisms. From an ecological perspective, one cannot fully understand what an organism is without also examining the species of the organism, how the organism interacts within species populations, how the organism is related to ecosystem processes (Wood 1)
2.4Review of Related Study
Previous researches that used similar literary works, Jean Giono’s The
Man Who Planted Trees, until this work have been written is never composed
before. Most of researchers use Ecocriticism theory to their research but with different literary work. Therefore, this is first time the short story The Man Who
E M A S | 17
Most of scholars, environmentalist especially, interest to discuss about natural crisis since it became major concern in 20th century that portrayed in literary works. Therefore, this study is maintained by some of academic writings and journals that discuss about environmental degradation and apply Ecocrticism as the main theory. There are three prior researches that have relationship with the topic of this research. First, the title is Animal Rights in Sara Gruens’ Water for
Elephants: An Ecocriticism Study, this is undergraduated thesis arranged by Evie
Triana from Airlangga University, Surabaya (2013). Second, the title of prior research is Sustainable Development in Walt Whitman’s A Song of the Rolling
Earth: An Ecocritic Study, the author is Sheila Hapsari Resti Buanadewi from
Airlangga University, Surabaya (2013). Third, is a thesis from Akhmad Kusuma Wardhana with the title The Spirit of Coming Back to the Nature in Jean
Craighthead George’s My Side of The Mountain: An Ecocriticism Study,
undergraduated thesis from Airlangga University, Surabaya (2014).
The first undergraduated thesis discussed about the portrayal of animal rights and ideology constructed within that novel. She used Ecocriticism theory by Cheryll Glotfelty theory to gain the ideology constructed in the novel and animal rights by Tamara Roleff. Her finding in that research are animals in the
E M A S | 18
rights, as the main theory, find that animal deserve to have a better life and animal have the same rights as human to be free from suffer, torture, and abuse.
The second prior undergraduated thesis discusses about the portrayal of nature and finds the poet’s view towards nature in Walt Whitman’s A Song of the
Rolling Earth. In this reaserch, writer also chooses Ecocriticism theory by Cherryl
Glotfelty to find the ideology of sustainable development constructed in the text.
The third previous study talks about natural resources that were available in wilderness as well as the perspective of people in country life are the positive point of non-urban area that can raise the spirit of coming back to the nature in My
Side of the Mountain novel.
As a result, even though all of those previous studies are used
E M A S | 19
CHAPTER III
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND HUMAN RELATIONSHIP
WITH NATURE IN JEAN GIONO’S
THE MAN WHO
PLANTED TREES
In this chapter, the researcher would like to analyze short story The Man
Who Planted Trees based on the statement of the problems. The analysis uses
Ecocriticism theory stated by Cheryll Glotfelty as the main perspective. To avoid a broader analysis, the researcher divides the analysis into two main sub-chapters which are theportrayal of environmental issues and human relationship with nature.
3.1 ThePortrayal of Environmental Issues 3. 1. 1. The Depiction of Nature
Theresearcher isgoing to analyze environmental issues based on Ecocriticism theory by Cherryl Glotfelty whoexplained that before analyzing environmental issues and human relationship with nature within literary works, it is bettertofirstlydeclare the representation of nature or nature setting in the story. Therefore, this part explains about the natural condition depicted in The Man Who Planted Trees.
E M A S | 20
water supply runs out. Fortunately, the traveler met with a shepherd and he invited him to take a rest in his cottage.
At this first partofthestory, the author has explained how the
environmental condition within the story. Nature condition that happened there is very damaged and not maintained well, it isproved with there is no plant grows there and that makes the nature condition become worst.
Based on theory that has been explained by Cheryll Glotfelty, the first phase in analyzing nature in the literary work is explaining about the
representation of nature depicted within the literary work. She stated that the description of setting and landscape in the literary work are the most important thing in Ecocriticism analysis. This step is necessary because before we are going to explain the relationship between human and their environment, the next step, we have to know how the nature portrayed in the literary work (76).
