Perancangan Media Panduan Mengidentifikasi dan Mengatasi Masalah Ringan pada Mobil Bagi Perempuan

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(1)Hak cipta dan penggunaan kembali: Lisensi ini mengizinkan setiap orang untuk menggubah, memperbaiki, dan membuat ciptaan turunan bukan untuk kepentingan komersial, selama anda mencantumkan nama penulis dan melisensikan ciptaan turunan dengan syarat yang serupa dengan ciptaan asli. Copyright and reuse: This license lets you remix, tweak, and build upon work non-commercially, as long as you credit the origin creator and license it on your new creations under the identical terms.. Team project ©2017 Dony Pratidana S. Hum | Bima Agus Setyawan S. IIP.

(2) PERANCANGAN MEDIA PANDUAN MENGIDENTIFIKASI DAN MENGATASI MASALAH RINGAN PADA MOBIL BAGI PEREMPUAN Laporan TUGAS AKHIR Ditulis sebagai syarat untuk memperoleh gelar Sarjana Desain (S.Ds.). Nama. : Christian Electra. NIM. : 13120210228. Program Studi. : Desain Komunikasi Visual. Fakultas. : Seni & Desain. UNIVERSITAS MULTIMEDIA NUSANTARA TANGERANG 2018. Perancangan Media Panduan..., Christian Electra, FSD UMN, 2018.

(3) LEMBAR PERNYATAAN TIDAK MELAKUKAN PLAGIAT. Saya yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini:. Nama. : Christian Electra. NIM. : 13120210228. Program Studi : Desain Komunikasi Visual Fakultas. : Seni & Desain Universitas Multimedia Nusantara. Judul Tugas Akhir/Skripsi: PERANCANGAN MEDIA PANDUAN MENGIDENTIFIKASI DAN MENGATASI MASALAH RINGAN PADA MOBIL BAGI PEREMPUAN. dengan ini menyatakan bahwa, laporan dan karya tugas akhir ini adalah asli dan belum pernah diajukan untuk mendapatkan gelar sarjana, baik di Universitas Multimedia Nusantara maupun di perguruan tinggi lainnya. Karya tulis ini bukan saduran/terjemahan, murni gagasan, rumusan dan pelaksanan penelitian/implementasi saya sendiri, tanpa bantuan pihak lain, kecuali arahan pembimbing akademik dan nara sumber. Demikian surat Pernyataan Originalitas ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya, apabila di kemudian hari terdapat penyimpangan serta ketidakbenaran dalam pernyataan ini, maka saya bersedia menerima sanksi akademik berupa pencabutan. ii Perancangan Media Panduan..., Christian Electra, FSD UMN, 2018.

(4) Perancangan Media Panduan..., Christian Electra, FSD UMN, 2018.


(6) KATA PENGANTAR Puji syukur penulis panjatkan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa karna berkatNya penulis dapat menyelesaikan laporan tugas akhir ini dengan baik dan tepat waktu. Alasan mengapa penulis mengangkat topik ini adalah karna pengalaman pribadi penulis yang mengalami kerusakan ban mobil pada malam hari dan tidak mengetahui apa yang harus penulis lakukan untuk memperbaiki ban tersebut. Kerusakan pada mobil dapat terjadi kapan saja, dan kita tidak selalu memiliki opsi bantuan seperti mencari bengkel terdekat, menelepon orang, atau meminta bantuan orang sekitar. Hal ini menjadi sesuatu yang penting karna hal ini dapat mengundang aksi kriminal khususnya bagi kaum perempuan karna kaum perempuan memiliki kecenderungan untuk lebih tidak mengetahui cara-cara sederhana untuk mengidentifikasi mengatasi masalah mobil mereka. Laporan ini dituliskan sebagai pembelajaran penulis terhadap topik, dan sebagai syarat wajib untuk memperoleh gelar Sarjana strata satu Desain. Laporan ini ditujukan kepada orang-orang yang ingin merancang media pemandu pada smartphone, khususnya bagi perempuan. Dengan perancangan media pemandu ini, penulis mempelajari bagaimana cara merancang aplikasi yang baik dan cara-cara untuk mengidentifikasi dan mengatsi masalah ringan pada mobil manual. Penulis berharap hal-hal yang penulis pelajari dapat membantu pembaca untuk merancang media yang baik bagi user pembaca.. v Perancangan Media Panduan..., Christian Electra, FSD UMN, 2018.


