AN ANALYSIS ON STUDENTS’
ABILITY AND DIFFICULTY
IN WRITING NARRATIVE TEXT
(A Research Study Concerning on Writing Skill of Eleventh Grade Students)
A Research Paper
Submitted to the English Education Department in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
By:
Tabah Ghifary Diniya
0803093
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS EDUCATION INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
AN ANALYSIS ON STUDENTS’
ABILITY AND DIFFICULTY
IN WRITING NARRATIVE TEXT
(A Research Study Concerning on Writing Skill of Eleventh Grade Students)
Oleh
Tabah Ghifary Diniya
Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni
© Tabah Ghifary Diniya 2013
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia 2013
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.
PAGE OF APPROVAL
AN ANALYSIS ON STUDENTS’
ABILITY AND DIFFICULTY
IN WRITING NARRATIVE TEXT
(A Research Study Concerning on Writing Skill of Eleventh Grade Students)
By
TABAH GHIFARY DINIYA
0803093
Approved by:
Main Supervisor Co-Supervisor
Emi Emilia, M. Ed., Ph. D. Lulu Laela Amalia, S.S., M.Pd. NIP. 196609161990012001 NIP. 197504092007102001
Head of English Education Department
Faculty of Language and Fine Arts Education
Indonesia University of Education
ABSTRACT
The research paper entitled “An Analysis on Students’ Ability and Difficulty in Writing Narrative Text” attempted to investigate what are the
students’ abilityand difficulties in writing narrative text as a “natural” text genre.
This study is also focused on revealing what kinds of processes and circumstances
that students use in their narrative seen from the transitivity system. This study
was conducted in one public senior high school in Purwakarta. This study used a
case study research design. The data were thirty five students’ works which are
categorized into three different levels of achievement that are low, middle, and
high achievers. The texts were analyzed using the Rose’s Scoring System (2007),
Halliday(1985, 1994), Gerot and Wignell (1994),Levine (1993), Richard (1974),
Knapp and Watkins (2005). The findings of this study show that the students’
errors on their writing are verb pattern error, sentence sprawl, and punctuation.
These errors are mainly caused by over-generalization and ignorance of rule
restriction that students do. Material and mental processes are spotted to be the
most appearing processes in the students’ works, whereas the occurrences of
circumstances tend to be equal.
Keywords: Students’ Error, Narrative text, Transitivity system
Supervisor : Emi Emilia, M.Ed., Ph. D.
ABSTRACT
Penelitian yang berjudul “Analisis pada Kemampuan dan Kesulitan Siswa dalam Menullis Teks Naratif” ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sejauh mana
kemampuan siswa dan apa saja kesulitan yang dialami siswa dalam menulis teks
naratif sebagai jenis teks yang “natural”. Penelitian ini juga berfokus untuk
mengungkapkan jenis processes dan circumstances apa saja yang digunakan
siswa didalam teksnya ditinjau dari sistem transitivity. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan
di sebuah sekolah menengah atas negeri di Purwakarta. Penelitian ini
menggunakan metode study kasus. Data yang diambil merupakan 30 tulisan siswa
yang kemudian dikategorikan menjadi tiga kelompok pencapaian, yaitu, rendah,
sedang dan tinggi. Hasil kerja siswa tersebut kemudian dianalisis dengan
teori-teori dari Rose’s Scoring System (2007), Halliday(1985, 1994), Gerot and
Wignell (1994),Levine (1993), Richard (1974), Knapp dan Watkins (2005). Hasil
penelitian menunjukan bahwa kesalahan sisawa bersumber dari verb pattern
error, sentence sprawl, dan punctuation. Kesalahan-kesalahan ini terjadi
disebabkan oleh over-generalization dan ignorance of rule restriction yang
dilakukan siswa.
