THE DEVELOPMENT OF LEXICAL ACQUISITION BY
TWO-YEAR-OLD CHILDREN WITH LANGUAGE DELAY
A THESIS
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Magister Humaniora
By
IRMA KHOIROT DAULAY Registration Number : 8126112016
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LEXICAL ACQUISITION BY
TWO-YEAR-OLD CHILDREN WITH LANGUAGE DELAY
A THESIS
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Magister Humaniora
By
IRMA KHOIROT DAULAY Registration Number : 8126112016
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
ABSTRACT
IRMA KHOIROT DAULAY.Development of Lexical Acquisition By Two-Year-Old Children With Language Delay.A Thesis. Medan: English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Postgraduate School of State University of Medan, 2014.
ABSTRAK
IRMA KHOIROT DAULAY. Perkembangan pemerolehan lexical pada anak usia dua tahun yang mengalami keterlambatan bahasa. Tesis. Program Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Pascasarjana. Universitas Negeri Medan, 2014.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Alhamdulillahirobbilalamin, Praise to Allah Almighty who has blessed the writer to complete this thesis in order to fulfill the requirement inobtaining the degree of Master Humaniora of the English Applied Linguistics Study, Postgraduate School at State University of Medan.
The writer addressed her special gratitude to her beloved parents Alm. H. Anwar Daulay, BA and Dra.Hj. PaujiaRosmini, M.M, her beloved brothers and sister (KhobirulAlamsyahDaulay, NisahSiregar and Raja Ahmad BadawiDaulay), her grandmom (Berlian Br.Gultom), her uncle and aunties (SegindaPasaribu, Melly Fatimah Siregar and TettyPasaribu)for supporting and encouraging her with their best wishes. their excellent suggestions, guidances, advices, patience and precious time in completing and correcting the present thesis.
She owns her deepest gratitude to all of her examiners Prof. Dr. AmrinSaragih, M.Pd,. Dr. Zainuddin, M.Hum,. and Dr. RahmadHusein, M.Edwho had given their excellent corrections and suggestions in order to make this thesis became better.
She would like to acknowledge the head of English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Prof. Dr. BusminGurning, M.Pd, the sectary of English Applied Linguistics Study Program Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.Si and the administrative staff of English Applied Linguistics Study Program Farid ma’ruf for their management and administrative help. Special thanks go to all lecturers of English Applied Linguistics Study Program for sharing their valuable knowledge, experience and lesson to her during her academic years.
Her regards also delivered to her best friends (Widya, Rafina, Henny, Rahayu, and Atikah )for their supports, encouragements and prayers
Agung, bang Indra, bang Riwanto, bang Elbi, and pak Pollung ) for their love, support, advise, encouragement, and friendship during the academic year.
The last but not the least, big thanks to the subjects AAP and RA and their families to permit the writer observed both of them.
The writer admits that the content of this thesis is still far from perfection, but she warmly welcomes any constructive ideas and critics that will improve the quality of this thesis. The writer also hopes this thesis would be useful for those who read this thesis.
Medan, June 5th 2014
i
TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
TABLE OF CONTENTS.………...……….……... i
LIST OF TABLES ... iv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ……... 1
1.1. The Background of the Study …….………. 1
1.2. The Problem of Study ………... 9
1.3. The Objective of the Study ………. 10
1.4. The Scope of the Study ……… 10
1.5. The Significances of the Study ...………….…….. 11
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...………. 12
2.1. Language Acquisition . ………... 12
2.1.1. Stages in Acquisition ... 14
2.1.2 Children Language Development ... 15
2.2. Children Determine the Meaning of Words …….. 16
2.3 Lexical Words ... 17
2.4 Lexical Acquisition ... 22
ii
2.6 Language Delay ... 28
2.6.1 Causes of Language Delay ... 30
2.6.2 Prevelence and Impact of Language Delay ... 35
2.6.3 Early Indicators of Language Delay ... 35
2.6.4 Testing Children ... 36
2.6.5 Three Main Approaches with Exressive or Receptive Language Delay... 37
2.6.6 Language Promotion Strategies ... 40
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ... 43
3.1. Research Design ……….. 43
3.2. The Subject and the Object of the Study …... 44
3.3 The Instrument of Collecting the Data... 47
3.4. The Technique of Collecting Data ...………… 47
3.6 The Technique of Data Analysis ... 48
3.7 Trustworthiness ... 50
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION... 54
4.1 The Data ... 54
4.2 Data Analysis ... 57
iii
4.2.2 The Ways Lexical Words Acquired by Subjects.. 60
4.2.3 The Cause of Delay by Subjects ... 61
4.3 Findings ... 62
4.3.1 The Lexical Acquisition by Subjects ... 63
4.3.2 The Ways Lexical Words Acquired by Subjects.. 64
4.3.3 The Cause of Delay by Subjects ... 64
4.4 Discussions ... 65
4.4.1 The Lexical Acquisition by Subjects ... 65
4.4.2 The Ways Lexical Words Acquired by Subjects.. 66
4.4.3 The Cause of Delay by Subjects ... 69
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 70
5.1 Conclusions ... 70
5.2 Suggestions ... 71
REFERENCES ... ... 70
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1 The Subjects of the Study ... 46
Table 4.1 The Classifications of Lexical Acquisition by AAP ... 54
LIST OF CHARTS
Chart 4.1 The Development of Lexical Words by AAP ... 59
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
Language can be interpreted as a system of signs whether oral or written and a system of communication among humans. Languages include verbal and non-verbal communication can be studied on a regular basis depending on the maturity and learning opportunities that one has, as well as the language is the foundation of a child to learn other things. Before he learned other knowledge, he needs to use language in order to understand it well. Children will be able to expand its expertise in the field of sound pronunciation, writing, and reading.