(8) ABSTRAKSI Mobil merupakan salah satu kendaraan yang paling sering digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dan sewaktu-waktu mobil dapat mengalami kerusakan. Ketika hal ini terjadi, kita tidak selalu berada dalam kondisi dimana kita dapat meminta pertolongan orang lain. Hal ini menjadi sebuah masalah karna sedikitnya jumlah orang yang mengetahui cara mengidentifikasi dan mengatasi masalah ringan pada mobil mereka, khususnya kaum perempuan. Smartphone merupakan media yang hampir selalu ada disisi kita. Membuat perancangan media panduan mengidentifikasi dan mengatasi masalah ringan mobil pada smartphone dinilai sangat cocok. Panduan harus dibuat agar mudah dimengerti dan menarik secara visual bagi user. Penelitian dilakukan dengan melakukan penyebaran angket, wawancara, analisa dokumen dan observasi. Hasil penelitian diimplikasikan pada aplikasi untuk menciptakan aplikasi paling ideal untuk user. Kata kunci : aplikasi, panduan, smartphone, mobil. vii Perancangan Media Panduan..., Christian Electra, FSD UMN, 2018.

(9) ABSTRACT Cars are one of the most used vehicles in everyday life and at times car can have problems. When this happens, we are not always in a condition where we can ask for help from others. This is a problem because not many people know how to identify and deal with simple problems in their car, especially women. Smartphone is a media that is almost always by our side. Makes a media that can guide people to identify and deal with simple problems in their car on a smartphone is very suitable. Guides should be made to be easy to understand and visually appealing to users. The research is conducted by distributing questionnaires, conducting interviews, document analysis and observation. The results of the research then implied into the application to create the most ideal application for user. Keywords: application, guide, smartphone, car. viii Perancangan Media Panduan..., Christian Electra, FSD UMN, 2018.

(10) DAFTAR ISI LEMBAR PERNYATAAN TIDAK MELAKUKAN PLAGIAT .....................II HALAMAN PENGESAHAN SKRIPSI............................................................ IV KATA PENGANTAR......................................................................................... IV ABSTRAKSI ......................................................................................................VII ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... VIII DAFTAR ISI ....................................................................................................... IX DAFTAR GAMBAR........................................................................................ XIII DAFTAR TABEL ........................................................................................... XXII BAB I PENDAHULUAN.......................................................................................1 1.1.. Latar Belakang .........................................................................................1. 1.2.. Rumusan Masalah ....................................................................................4. 1.3.. Batasan Masalah ......................................................................................4. 1.4.. Tujuan Tugas Akhir .................................................................................5. 1.5.. Manfaat Tugas Akhir ...............................................................................6. BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA ...........................................................................7 2.1.. Mobile Native Apps ..................................................................................7. 2.2.. Interaktivitas ............................................................................................8 2.2.1.. Navigasi .......................................................................................8. 2.2.2.. Resolusi ........................................................................................9. ix Perancangan Media Panduan..., Christian Electra, FSD UMN, 2018.

(11) 2.2.3.. Latar Belakang ...........................................................................11. 2.2.4.. Window dan Panel .....................................................................11. 2.2.5.. Layout dan Hirarki Visual..........................................................12. 2.2.6.. Kesatuan Interface .....................................................................12. 2.2.7.. Warna .........................................................................................15. 2.2.8.. Tipografi ....................................................................................16. 2.2.9.. Grafis..........................................................................................16. 2.2.10.. Animasi (Motion Graphic) ........................................................16. 2.2.11.. Video ..........................................................................................16. 2.2.12.. Suara (Musik).............................................................................17. 2.2.13.. Plot .............................................................................................17. User Interfae (UI) ..................................................................................19 2.3.1.. Tempatkan User Sebagai Pemegang Kendali ............................19. 2.3.2.. Kurangi Hal yang Harus di Ingat User ......................................20. 2.3.3.. Buat interface yang Konsisten ...................................................21. User Experience (UX) ...........................................................................21 2.4.1.. Fungsionalitas ............................................................................22. 2.4.2.. Reliabel ......................................................................................22. 2.4.3.. Dapat Digunakan dan Mudah ....................................................22. 2.4.4.. Memuaskan ................................................................................22. 2.4.5.. Berarti ........................................................................................22. Desain Informasi ....................................................................................23 2.5.1.. Struktur ......................................................................................23. x Perancangan Media Panduan..., Christian Electra, FSD UMN, 2018.