Kata kunci: Students’ Error, Narrative text, Transitivity system
Supervisor : Emi Emilia, M.Ed., Ph. D.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1 Research Background ... 1
1.2 Formulation of the Research Questions... 3
1.3 Aims of the Research ... 3
1.4 Scope of the Research ... 4
1.5 Significant of the Research ... 4
1.6 Clarification of the Related Terms ... 5
1.7 Organization of the Paper ... 5
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FOUNDATION ... 7
2.1 Writing ... 7
2.1.1 Definition of Writing ... 7
2.1.2 The Importance of Writing ... 8
2.1.3 Aspects of Writing ... 9
2.1.4 Students’ Difficulties in Writing ... 10
2.2 Text and Genre ... 11
2.3 Grammar ... 18
2.3.1 Definition of Grammar ... 18
2.3.2 The Importance of Learning Grammar ... 18
2.4 Systemic Functional Grammar ... 20
2.4.1 Transitivity... 22
2.5 Error Analysis ... 28
2.5.1 Differences between Error and Mistakes ... 28
2.5.2 Definition of Error Analysis ... 29
2.5.3 Procedures of Analyzing Error ... 30
2.5.4 Kinds of Grammatical Error ... 30
2.5.5 Classification of Error ... 31
2.6 Conclusion Remarks ... 32
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 33
3.1 Formulation of Problems ... 33
3.2 Research Design ... 34
3.3 Site and Participants ... 35
3.2.1 Writing test ... 36
3.2.2 Interview ... 37
3.5 Data Analysis ... 38
3.5.1 Data Analysis on Writing Test ... 39
3.5.2 Data Analysis on Interview ... 40
3.6 Conclusion Remarks ... 40
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 41
4.1 Analysis on the Students’ Texts ... 41
4.1.1 The Schematic Structure and Linguistic Features Analysis ... 42
4.1.1 Transitivity Analysis... 54
4.1.2 Grammatical Error Analysis ... 57
4.2 Analysis on the Interview ... 69
4.2.1 Students’ Interview ... 70
4.2.2 Teachers’ Interview ... 73
4.3 Conclusion Remark ... 75
5.1 Conclusion ... 75
5.2 Recommendation ... 76
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the nature of the study. It covers research
background, formulation of the research questions, significances of the
research, clarifications of the related terms, and the organization of the
paper.
1.1 Research Background
Writing is an “absolute necessity” (Alwasilah, 2001:15). Therefore,
Alwasilah (2001) explains that writing represents many valuable aspects
such as culture and civilization; and through writing phenomenon which
culture is passed from one generation to another. Confirming to the
English curriculum declared by the government, writing is a fundamental
skill that students should master in learning English (Depdiknas, 2006).
Unfortunately, writing is generally recognized as a difficult task for
almost of ESL and EFL students (Thonus, 1993:15; Rosa, 2007; Richard
and Renadya, 2002, as cited in Lopa, 2012: 164). In addition, Levine
(1993) explains this phenomenon might occur because both ESL and EFL
students, who consider writing is difficult, do not know what and how to
write, feel lack of vocabulary, fear of criticism, and want to avoid
To facilitate students in mastering writing, narrative text is
recommended in the curriculum as a text genre that students of secondary
school should become skilled at (see 2006 Indonesia Curriculum: Senior
High School). Thus, narrative writing is chosen as a pedagogical genre in
freshmen composition course since it acts as a fundamental genre (Cheng,
2008:5). According to Derewianka (2004:40) as well as Knapp and
Watkins (2005:221), Narrative continues to be such genre that students
„pick up‟ and write „naturally‟; since narrative texts serve to tell story, at
the same time, entertain and inform the readers by presenting the writer
experience. This genre is characterized as a powerful, emotional and
communicative text which shows the students‟ ability to use the language in retelling what a person or a group has experienced (Joyce and Feez,
structure, linguistic features, and grammatical aspects . This study is also
explores students‟ ability in writing narrative by analyzing the transitivity
system, or also known as ideational metafunction. Transitivity system
explains the participants involved, processes embraced, and surrounding
circumstances in an event or experience to answer the question of when,
Referring to those elaborations, this research focuses on revealing
students‟ errors and difficulties in writing narrative, along with
investigating kinds of processes and circumstances that they use on their
writing. This research also attempts to help teachers assess more
accurately on what treatments would be necessary for ESL/EFL students
in learning writing, as to help their students avoid making error.
1.2 Formulation of the Research Questions
circumstances are used by students on their writing?
3. From the obtained data, what can be proposed to help students‟ in
eleventh grader students in writing narrative texts.