Depiction of nature in this short story, at the first, is portrayed as a very barren and dry region. This is explained when the author, which is also character of the short story, makes a long journey from Alps to Provence, France, and decides to take a rest at the village that he passed byto look for some waters. From here, nature is depicted as an inhabitable place because there is no plant grows there except wild lavender, “All this, at the time I embarked upon my long walk through these deserted regions, was barren and colorless land. Nothing grew there but wild lavender.” (1)
E M A S | 21
capable to grow there. This condition happens because it was unplanted for long time; people have less of consciousness to look after their environment and land to growsome plants in order to keep their life in future. Because it never be planted before, the land become dry and difficult to be grown by a wood, therefore, when rain came, it will be hard to keep water. Indeed it makes the traveler difficult to find some waters. No waters, barren land, dry, and no life are some evidences that nature condition is already damaged.
With such damage of nature condition, it is possible that there are no other beings are able to survive their life there. This natural condition indicates that nature has influenced human’s life. That is also possible when the author stated
that he cannot get some waters even there is a well or other water sources.
“I was crossing the area at its widest point, and after three days’ walking,
found myself in the midst of unparalleled desolation. I camped near the vestiges of an abandoned village. I had run out of water the day before, and had to find some.” (1)
E M A S | 22
the night in that area. But because his water supply has running out, it forces him to keep walking until he finds some. Until he finally found a village, as noted in the quotation below:
“…These clustered houses, although in ruins, like an old wasps’ nest,
suggested that there must once have been a spring or well here. There was indeed a spring, but it was dry. The five or six houses, roofless, gnawed by wind and rain, the tiny chapel with its crumbling steeple, stood about like the houses and chapels in living villages, but all life had vanished.” (1) He indeed had found a village, but the village is not like other village in general and it is different from what he imagined. He found a village without life in it. Indeed, there are several houses there but it has been destroyed by wind and rain, there is also a chapel but it is not maintained well and its tower was almost ruined, and he also found a spring and well but it drained already. The village was once occupied, but because of its environmental condition was damaged, there is no plant and water, andthe village isgradually left behind by its inhabitants, therefore the condition of that village becomes dormant. From the paragraph above, it can be concluded that nature condition has been affecting human and other beings’ life there. This condition proves that the natural damage that
occurred was already worst.
“It was a fine June day, brilliant with sunlight, but over this unsheltered
land, high in the sky, the wind blew with unendurable ferocity. It growled over carcasses of the houses like a lion disturbed at its meal. I had to move
E M A S | 23
The setting of time when the author made the long journey is June as mentioned above. As we knew before, June is the time for summer in Europe. The sunlight is very bright and when the sun reaches at its highest position, it stings in a skin. Therefore, it was possible when the author feels maximum heat and very bright sunlight, even though he was in a village that ever inhabited by humans. Moreover the area is a barren region without any trees that makes the wind feels like a lion raging because its launch was interrupted. He was disturbed because the area is not safe to live in. He then decided to move his tent and found a new place that safer,
“After five hours’ walking I had still not found water and there was
E M A S | 24
quotation above. From that quotation, the author said that he seems like hopeless to find neither some waters nor life there, because as long as he can see was only the barren place without hope.
“…It was a shepherd. Thirty sheep were lying about him on the baking
earth. He gave me a drink from his water-gourd and, a little later, took me to his cottage in a fold of the plain. He drew his water - excellent water - from a very deep natural well above which he had constructed a primitive winch.” (1-2)
After walking through his long journey, he finally saw a faint black shadow sitting under the one and only tree in that area. The author wrote term the
baking earth to describe what he feels; the weather was at the maximum heat at
that time so surface of the land that he visited feels like being baked by the sun on top of the place.
A man that he met is a shepherd with his thirty lambs around him. The shepherd then gives the traveler some of his waters. A fresh water taken from a well that is dug very deep so the water came out with a clear and feasible to be consumed by human.
E M A S | 25
like life without hopes, the only way, in their minds, to escape from their life there is with death.