(12) 2.5.2.. Legibility ....................................................................................24. Prinsip Desain ........................................................................................28 2.6.1.. Kesatuan.....................................................................................28. 2.6.2.. Penekanan dan Titik Fokus ........................................................29. 2.6.3.. Skala dan Proporsi .....................................................................30. 2.6.4.. Keseimbangan ............................................................................31. 2.6.5.. Ritme ..........................................................................................32. Elemen Desain .......................................................................................33 2.7.1.. Garis ...........................................................................................33. 2.7.2.. Bentuk/Volume ..........................................................................34. 2.7.3.. Pola ............................................................................................36. 2.7.4.. Value ..........................................................................................36. 2.7.5.. Warna .........................................................................................36. 2.7.6.. Icon ............................................................................................41. 2.7.7.. Simbol ........................................................................................42. Logo .......................................................................................................43 Ketentuan Desain ...................................................................................43 2.9.1.. Navigasi .....................................................................................44. 2.9.2.. Aksi ............................................................................................44. BAB III METODOLOGI ...................................................................................45 Metodologi Pengumpulan Data ............................................................45 3.1.1.. Angket ........................................................................................45. 3.1.2.. Wawancara .................................................................................49. xi Perancangan Media Panduan..., Christian Electra, FSD UMN, 2018.

(13) 3.1.3.. Dokumentasi ..............................................................................66. 3.1.4.. Analisis Dokumen......................................................................69. 3.1.5.. Observasi....................................................................................69. Metodologi Perancangan .......................................................................74 3.2.1.. Membuat Konsep .......................................................................74. 3.2.2.. Penentuan ...................................................................................74. 3.2.3.. Desain ........................................................................................74. 3.2.4.. Pengembangan ...........................................................................75. 3.2.5.. Publikasi.....................................................................................75. BAB IV PERANCANGAN DAN ANALISIS ....................................................76 Perancangan ...........................................................................................76 4.1.1.. Perancangan Navigasi ................................................................77. 4.1.2.. Perancangan Gaya Visual ..........................................................86. 4.1.3.. Perancangan Logo......................................................................94. 4.1.4.. Perancangan Icon, Simbol dan Tombol ...................................100. 4.1.5.. Perancangan Bentuk Informasi dan Copywriting ....................129. 4.1.6.. Perancangan Layout .................................................................130. 4.1.7.. Pemilihan Typeface ..................................................................156. 4.1.8.. Pemilihan dan Perancangan Media Promosi............................156. Analisis ................................................................................................158 Budget ..................................................................................................159 Peluang Monetizing..............................................................................160 BAB V PENUTUP .............................................................................................161 xii Perancangan Media Panduan..., Christian Electra, FSD UMN, 2018.

(14) Kesimpulan ..........................................................................................161 Saran ....................................................................................................162 DAFTAR PUSTAKA ....................................................................................... XIV. xiii Perancangan Media Panduan..., Christian Electra, FSD UMN, 2018.

(15) DAFTAR GAMBAR Gambar 2.1. Resolusi 72ppi dan 144ppi ................................................................10 Gambar 2.2. Window dan Panel ............................................................................12 Gambar 2.3. Grid pada Mobile Apps .....................................................................15 Gambar 2.4. Nodal Plot .........................................................................................17 Gambar 2.5. Modulated Plot..................................................................................18 Gambar 2.6. Open Plot ..........................................................................................18 Gambar 2.7. Spacing Terlalu Dekat .......................................................................26 Gambar 2.8. Spacing Tidak Seimbang dan Seimbang ...........................................26 Gambar 2.9. Penulisan Baris Terlalu Panjang .......................................................27 Gambar 2.10. Jarak Antar Baris Terlalu Dekat......................................................27 Gambar 2.11. Penekanan Pada Aplikasi Line ........................................................30 Gambar 2.12. Keseimbangan Bilateral ..................................................................31 Gambar 2.13. Penekanan Pada Aplikasi Line ........................................................32 Gambar 2.14. Pola Loading Screen Uber ..............................................................33 Gambar 2.15. Penggunaan Garis ...........................................................................34 Gambar 2.16. Pemberian Volume Pada Bentuk .....................................................35 Gambar 2.17. Pemanfaatan Ruang Negatif............................................................35 Gambar 2.18. Warna Hangat dan Dingin...............................................................37 Gambar 2.19. Warna Hangat dan Dingin...............................................................38 Gambar 2.20. Warna Monokromatik .....................................................................38 Gambar 2.21. Warna Analogus ..............................................................................39 Gambar 2.22. Warna Komplementer .....................................................................39 xiv Perancangan Media Panduan..., Christian Electra, FSD UMN, 2018.