3. To help students of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) in
improving their English writing proficiency.
1.4 Scope of the Research
This study focuses on analyzing students‟ errors and difficulties in writing narrative text. The aspects that are concerned cover the schematic
structure and linguistic features of narrative text, the grammatical aspect,
as well as the ideational metafunction in term of processes and
circumstances. Some principal frameworks by Richard (1974), Levine
(1993) Halliday (1985, 1994), Eggins (2004), Knapp and Watkins (2005),
Rose (2007), and Emilia (2005, 2010) are employed to find out and
discuss the answers of the research questions.
1.5 Significant of the Research
The study is expected to give advantages in academic field, both for
theoretical and practical viewpoint. Perceived from the theoretical aspect,
the outcomes of the study are supposed to expand the literature reference
about the analysis on students‟ narrative text. As the practical benefit, the result of the study hopefully helps teachers develop their teaching
-learning process; since the study itself is aimed to observe the errors and
difficulties that students have, teachers might have clues to set appropriate
1.6 Clarification of the Related Terms
This section presents the technical terms that occur in the study in
order to avoid the ambiguity, misunderstanding, and misinterpretation
toward the concept presented. Those are:
1. Narrative texts: Narratives tell stories about a person or a group
overcoming problems, show how people react to experiences, and
explore social and cultural values, in purpose to entertain the audience
(Knapp and Watkins, 2005). In this study, students‟ narrative text
refers to narrative texts written by second graders of a public senior
high school in Purwakarta.
2. Error analysis: Error analysis is the fact that learners do make errors
and these errors can be observed, analyzed, and classified to reveal
something within the learners (Brown, 2001).
3. Transitivity: Sometimes called as ideational metafunction, refers to a
structure for describing the whole clause, rather than just the verb and
its object (Emilia, 2005.
1.7 Organization of the Paper
This research paper is organized into five chapters. Chapter I
introduces the research that covers background of the study, research
questions, aims of the study, significance of the study, scope of the study,
Chapter II discusses the guideline of the research. It covers theoretical
frameworks from linguists and previous researches which are dealing with
students‟ error analysis.
Chapter III explains the research methodology settled by the writ er in
conducting the research. Steps of analyzing data are also explained within
this chapter.
Chapter IV elaborates the findings from the data and the discussion to
answer the proposed research questions.
Chapter V concludes the result of data analysis of the study and gives
a brief suggestion regarding to improve students‟ comprehension
especially in writing narrative text.
1.8 Conclusion Remarks
This chapter has introduced the study in general. The upbringing
topic and problems that become the research background have been stated.
The purposes and significances of the study in academic field have also
been proposed along with the research scope and some clarification of
related terms. The next chapter will mainly discuss about theories,
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodology used in this research. It starts with
formulation of problems, research design, research site and participants
involved. This chapter also elaborates the data collection techniques along
with the procedures of how the collected data were analyzed.
3.1 Formulation of Problems
To control the study in achieving its purposes, formulation of problems
has to be decided. This formulation would bind the study to the subjects
which are going to be investigated. As stated in Chapter I, this study is
claimed to answer these questions:
a. What errors are made and difficulties are faced by eleventh grader
students in writing narrative texts?
b. In term of ideational metafunction, what kind of processes and
circumstances are used by students on their writing?
c. From the obtained data, what can be proposed to help students’ to
improve their writing skill?
Further explanation of how the study is conducted to answer those
3.2 Research Design
This study observed the ability, and also difficulties of eleventh grade
students in writing narrative texts. It also investigated the kinds of processes
and circumstances used on their writing. In accordance with the proposed
research questions, this research is designed to be qualitative which settled
descriptive case study.
Hatch (2002) argues that qualitative study is intended to explore
reality about human behaviors within natural setting and context. A
qualitative study does not start with a hypothesis, so there is no interference
in the form of control or treatment to the participants (the students and the
teacher). This research investigates and describes the phenomenon as it is;
this term, the phenomenon refers to the errors that are made by students in
composing narrative texts.