“The bus put me down at Vergons. In 1913 this hamlet of ten or twelve
houses had three inhabitants. They had been savage creatures, hating one another, living by trapping game, little removed, both physically and morally, from the conditions of prehistoric man. All about them nettles were feeding upon the remains of abandoned houses. Their condition had been beyond hope. For them, nothing but to await death - a situation which rarely predisposes to virtue.” (7)
The entire depiction of nature in the story is about a description of the damaged nature. The author describes a natural condition with the dry of environment, bare land without any plants except wild lavender and coarse grasses. Thesurface of the soil feels very hot coupled with gusts of strong winds, thesun shines glare and feels very sting on the skin, waters and life are absence in that region even though there is a village. Various environmental damages that have been described by the author prove that it was the result of human ignorance of the environment. The next sub-chapter will discuss about lack of human consciousness in maintaining the environment in more detail.
E M A S | 26
the natural damage is the shortage of ecosystem ethic knowledge to maintain the environment for next generation’s life. These evidences show lack of human consciousness influenced environmental condition within the story.
“These clustered houses, although in ruins, like an old wasps’ nest,
suggested that there must once have been a spring or well here. There was indeed a spring, but it was dry. The five or six houses, roofless, gnawed by wind and rain, the tiny chapel with its crumbling steeple, stood about like the houses and chapels in living villages, but all life had vanished.” (1) In that empty region is indeed there is a village that has several houses and wells, but the condition has been abandoned by its inhabitants. It means that the abandoned village becomes lifeless because there is no life and automatically there is no plant. Those things actually will not happen if humans in that region understand about how to keep the balance of the ecosystem and capable to look after the environment well, therefore between human and their environment occur a good symbiosis.
This region becomes abandoned village because its inhabitants feel that the area they live is inhabitable anymore. They did not have any thought about why its region become die and inhabitable. If they have background knowledge of natural ethic, they will have awareness to keep their environment stable and livable; they will be more respectful to their environment and not only exploit the woods.
E M A S | 27
going in making a charcoal they have to get some woods to cut down every time they need, thus it makes sure that sooner or later the trees will be disappeared. This condition makes the nature getting worst, they took everything from nature but they did not restore it again. This also makes environment become dry and the soil will be wasted, therefore the land cannot be replanted.
“Furthermore, I understood perfectly well the character of the rare villages
of that region. There are four or five of them dispersed far from one another on the flanks of the hills, in groves of white oaks at the very ends of roads passable by carriage. They are inhabited by woodcutters who make charcoal. They are places where the living is poor. The families, pressed together in close quarters by a climate that is exceedingly harsh, in summer as well as in winter, struggle ever more selfishly against each other” (2).
Quotation above stated there are several families that live in unhealthy region. That case certainly has no doubt considering their main job is a charcoal maker, therefore it can be ascertained that thing they faced every day is thick cloud of smoke from charcoal burning. The black smoke from charcoal burning caused people around inhaling carbon dioxide gas. If that gas isinhaled
continuously into our body the gaswill cause some negative impacts, such as choking, pain, until the worst impact that is death.
At the last sentence in the paragraph said that struggle ever more selfishly
against each other, therefore the inhabitants in the village fight for their life
E M A S | 28
such as their health and environment, thus it was told as selfish in the story. It can be concluded that, for sure, they do not have any thought or initiative to keep and look after their environment still healthy and green because they only think about their life and feel very hard to struggle their life. More explanation will be
discussed below.
“…Irrational contention grows beyond all bounds, fueled by a continuous
struggle to escape from that place. The men carry their charcoal to the cities in their trucks, and then return. The most solid qualities crack under this perpetual Scottish shower. The women stir up bitterness. There is competition over everything, from the sale of charcoal to the benches at church. The virtues fight amongst themselves, the vices fight amongst themselves, and there is a ceaseless general combat between the vices and the virtues…” (2).
In the first sentence of the quotation above says that the villagers actually have been trying to get out from that environment. At the previous quotation, it has been explained about the unhealthy residence they live in, so here it is said that they want to leave from the place because of some adverse factors for their life, both in terms of health and finance. Losses in financial terms isdescribed in the next supporting sentences. The women stir up bitterness. There is competition
over everything, from the sale of charcoal to the benches at church. From this
E M A S | 29
Therefore, the sale of charcoal itself is not sufficient for the local population lives’, considering their main job is as a charcoal maker.