In communication, language is an essential tool for everyone. Has communication with another children will be able to develop as their social skills. Mastery of social skills in a social environment begins with the mastery of language skills. Without language people would not be able to communicate with others. Children can express his thoughts or mind by using language then people can catch what is thought by the child. Communication between two children can be established with the language so that the child can build a relationship through social interaction so it is not surprising that the language is considered as one of the indicators to stimulate the child. Children are considered to talk much which sometimes as a reflection becomes a smart child.
The basic thing of language to be mastered in early age is lexical. As stated by Kit (2003) Lexical acquisition is an important stage in the language
development of human infants. Words are the basic building blocks for utterances. Without words, there would be no phrases, no utterances, and therefore no syntax, no semantics, and finally, no language. That is why, the lexical acquisition is thought as critical initial step and the very first step towards the proper development of language competence.
The development of language is really important in early childhood because while language becomes the basic skill of a child, s/he will be able to enhance the other abilities of social skills.Early language development involves many issues including cognition, play skills, social interaction and oral motor development (Dale & Philip, 1972). By the statement above, if one of the issues does not develop well it will affect the acquisition of words by each child. From extensive study of child development we have a good idea of what skills and abilities to expect of the average child at any particular age. For example, between 2; 00 – 3; 00 years of age a child will typically be able to identify their body parts and on dolls, understand the difference between big and little, match about four colors, combine some nouns and verbs into short two word phrases, understand about 300 words and use 50 – 100 words expressively (Bloom andLahey, 1978). These are the abilities that child commonly has in the age between 2; 00- 3; 00 years old.
directly. At the end of one year old, children are able to understand that objects have permanence so that children begin to use symbols to represent objects that are not present in front of him. And next it will become a symbol of the words spoken by the child soon.3) Theory of Nativism Chomsky(1965) states that children were born with an innate propensity for language acquisition and this ability makes the task of acquire the first language easier than it would otherwise be. The human brain is naturally for language in the sense when children are exposed to speak certain general principles for discovering or structuring language automatically begins to operate. Chomsky originally theorized that children were born with a hard wired Language Acquisition Device (LAD) in their brains. Then it later expanded this idea into Universal Grammar (UG) as a set of innate principle and adjustable parameters that are common to all human languages. The child exploits his/her LAD to make sense of the utterances that is heard around -them.
children at the early age can acquire language(s) even though they still do not have the ability in learning process as the adults.
Moreover, Lenneberg (1967) also agrees that critical period of language acquisition ends around the age of 12 years. He claimed that if no language is acquired before then, it could be never acquired a normal and fully functional sense. It can be said that if a child was treated with no verbal interaction during that period, impossible for him to acquire language for whole of his life. This is called the “Critical period hypothesis”.
Specifically this research will analyze with reference to lexical acquisition which is classified by Jackson and Amvela (2000: 50), they state that in most general terms lexical words are nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. They have fairly independent meanings and may be meaningful even in isolation or in series. Classes of lexical words contain hundred or even thousands of members and they form open classes. The examples of the lexical words are flower, fragrance, bottle and stone.
additional subject I found that RA( the second subject ) also acquired the language delay because he had limited words acquired in his two year old and the same with the first subject that the developments of his words develop slower than what has been expected in his age too. So these were the reasonsthis study was conducted in her research. We have to aware on this case, because there are serious impacts to the children future life if they do not get any serious attention and support from their environment.
There are some causes of language delay that can be connected by hearing impairment, social deprivation, developmental delay with language and challenging behavior. In the other hand language delay may impact on the other aspects of children developments including school achievement, socializing with peers, family relationship, emotional well being and behavior. That is why the children with language delay have to get the early streatments to minimize the impact of language delay in their future life.