This study employed a case study as its method. Gay (1987) and
Emilia (2005) explain a case study is the in-depth investigation of an
individual, group, or institution, while in education, case studies were
typically conducted to determine the background, environments, and
characteristics of students with problem. In line with the statements,
Merriam (1998) claims that a case study is ideal design to understand and
a) Particularistic, which means that a case study focuses on particular
condition or phenomenon. A case study is suitable for analyzing
practical problems like from daily practice.
b) Descriptive, which means that the result from case study is presenting
lifelike conditions.
c) Heuristic, which means that a case study gives an insight to readers
about the phenomenon under study and provide new thing or
experience.
Considering the nature of a case study, the result of this study does
not generalize other individuals. However, the outputs gained from this study
still can be useful to propose methods to help other students. This study
might find point of views of why something could be the case and see any
noticeable pattern or regularity in the students’ behaviors.
3.3Site and Participants
This research was held at one public senior high school in Purwakarta, There
are some reasons for choosing this school as the research site. The first one
is that the school is locally well-known for its good reputation in the town.
Since this research is willing to see whether students the school face error in
writing narrative texts or not, the findings of the study would be beneficial to
improve students’ English comprehension and maintain the positive
for the researcher. Since the school has comfortable distance which can be
reached easily, it makes easier to cope with administrative matters for
conducting research in that school.
Thirty five students of eleventh grade were chosen as respondents of
the study. The students might come from various backgrounds and have
different experience in writing activity, especially narratives. According to
the curriculum declared by the government, eleventh grader might have taken
all basic competences about narrative text during their first year.
3.4Data Collection
In a qualitative study, the data were collected in form of words or
pictures rather than number (Fraenkl and Wallen, 2006; Creswell, 2007). In
that case, this study employed multiple techiques of data collection. To get
the details about students’ errors in writing narrative texts, this study
employed a writing test. Furthermore, an interview was also managed to
strengthen the data related to the factors that cause those erro rs and
difficulties exist
3.2.1 Writing test
As one of two data collection techniques engaged by this research, a
writing test was distributed to the students. The students were directed to
Students had to choose one of three optional topics that were suggested to
them. Those topics were:
Their favorite story tales,
Their unforgettable harrowing / embarrassing moments, or Their happiest moment they’ve ever had.
Ninety minutes of allocation time was given to the students to complete the
test. The interview was also conducted during the writing test was going on.
3.2.2 Interview
Interview was administered in order to support the accuracy of data
collection and find out the difficulties that students faced. Interview is useful
in a research because its ability to elicit factual information that might be
hard to observe e.g. personal information, and to involve respondents
reporting on themselves, telling their feeling, views, belief, etc. (Alwasilah,
2008). Moreover, interview provides real-time and face-to-face interaction
between the researcher and the participants (Creswell, 2007). This
interaction serves to find out participants’ experience from their very own
point of view. For this purpose, interviewing students is expected to gain, as
many as possible, students’ perspective dealing with their difficulties in
writing narrative.
The interview was designed to be semi-structured. Given (2008),
interview to enable getting all information required while the same time
allowing the participants to freely response and describe the concept.
Furthermore, audiotaping was attached simultaneously to the interview
activity. Creswell (2007) mentions advantages of taking audiotape while the
interview is ongoing. Tape-recording allows researchers to deepen analyzing
interviewees’ statement anytime, and compare one statement to another as
well. Thus, recording participants’ words ensures originality of the data as
the whole data are recorded.
The interview itself involved a number of students and the in-charged
teacher to be asked some questions. Regarded to the language used during
the interview, Bahasa Indonesia was chosen based on the agreement with the
interviewees. Having Bahasa Indonesia, instead of English as the interview
language, helped the communication between the researcher and the
interviewee run effectively. The probed questions attempted to reveal
information related to writing narrative text s (the probed questions can be
seen in appendix 4: Interview transcripts). To keep the interview remain
controlled, all the students were asked the same questions, while some
additional questions were enquired to the teacher.
3.5Data Analysis
provided data to find out students’ errors and kinds of processes and
circumstances on their writing, whereas the interview results would reveal
the difficulties that they found in writing narrative te xts.