From this fact, the researcher can conclude that their thinking does not reach to the consciousness of look after and preserve the environment for future life because the only thing that is in their minds is just how to survive their life and family with the work they have as a charcoal maker. Another reason which resulted in the destruction of nature in the region is the people there never gain knowledge about what a bad impact if nature can only be taken its advantages without caring for replanting. It can be known because in the story the researcher did not find any evidences to say that its inhabitants had ever undergone formal education.
E M A S | 30
takes care of the land with full of attention. He wants to change the existing conditions; caring for untreated soil to be a land that can be replanted.
“…He had once had a farm in the lowlands. There he had his life. He had
lost his only son, then this wife. He had withdrawn into this solitude where his pleasure was to live leisurely with his lambs and his dog. It was his opinion that this land was dying for want of trees. He added that, having no very pressing business of his own, he had resolved to remedy this state of affairs.” (3-4)
Before he lived his life like that; living alone in an arid region, he had a normal life before. He once owned a plantation in the lowlands. He also had a family, his beloved wife and only son, before them one by one left Bouffier. After the occurrence, Bouffier decided to separate himself from urban life; he chose to live in an isolated and deserted place only accompanied by dogs and sheep. In his present life, in his solitude, he was having a lot of time, and therefore he chose to spend his leisure time to change the place in which he occupied by planting as many trees as he realized that the area is in desperate need of the existence of trees. So he intends to make the place become a fertile place and to fill the emptiness of his day.
“Since I was at that time, in spite of my youth, leading a solitary life, I
E M A S | 31
Awareness to maintain and also to improve the environment that has been damaged is not owned by everyone. It has also been acknowledged by the author himself in the quotation above. Moreover at that time the author is still young. The spirit that he has only dwell on the pleasure and for the future of himself, so it can be sure that he has no thought to keep or improve the state of the environment. He still does not have the awareness that it can keep his survival in the future. No one cares until he feels the need of it and understands the need of the tree for the survival of human life in the future.
“…Hunters, climbing into the wilderness in pursuit of hares or wild boar,
had of course noticed the sudden growth of little trees, but had attributed it to some natural caprice of the earth. That is why no one meddled with Elzeard Bouffier’s work. If he had been detected he would have had
opposition. He was indetectable….” (5)
The work that has been done by Bouffier, planting a tree, is completely unknown to anyone, including the hunters who come to the place. They think that the trees that grow there are natural occurrences of nature, the trees grow by themselves or they are natural inadvertence. Therefore, no one knows of what has been done by Bouffier. If there is someone who knows about his activity, for sure Bouffier will encounter many obstacles. For example, there is a government or a particular group knows about Bouffier activities, they will prohibit these activities and will recognize the status of land ownership.
“To have anything like a precise idea of this exceptional character one must
E M A S | 32
this natural condition, which is in dreadful need of the existence of the tree, is Elezard Bouffier. He is different from other people who only think of personal interests rather than thinking about the natural conditions. He's really willing is to work to completely change the natural state into a worthy region for human habitation and other living creatures.
“The only serious danger to the work occurred during the war of 1939. As
cars were being run on gazogenes (wood-burning generators), there was never enough wood. Cutting was started among the oaks of 1910, but the area was so far from any rail roads that the enterprise turned out to be financially unsound. It was abandoned…” (7)
Human selfish activities as exemplified above as evidence that humans do not have the awareness to preserve nature. Using wood fuel for their vehicles actually is nothing wrong, this natural fuel will be more environmentally friendly. Their mistake lies in the exploitation of the use of natural resources that is wood. They only take as much wood from the forest to meet their needs but they are not aware that such exploitation activities can threaten their lives in the future. What they should do is to replant the trees that they have cut down to ensure that the availability of timber will not be exhausted and the environmental conditions stay stable.
E M A S | 33
perspectives means that theresearcher notonlylooks for human and nature interrelationship, butalso observes the relationship from scope of ecosystem stability as stated by Hettinger and Throop in their book Refocusing Ecocentrism:
De-emphasizing Stability and Defending Wildness. They said that an ecosystem
was called as stable system if it is relatively constant over time, if it resists modification, if upon being disturbed it has a strong tendency to return to its pre-disturbance state, and if it moves toward some end point despite differences in starting points (5). In this sub-chapter, theresearcher gives explanation from human relationship with their environment evidences in order to maintain ecosystem stability in that area.