There are also some opinions due to this phenomenon, one of the theories is derived from Fletcher and Miller (2005) “A child that is considered into language delay is the child whose process of developing speech develops slower than what has been expected”. From this statement it can be concluded that language delay occurs not only in children with abnormal growth but also with the normal children who have the normal growth and activities. The child who suffers from speech delay will not follow the normal stages in acquiring his / her first language. This issues will bring the child into learning difficulties in future because his / her limited vocabularies. For instance, the child with the normal language of development will be able to identify body parts, understand the difference between big and little, match about four colors, combine some nouns and verbs in two short two phrases, understand about 300 words and acquired 50-100 words. In contrast, the development of language acquisition in children with language delay will not be the same as what the normal children expecting to acquire. The children with language delay will get fewer than 50 words and no words combinations in their two years of age. Therefore, this research will observe in more detail about the development of language acquisition by two year old children with language delay and how contrast the differences in both cases.
delayed, the way the child expresses the language in his daily life sometimes use body language. Heuses the body language when his co-speaker does not understand what he said. Due to this previous case, the researcher also wants to analyze more based on her research subjects. (2) The Acquisition of Indonesian Verbs and Nouns by two-year –old Toba Batak Children, which was conducted by Winner (2013). In her research, she searched and observed verbs and nouns acquired by normal children. She found that the normal children of two year old acquired 352 nouns. The subjects acquired the words from their parents, relatives and friends when they played and talked with them in their daily activities. (3) Screening for speech and language delay: a systematic review of the literature which published by The National Coordinating Centre for Health Technology Assessment (NCCHTA, 1998). This research concerns to the identification and treatment of children with primary speech and language delay, that is delays which are cannot be attributed to other conditions such as hearing loss or other more general developmental disabilities. Such delays are important because they cause concern to parents, because they are commonly associated with behavioral and other difficulties in the pre-school period and because they constitute a risk factor for subsequent poor school performance and for a wide range of personal and social difficulties for the individuals concerned.
hearing loss, developmental and behavioral difficulties. Beside that early speech and language delay may have implications for the later development of literacy and socialization, evidence exists of the positive effects of intervention and in particular, indirect treatment approaches that involve parents.
Based on the explanation above, the impacts about language delay to the children future live and the percentage research of children with language delay and the previous researches finding give the strength reasons for the researcher to conduct a research on the development of lexical acquisition by two year old children with language delay, the ways children with language delay acquire the lexical words and to discover the causes of language delay which belong to each subject.
1.2 The Problem of the Study
In relation to the background, the problems of this study are:
1) What are the lexical items acquired by two–year-old children with language delay?
2) How is the lexical acquisition by two-year-old children with language delay?
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
In relation to the problems of the study, the objectives of the study are:
1) To find out the lexical item acquire by two-year-old children suffering from language delay
2) To describe how the two-year-old children with language delay acquired the lexical words.
3) To explain the cause of language delay by each child.
1.4 The Scope of the Study
This study presents to investigate the acquisition of words by two-year-old children with language delay. The aspect to be observed is the words production, the development of words, and the cause of the delay itself.
1.5 The Significances of the Study
The findings of the study are expected to be relevant and valuable inputs which enrich the study on the development of language acquisition how is the development by two year old children with language delay and the reason of delay in each children. It is expected that the findings can show significant relevancy to the theoretical and practical aspects.
Theoretically, the research findings can provide a basis for a further research on different stages of the children’s language acquisition especially the child with language delay. While practically, this research can be made as guidelines for adults, teachers, parents who are interest in the process of introducing the new words to the young children with language delay. It will be also very useful for a reference in assisting of facilitating their children in the process of language acquisition especially the children with language delay.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1Conclusions
From the data and findings presented in the previous chapter is concluded that 1. The children with language delay in their 2; 3 years old acquired less than 50 words. They have increased the lexical acquisition more than 50 words in their 2; 7 years old.
2. The subjects basically influenced by both ‘nature’ process (that language is basically innate, that children were born with a special unique human talent that can acquire the grammar of a language without adults’ instruction or correction), and ‘nurture’ process (that adults’ teach language to the children by using simple language and giving them correction when they have used the language well or bad). In the other words The nature is UG and nurture is the enviroment. UG as the basic knowledge of language must get the support from the environment to work well and based on this study found that both subject has got different support to stimulate their delayed. First subject, got the support from his relative familieswhile, the second subject got the support from his peers and television shows.
3. Based on this study, there are three causes found such as Maturation delay which belong to the first subject and Psychosocial depriviation and Elective mutism which belong to the second subject. Every child will have different cause of delay which was unpredictable factors that bring this
cause to each subject. But the crucial thing is that, every child who are experienced the language delay, have to get early stimulus of language in order to minimize the effect of language delay in future life.
5.2 Suggestion
In relation to the conclusions, suggestions are offered as the following: 1. To improve and maximize the lexical acquisition by children in early
age, the family and environment must actively give the stimulus of language such as having conversation with the children, telling the book story to children, and serving the available and educated television shows to the children.
2. From the point above; there are many ways to give knowledge of language to the children with language delay. Give as much stimulus as possible to help the children with language delay acquire the lexical words so that they will develop the number of their lexical words normally.
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