Modul ke: Fakultas Program Studi Pasca Sarjana Magister Manajemen
Dr. Dewi Nusraningrum, S.Sos, M.Si.
Distinctive Strategic Management
• Nature of Strategic Management • Stages of Strategic Management • Internal and External Assessment • Strategic Management Model
Capaian Pembelajaran
Mahasiswa menguasai Teori
Distinctive Strategic Management
serta mampu menganalisis
pengaruhnya dan mengaplikasikan
terhadap Organisasi
Referensi Utama
1. Wheelen, Thomas L. and Hunger, J. David (2010),
Strategy Management and Business Policy, Twelfth Edition.
2. Fred , David R.(2010),
Strategic Management Concepts and Cases, Thirteen Edition.
3. Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson (2013),
Strategic Management Consepts and Cases, Prentice Hall
Tambahan Referensi
1. Triton, PB (2007) . Manajemen Strategis.
Terapan Perusahaan dan Bisnis. Penerbit Tugu. Jogjakarta.
2. Gaspersz, Vincent (2012). All in One Strategic Management. 20 Concepts, Models and Key Analyses in Strategic Management. Penerbit Vinchristo Publication. Bogor
3. Umar, Husein (2005). Strategic Management in Action. PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama
4. Kadir, Abdul Wahab Abdoel (2007). Manajemen Strategik. Pramita Press, Banten.
Sub bahasan 1:
Copyright 2007 Prentice Hall Ch 1 -6
Peter Drucker
: --
Think through the
overall mission of a business. Ask the
key question: “
What is our Business?”
Prime Task of
Copyright 2007 Prentice Hall Ch 1 -7
Proses manajemen strategis mencoba
untuk mengatur informasi kuantitatif dan
kualitatif dalam kondisi ketidakpastian.
Integrating
Intuition
and
Copyright 2007 Prentice Hall Ch 1 -8
Intuisi berdasarkan:
– Pengalaman masa lalu
– Pertimbangan
– Perasaan
Integrating
Intuition
and
Analysis
Intuisi bermanfaat untuk pembuatan keputusan:
Kondisi ketidakpastian yang besar Kondisi dengan sedikit preseden
Copyright 2007 Prentice Hall Ch 1 -9
Melibatkan semua level manajemen
Intuisi & Pertimbangan
Mempengaruhi semua analisis
Integrating
Intuition
&
Copyright 2007 Prentice Hall Ch 1 -10
Berpikir Analitik
Integrating
Intuition
&
Analysis
Copyright 2007 Prentice Hall Ch 1 -11
Organisasi harus memonitor peristiwa
• Proses yang sedang berjalan
• Peristiwa Internal dan eksternal
• Perubahan waktu
Copyright 2007 Prentice Hall Ch 1 -12
“Anything that a firm does especially
well compared to rival firms”
Strategic Management is
Gaining and Maintaining
Copyright 2007 Prentice Hall Ch 1 -13
1. Beradaptasi dengan perubahan tren eksternal, kapabilitas internal dan sumber daya
Achieving
Sustained
Competitive Advantage
2. Merumuskan, melaksanakan & mengevaluasi strategi secara efektif
Copyright 2007 Prentice Hall Ch 1 -14
Tingkat dan besarnya perubahan
meningkat secara dramatis
Adapting to Change
E-commerce Demographics
Copyright 2007 Prentice Hall Ch 1 -15
A
daptasi efektif
Adapting to Change
Membutuhkan fokus jangka panjang
Sub bahasan 2:
Stages of Strategic
Management
Strategy
formulation
implementationStrategy
Strategy
evaluation
1-17
Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Stages of Strategic
Management
•
Strategy formulation
– termasuk mengembangkan visi dan misi,
mengidentifikasi peluang eksternal organisasi dan ancaman, menentukan kekuatan dan kelemahan internal, menetapkan tujuan jangka panjang,
menghasilkan strategi alternatif, dan memilih strategi tertentu untuk mengejar
1-18
Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Strategy Formulation
• Memutuskan bisnis baru apa yang perlu untuk masuk,
• Bisnis apa yang perlu ditinggalkan,
• Bagaimana mengalokasikan sumber daya,
• Apakah untuk memperluas operasi atau diversifikasi, • Apakah untuk memasuki pasar internasional,
• Apakah untuk bergabung atau membentuk usaha
patungan,
• Bagaimana menghindari pengambilalihan musuh
pesaing.