Almost all of human and nature relationship happens towards the main character within the story that is Elezard Bouffier. In this case, he tries his best to repair the damaged environment. He did all of it for the sake of restoring the ecosystem stability there. Theresearcher not only focuses on relationship between main character and his environment, but also focuses on the relationship between the entire human in the region with their environment in case of their activity related to their effort to keep the stability of nature ecosystem.
“The shepherd went to fetch a small sack and poured out a heap of acorns
on the table. He began to inspect them, one by one, with great concentration, separating the good from the bad……” (2) From thefirst quotation, theauthor told about Bouffier’s activities before he started to plant some oak trees around his
E M A S | 34
deserted area with minimum of water supply. Besides that, oak tree isalso known as strong tree, it has dense of leaves, therefore in the future this tree will be able to be a home for many animals and gives much of oxygen supply to human’s life.
Oak tree also has big stem and strong root that makes this tree capable to be rain receptacle and good water saver for human’s life.
While doing his activities, Bouffier always focus with it and he does not feel interrupted with anything around him. He was habitually lives with that condition, because he lives with his total solitude. He decided to live insolitaire when he lost his family and chose to be separated from urban life. Because of that reason, he can do everything, such as examine the best acorns to be planted, totally. Even there is a friend or person around him, he does not feel bothered at all; because he never accepts and talks to a guess before.
“……And in fact, seeing the care he devoted to the task, I did not insist.
That was the whole of our conversation. When he had set aside a large enough pile of good acorns he counted them out by tens, meanwhile eliminating the small ones or those which were slightly cracked, for now he examined them more closely……” (3)
E M A S | 35
The next step he did for planting the oak trees is by soaking the acorns first into water, “……Before leaving, he plunged his sack of carefully selected and counted acorns into a pail of water.” (3) The good way in planting the oak trees, indeed, is prohibited to let the acorns dry. Therefore, after he chooses the best acorns to be planted, then he soaks the acorns in the water before he started planting the next day. Up to the quotation above, therelationship between Bouffier and his environment occurs in a very good symbiosis. He plants a lot of trees to repair the damaged nature, not only just planting trees to repair the environment, but also paying attention to the acorns that will be planted; he treats that acorns very well until chooses the best acorns to be planted in order to deliver the best oak tree that has good quality too.
After he has chosen the best acorns, then he starts to plant the acorns in the region, “There he began thrusting his iron rod into the earth, making a hole in which he planted an acorn; then he refilled the hole. He was planting oak
trees……” (3). The area that he chose to plant the acorns was area that he passes everyday when he pastured his flocks. Therefore, all along the way he pastured his flock he also plant the acorns in earth. That is why he always brings an iron rod when he was outside to pasture his flocks; its function is to make a hole that ready to be planted with acorns. Thus, this is the way he restored the damaged nature by planting trees as much as he can.
“After the midday meal he resumed his planting. I suppose I must have
E M A S | 36
hundred thousand. Of the hundred thousand, twenty thousand had expected to lose half, to rodents or to the unpredictable designs of Providence. There remained ten thousand oak trees to grow where nothing had grown before.” (3)
He spends all of his time by planting many trees. When he did not do his main daily activities, he starts to make himself busy with activity that is
interrelated with nature. From his activities, he was succeed to plant one thousand trees, even though there are some trees which arewrecked and died because of weather or any natural condition. Nevertheless, he never stops planting. He will plant until ten thousand oak trees at those barren lands.
“……He answered quite simply that if God granted him life, in thirty
years he would have planted so many more that these ten thousand would be like a drop of water in the ocean.” (4) He did his task as a human being who has good responsibility with his nature. So he did it with all of his whole heart without pressure from others. He also spends all of his time and energy just for planting those trees ungrudgingly.
E M A S | 37
will still be able to grow. Moreover, the beech tree does not require a very long time to grow up.