3.5.1 Data Analysis on Writing Test
In sequence of collecting the students’ narrative texts, the researcher then
analyzed the students’ works in three-step analysis processes. At the first
stage, the data was analyzed in term of its schematic structure and linguistic
features by using text elements scoring system proposed by Rose (2007;
cited in Emilia, 2011; 151). Alongside with observing students’ ability in
composing a narrative text slightly, this initial step is intended to sort out the
students’ work in finding which text is potential for further exploration.
The second stage was analyzing the students’ works based on the
transitivity system which deals with how text organizes experiences. Each
text was segmented into clauses and identified in terms of processes and
circumstances, as the basis of identifying transitivity system by using
framworks proposed by Gerot and Wignell (1994) Halliday and Mathiessen
(2004).
The final analysis of the writing test explored analyzing grammatical
errors of the students’ work. To follow Stanley (1989), Knapp and Watkins
(2005), there are at least 12 common grammatical aspects to be assessed ( as
comprehension and then classified the errors according to Richard’s
classification of error.
3.5.2 Data Analysis on Interview
The data gathered from the interview provided information to reveal what
problems that students have in writing narrative text. After the audio records
were taken, the results were transcribed and converted into written form for
further elaboration. Subsequently, the transcripts were read and summarized
into briefer statement in which the main sense of what was said rephrased in
words. Finally, the interview data were categorized and interpreted to
discover students’ difficulties in writing narrative texts.
3.6Conclusion Remarks
This chapter has clarified the methodology of the study which covers
formulation of problems, research design, site and participants, data
collection, and data analysis. Case-study was used as the research design.
The data of this study, in form of students’ writing and interview record,
were taken from one public high school in Purwakarta, The students’ texts
then were analyzed through certain phases employing various concepts from
other researchers. The findings and discussion from the data will be
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This section provides conclusions and offers recommendations. The
conclusions are formulated from findings and discussions of the research in
answering the research problems. The recommendations, which are proposed to
English teachers, are intended for the improvement of English learning process.
For further researchers, the recommendations are expected for the improvement of
future research, specifically in analyzing students’ writing.
5.1 Conclusion
Having analyzed the students’ narrative texts and portray how the generic
structure, transitivity, and grammatical errors in the students’ texts, the
conclusions taken from findings and discussions of this research are as follow.
1. In terms of general understanding, most of the students have acquired the
main purpose and the schematic structures of a narrative text. This
conclusion can be taken according to several research findings. Firstly,
from the total 34 students, there are six students who failed to write a
narrative text as they were directed. Secondly, the result of analyzing the
schematic structures on students’ work proves that their texts meets the
text organization requirement as a narrative. Lastly, The interview result,
both from the teacher and the students confirmed the students’ knowledge
2. Regarding to the transitivity analysis, the processes and circumstances
found from the students’ text are varied. Material processes seem to be the
most-appearing process in students’ writing. This is to describe the serial
action of events which are performed by the actor in their texts. Mental
process comes as the second most-appearing process followed
consecutively by relational process. In addition, the circumstances of time,
manner, and place frequently appear in the students’ texts to enhance the
story.
3. Students’ grammatical errors found in their works are varied. Accordingly,
the occurrence of error frequency starts from the error of verb pattern,
sentence sprawl, and punctuation. These errors are caused by a number of
over-generalization, ignorance of rule restriction and incomplete
application of rules that students do while they are writing.
4. To give an evaluation on students writing is a crucial issue. Students may
not notice to the errors and mistakes that they made. This causes students
to repeat the same errors and mistakes in the future
5.2 Recommendation
There are some recommendations which can be useful for English teachers
and further researchers. The recommendations, which are based upon findings of
the research, are as follows.
1. It is suggested that teachers use other approaches of teaching writing in
accordance with the genre that is being taught. Teaching grammar rules
functional text. In the other side, giving a material about texts by ignoring
the supporting aspects may lead students’ works to be less communicative
or even fail to deliver its message.
2. Teachers are suggested to pay attention with the transitivity system of the
students’ works. Assessing this aspect may investigate the quality of their
writing. Based on this assessment, teachers would gain information which
is helpful to improve students’ writing ability.
3. For another further research, it is important to make other attempt in other
SFL aspects, such as the thematic system and/or mood system. Besides,
further research may portray the other kinds of genres. Afterward, next
research may focus on problems of the implementation of teaching
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