1-19
Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Stages of Strategic
Management
•
Strategy implementation
– membutuhkan perusahaan untuk menetapkan
tujuan tahunan, menyusun kebijakan, memotivasi karyawan, dan mengalokasikan sumber daya
sehingga strategi yang dirumuskan dapat dilaksanakan
– sering disebut aksi panggung
1-20
Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Stages of Strategic
Management
•
Strategy evaluation
– meninjau faktor eksternal dan internal yang merupakan dasar untuk strategi saat ini,
mengukur kinerja, dan mengambil tindakan korektif
1-21
Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Stages of Strategic
Management
•
Formulasi strategi, implementasi, dan evaluasi
kegiatan terjadi pada tiga tingkat hirarki dalam
organisasi besar: perusahaan, divisi dan unit
bisnis strategis, dan fungsional
•
Manajemen strategis membantu fungsi
perusahaan sebagai tim yang kompetitif
1-22
Copyright ©2013 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall
Sub bahasan 3:
Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall Ch 4 -24
The biggest levers you’ve got to change a
company are strategy, structure, and culture. If I could pick two, I’d pick strategy and culture. –
Wayne Leonard, CEO, Entergy
Internal Assessment
Weak leadership can wreck the soundest strategy. –
Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall Ch 4 -25
The Nature of an Internal
Audit
-- Strengths -- Weaknesses
Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall Ch 4 -26
•
Internal strengths/weaknesses
•
External opportunities/threats
•
Clear statement of mission
Nature of an Internal Audit
Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall Ch 4 -27
Key Internal Forces
Functional Business Areas:
Vary by organization
Divisions have differing strengths & weaknessesCopyright 2005 Prentice Hall Ch 4 -28
Key Internal Forces
Distinctive Competencies:
Kekuatan perusahaan yang tidak dapat dengan mudah dicocokkan atau ditiruCopyright 2005 Prentice Hall Ch 4 -29
Key Internal Forces
Distinctive Competencies:
Membangun keunggulan kompetitifmelibatkan mengambil keuntungan dari kompetensi khas/unik
Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall Ch 4 -30
Key Internal Forces
Distinctive Competencies:
Strategi yang dirancang untukmemperbaiki kelemahan perusahaan dan beralih ke kekuatan
Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall Ch 4 -31
Internal Audit
•
Information from:
•Management •Marketing •Finance/accounting •Production/operations•Research & Development
•Management information Systems
Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall Ch 4 -32
Internal Audit
Keterlibatan dalam melakukan audit strategis manajemen internal
menyediakan kendaraan untuk
memahami secara alami dan pengaruh keputusan di bidang bisnis fungsional lainnya dari perusahaan
Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall Ch 4 -33
Internal Audit
Koordinasi dan pemahaman di antara para manajer dari semua bidang
fungsional
Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall Ch 4 -34
Internal Audit
Jumlah dan kompleksitas meningkat relatif terhadap ukuran organisasi
Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall Ch 4 -35
Internal Audit
Mencontohkan kompleksitas hubungan antar bidang fungsional bisnis
Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall Ch 3 -36
It is not the strongest of the species that survive, nor the most intelligent, but the one most
responsive to change. –
Charles Darwin
External Assessment
Nothing focuses the mind better than the constant sight of a competitor who wants to wipe you off the map. –
Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall Ch 3 -37
External Strategic
Management Audit
-- Environmental Scanning
-- Industry Analysis
Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall Ch 3 -38
Identify & Evaluate factors beyond the
control of a single firm
– Increased foreign competition
– Population shifts
– Information technology
External Strategic
Management Audit
Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall Ch 3 -39
Purpose of External Audit
– Identify
• Opportunities
• Threats
External Strategic
Management Audit
Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall Ch 3 -40
Key External Forces
•
Economic forces
•
Social, cultural, demographic &
environmental forces
•
Political, governmental & legal forces
•
Technological forces
Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall Ch 3 -41 Competitors Suppliers Distributors Creditors Customers Employees Communities Managers Stockholders Labor Unions
Special Interest Groups Products Services Key External Forces Opportunities & Threats
Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall Ch 3 -42
Gather competitive intelligence –
• Social
• Cultural
• Demographic
• Environmental
• Economic
• Political, legal governmental
• Technological
Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall Ch 3 -43
External Audit – Sources of
Information
•
Internet•
Libraries•
Suppliers•
Distributors•
Customers•
CompetitionCopyright 2005 Prentice Hall Ch 3 -44
Performing External Audit
-- Key Factors
• Vary over time
Copyright 2005 Prentice Hall Ch 3 -45
Performing External Audit
--Variables
•
Market share•
Breadth of competing products•
World economies•
Foreign affiliatesCopyright 2005 Prentice Hall Ch 3 -46
Performing External Audit
--Variables
•
Price competitiveness•
Technological advancements•
Interest ratesCopyright 2005 Prentice Hall Ch 3 -47
Performing External Audit
External Factors Measurable Long-term orientation Applicable to competing firms Hierarchical
Sub bahasan 4:
Copyright 2007 Prentice Hall Ch 1 -49 External Audit Chapter 3 Internal Audit Chapter 4 Long-Term Objectives Chapter 5 Generate, Evaluate, Select Strategies Chapter 6 Implement Strategies: Mgmt Issues Chapter 7 Implement Strategies: Marketing, Fin/Acct, R&D, CIS Chapter 8 Measure & Evaluate Performance Chapter 9 Vision & Mission Chapter 2
Copyright 2007 Prentice Hall Ch 1 -50
Dynamic & Continuous
More formal in larger organizations
Strategic Management Model
Copyright 2007 Prentice Hall Ch 1 -51
1. Identify Existing
--Strategic Management Model
• Vision
• Mission
• Objectives
Copyright 2007 Prentice Hall Ch 1 -52