“Besides, he was now studying the reproduction of beech trees and had a
nursery of seedlings grown from beechnuts near his cottage. The
seedlings, which he had protected from his sheep with a wire fence, were very beautiful. He was also considering birches for the valleys where, he told me, there was a certain amount of moisture a few yards below the surface of the soil.” (4)
In the quotation above, the author also writes that Bouffier has a strong belief that there are still areas that have moist soil and are very suitable for planting trees. From there he plans to plant another tree species that is birch tree. Birch tree is a type of plant that has a long wooden rod and small. It also includes in a type of beech tree, so it also has almost the same characteristic that is able to live in areas with minimum of water supply. Moreover, it includes in a plant that can be specially planted in a dry soil area well-drained soil.
“……Now he had only four sheep but, instead, a hundred beehives. He
had got rid of the sheep because they threatened his young trees. For, he told me (and I saw for myself), the war had disturbed him not at all. He had imperturbably continued to plant.” (5)
E M A S | 38
and the planting of his trees became stalled. Therefore, he switches to have beehives. After that he has no significant external interference, even the war does not interrupt his activities. Bouffier keep doing his activities that he has started first. That is how Bouffier contributes to his environment.
“……When you remembered that all this had sprung from the hands and
the soul of this one man, without technical resources, you understand that men could be as effectual as God in other realms than that of destruction.” (5)
What Bouffier has been done for his environment has greatly affected for the environment itself. The natural conditions that once were damaged and almost had any hope of repair, but in the hands of non approximations, Bouffier was able to change it into something new, even though he was only empty-handed.The author said in his writings that it turns out that a man is capable of almost equal as God did; Bouffier is able to create a new natural environment of his own ability and effort.
“He had pursued his plan, and beech trees as high as my shoulder,
E M A S | 39
efforts in learning the beech trees and planting them in the area have been successful.
“……He had set them out in all the valleys where he had guessed - and
rightly - that there was moisture almost at the surface of the ground. They were as delicate as young girls, and very well established.” (5) Here he proves that what he believed at that time, that there is an area that still has a moist soil, was true. He had planted and arranged beech trees in such a way in the valley he had predicted. This proves that Bouffier has recognized the environment very well; an area that was located tens of kilometers he capable to knows how it is very well. From a fairly humid area he will be able to make life around the area.
“Creation seemed to come about in a sort of chain reaction. He did not
worry about it; he was determinedly pursuing his task in all its simplicity; but as we went back toward the village I saw water flowing in brooks that had been dry since the memory of man. This was the most impressive result of chain reaction that I had seen……” (5)
Relationship between Bouffier with his environment has led to a good mutual reaction to the natural conditions there. The purpose of the mutual reaction here is the results that have been obtained will not betray of the effort that has been done. He has planted tens thousands of trees in the ground, so now the
E M A S | 40
“……At that time Bouffier was about to plant beeches at a spot some
twelve kilometers from his cottage. In order to avoid travelling back and forth - for he was then seventy-five - he planned to build a stone cabin right at the plantation. The next year he did so.” (6)
The area that Bouffier planted spread far from his cottage. When he planted a beech tree, it was 12 kilometers away from his cottage, thus he planned to build a little cottage or cabin made of stone. He does not even think of using any vehicle, he prefers to build a cottage near the nursery so that his access to the land becomes easier. He also built the cottage with an environmental friendly material that is rocks.
“……It was decided that something must be done and, fortunately,
nothing was done except the only helpful thing: the whole forest was placed under the protection of the State, and charcoal burning
prohibited……” (6)
The forest he gradually planted was eventually discovered by the
E M A S | 41
“……We found him hard at work, some ten kilometers from the spot
where the inspection had taken place. This forester was not my friend for nothing. He was aware of values. He knew how to keep silent……” (6) Bouffier is always serious in doing all of his activities. At his much older age, he still strives to do his best. He is still able to walk long distances up to 10 kilometers away.
However, from the results he planted the forest that began to be known by many people, it also raises many new threats. One of them must be arrived from human desire to exploit forest resources in excess to the needs and interests of their own business. The exploitation of woods will break the Bouffier forests that he had so long cultivated and guarded with great difficulty. From this, the author asked a help from his friend who is a forest ranger to not tell others about the forest, especially to the hunters and wood cutters. Because his friend has more attention for forest, then he also cares about the balance of nature and ecosystem, he can be trusted not to say it to anyone.
“……In the direction from which we had come the slopes were covered
with trees twenty to twenty-five feet tall. I remembered how the land had looked in 1913: a desert ... Peaceful, regular toil, the vigorous mountain air, frugality and, above all, serenity of spirit had endowed this old man with awe-inspiring health. He was one of God’s athletes. I wondered how many more acres he was going to cover with trees……” (6)
E M A S | 42
trees. That condition makes this land becomes habitable area. Bouffier success in restoring the damaged natural conditions related to the author as a servant of God. He did it like the hand of God who was able to turn the deserted region into an extraordinary land. Until the author felt that if Bouffier still continue to do his activities, there will be more areas that are sheltered by the trees.
“It was thanks to this officer that not only the forest but also the
happiness of the man was protected. He delegated three rangers to the task, and so terrorized them that they remained proof against all the bottles of wine the charcoal burners could offer.” (7)
Another human relationship, other than Bouffier, with its nature occurs quite well after the Bouffier forest is known to many people. Forester who is concerned about the sustainability of the forest performs its duties well. The foresters guarantee the integrity of the forest from the hands that will destroy it. They are asked their promise not to let charcoal makers to take the wood freely.
“……On the site of ruins I had seen in 1913 now stand neat farms,
E M A S | 43
adventure……now that they live in comfort, more than ten thousand
people owe their happiness to Elezeard Bouffier.” (8)
The quotation above is the final condition after what Bouffier has done for the environment. In the area has been built an orderly farm. The rivers and water sources that once dried up are now re-flooded with water. The land that was once dry, now becomes fertile and can be replanted, thus the land in the place becomes valuable and began to be occupied again by the inhabitants. The pulse of life in the place has begun to be felt; gradually the village began to rise. Bouffier's dream of being able to restore life in that place can finally be accomplished and the inhabitants there feel wooded to him for whatever they feel today.
From the evidences and explanations that researcher has described above, the next step is to adjust the evidence to the characteristics of the ecosystem stability that Hettinger and Throop has explained that nature is stable if it satisfies the following conditions: it is relatively constant over time, if it resists
modification, if upon being disturbed it has a strong tendency to return to its pre-disturbance state, and if it moves toward some end point despite differences in starting points (5). The characteristics of the whole have been described above will not happen if it is without human assistance. Therefore, all human activities on nature have a very important role in determining the stability of natural ecosystem itself.
E M A S | 44
humans. From this first evidence, it can be seen that it does not correspond to the first characteristics of ecosystem stability. Nature should not be damaged by human activity.
Human activity in this story actually makes nature become damaged. According to the second nature of the stability of nature, resists modification, according to Hettinger and Throop, human within the story should be preserved nature rather than destroy it. If human destroys nature, it means that nature has been modified.
The third characteristic is it has a strong tendency to return to its pre-disturbance state. This is very appropriate with the activities undertaken by Bouffier as the main character. He really wanted that damaged nature is back into a beautiful and livable nature. He did what he can do to restore the situation by planting as many trees as possible.
E M A S | 45
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION
This chapter shows conclusion of the study about ecosystem stability portrayed in Jean Giono’s short story. This analysis entitled Ecosystem Stability Portrayed in Jean Giono’s The Man Who Planted Trees: An Ecocentric Concept. This analysis not
only focuses on the Elezard Bouffier as main character, but also focuses to whole character within the story who have relationship with nature and their activity towards the nature; the activity that interrelated with ecosystem stability.
In the earlier description of the short story, nature is described as dry, barren, desert, no water, and no plants. Damaged nature is caused by human activities that are too exploiting nature for their own sake. In this case, it means that humans have become part of the problem. The region isdescribed as a dry and barren area which has no vegetation and looks like desert, ithas a very hot weather, no water, and automatically there is no life.
E M A S | 46
of nature at the end of this story becomes changed, from the arid at the first become fertile, green, healthy, and livable at the end.
Before being a fertile, green, healthy, and livable place, the environment was a damaged nature. Nature can be damaged because ofmany factors, one of them isdue to lack of human awareness in maintaining and taking care of the environment. They only know to exploit the wealth of nature itself without thinking how to maintain it. They do not realize that the exploitation activities to the nature only threaten their lives in the future. The wood that istaken continuously from the forest will eventually make stock of timber in nature become runs out. Nature becomes no longer have enough tree stocks to make ecosystem balance. Therefore, the perceived impact is the loss one of the human life’s source.
E M A S | 47
FromHuman relationship with nature that explained in the story, theresearcher analyzes in accordance with the characteristics that have been described previously. First, it is relatively constant over time. The natural conditions illustrated in the story do not correspond to the characteristics of this first natural stability. This is happen because human relationships with nature occur with no good. Human actually become destroyer of natural conditions. Therefore it causes the conditions become not constant from beginning to end.
The second characteristic is it resists modification. This is obviously very inappropriate with this characteristic. If it isagainst modification, people will not did many activities that can damage and change the condition of nature. The thing that should be done is to maintain and care for nature in order to remain a habitable place.
The damaged natural conditions can still be kept by Bouffier's concern. This is in accordance with the third characteristic that it has a strong tendency to return to its pre-disturbance state. Bouffier tried with his maximum force to the nature that he occupied becoming fertile and greening again.
The last characteristic is itmoves toward some end points despite differences in starting points. This is also in line with everything that Bouffier has been done. He is able to change and restore the state of nature to be a better place.
E M A S | 48
E M A S | 49
WORKS CITED
Abrams, M. H. and Geoffrey Galt Harpham. Glossary of Literary Terms. 9th Ed. USA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2009. PDF
Barry, Peter. Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory. 2nd Ed. United Kingdom: Manchester University Press, 2002. PDF
Bharucha, Erach. Environmental Studies for Undergraduate Course. New Delhi: University Grants Commision, 2004. PDF
Buanadewi, Sheila Hapsari R. Sustainable Development in Walt Whitman’s A Song
of Rolling Earth: An Ecocritic Study. Undergraduates Thesis, Airlangga
University, 2013. PDF
Buell, Lawrence. The Future of Environmental Criticism: Environmental Crisis and
Literary Imagination. USA: Blackwell Publishing, 2005. PDF
Callicott, J. Baird. In Defense of the Land Ethic: Essays in Environmental
Philosophy. Albany: State University of New York Press. 1989. PDF
Doyle, Peter. The Man Who Planted Trees. 1954. PDF
Glotfelty, Cherryl and Harold Fromm (Eds). The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks
in Literary Ecology. USA: The University of Georgia Press, 1996. PDF
Hancock, Beverley., Elizabeth Ockleford, Kate Windridge. An Introduction to
E M A S | 50
Hoffman, Andrew J. and Llyod E. Sandelands. Getting Right with Nature:
Anthropocentrism, Ecocentrism, and Theocentrism. Ross School of Business,
Michigan University, October 2004. PDF
Howarth, William. Some Principles of Ecocriticism. In The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology. Cherryl Glotfelty and Harold Fromm (Eds). USA: The University of Georgia Press, 1996. PDF
Madureira, Marco Andre V. Ecocriticism in Disney/Pixar Wall-E and the
De-Greening Cycle. Letters Faculty, University of Coimbra, October 2012. PDF
Mahato, Swatilekha. The Lorax: An Adapted Animated Movie in Ecocritical
Perspective. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, University
Pondicherry, July 2015. PDF
Medrington, Richard. The Man Who Planted Trees: Puppet State Theatre Company
of Scotland. Scotland: Tennessee Performing Arts Center Education. 2009. PDF
Triana, Evie. Animal Rights in Sara Gruens’s Water for Elephants: An Ecocriticism
Study. Undergraduate Thesis, Airlangga University, 2013. PDF
Shrader-Frechette, K. S. and E. D. McCoy, Method in Ecology. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1993. PDF
Wardani, Chairina Okta. Waste as the Major Ecosystem Problem and Its Solution In Andrew Stanton’s Wall-E: An Ecocriticism Study. Undergraduate Thesis,
E M A S | 51
Wyk, Karl van. Different Nattures: An Ecocritical Analysis of Selected Films by
Terrence Malick, Werner Herzog, and Sean Penn. Faculty of Humanities,