(16) Gambar 2.23. Warna Split Komplementer .............................................................40 Gambar 2.24. Warna Triadic .................................................................................40 Gambar 2.25. Icon dan Simbol ..............................................................................42 Gambar 3.1. Persentase Kemampuan Mengatasi Masalah dan Ketertarikan Aplikasi Mengatasi Masalah Pada Mobil ......................................................46 Gambar 3.2. Jumlah Perempuan ............................................................................46 Gambar 3.3. Masalah yang Umum Terjadi ............................................................47 Gambar 3.4. Empat Penggunaan Mobile Apps Tertinggi .....................................48 Gambar 3.5. Roda Cadangan Luar .........................................................................66 Gambar 3.6. Roda Cadangan Dalam......................................................................66 Gambar 3.7. Penempatan Dongkrak Pada Mobil Besar Bagian Belakang ............67 Gambar 3.8. Penempatan Dongkrak Pada Mobil Besar Bagian Depan .................67 Gambar 3.9. Penempatan Dongkrak Pada Mobil Kecil .........................................67 Gambar 3.10. Area Radiator, Aki, dan Busi ..........................................................68 Gambar 3.11. Tutup Air Radiator ..........................................................................68 Gambar 3.12. Reservoir Tank ................................................................................68 Gambar 3.13. Kabel Busi .......................................................................................69 Gambar 3.14. Screenshoot Ifixit ............................................................................71 Gambar 3.15. Screenshoot PMI .............................................................................72 Gambar 3.16. Screenshoot Akinator ......................................................................73 Gambar 4.1. Penjabaran Masalah ..........................................................................76 Gambar 4.2. Wireframe Beranda, Identifikasi, Info, Navigasi, Kategori Masalah, dan Profil........................................................................................................78. xv Perancangan Media Panduan..., Christian Electra, FSD UMN, 2018.

(17) Gambar 4.3. Layout Beranda, Identifikasi, Info, Navigasi, Kategori Masalah, dan Profil ..............................................................................................................79 Gambar 4.4. Flowchart Beranda dan Navigasi ......................................................80 Gambar 4.5. Flowchart Kategori dan Profil ..........................................................81 Gambar 4.6. Wireframe Tombol Kembali dan Halaman Konfirmasi. ...................85 Gambar 4.7. Mindmap Visual ................................................................................87 Gambar 4.8. Headspace Home ...............................................................................88 Gambar 4.9. Headspace Discover ..........................................................................89 Gambar 4.10. Calm Home .....................................................................................90 Gambar 4.11. Calm Meditate .................................................................................91 Gambar 4.12. Clue 1 ..............................................................................................92 Gambar 4.13. Clue 2 ..............................................................................................92 Gambar 4.14. Palet Warna .....................................................................................93 Gambar 4.15. Pengembangan Warna.....................................................................94 Gambar 4.16. Mindmap Logo ................................................................................95 Gambar 4.17. Setir Mobil ......................................................................................96 Gambar 4.18. Sketsa Logo .....................................................................................97 Gambar 4.19. Sketsa Icon Logo 1 ..........................................................................97 Gambar 4.20. Sketsa Icon Logo 1 ..........................................................................98 Gambar 4.21. Sketsa Icon Logo 1 ..........................................................................98 Gambar 4.22. Sketsa Icon Logo 1 ..........................................................................98 Gambar 4.23. Alternatif Icon Logo........................................................................99 Gambar 4.24. Alternatif Type Logo .......................................................................99. xvi Perancangan Media Panduan..., Christian Electra, FSD UMN, 2018.

(18) Gambar 4.25. Logo Akhir ....................................................................................100 Gambar 4.26. Beranda .........................................................................................102 Gambar 4.27. Icon home Instagram, Line, dan Youtube .....................................102 Gambar 4.28. Eksplorasi Icon Beranda ...............................................................103 Gambar 4.29. Icon Beranda .................................................................................103 Gambar 4.30. Kompas .........................................................................................104 Gambar 4.31. Icon Navigasi Line, Gojek, Google Maps, dan Maps IOS ...........104 Gambar 4.32. Eksplorasi Icon Navigasi ..............................................................105 Gambar 4.33. Icon Navigasi ................................................................................105 Gambar 4.34. Penempatan Fitur Line ..................................................................106 Gambar 4.35. Penempatan Aplikasi dan Pengelompokan ...................................107 Gambar 4.36. Eksplorasi Bentuk Kategori ..........................................................108 Gambar 4.37. Simbol Kategori ............................................................................108 Gambar 4.38. Icon Profil Instagram, Line, dan Edit Profile Facebook ...............109 Gambar 4.39. Perempuan.....................................................................................109 Gambar 4.40. Eksplorasi Icon Profil....................................................................110 Gambar 4.41. Icon Profil .....................................................................................110 Gambar 4.42. Icon Timeline Line, Telepon IOS, Youtube ..................................111 Gambar 4.43. Jam Dinding ..................................................................................111 Gambar 4.44. Eksplorasi Icon Riwayat ...............................................................112 Gambar 4.45. Icon Riwayat .................................................................................112 Gambar 4.46. Icon Simpak ke Koleksi Instagram dan Bookmark Safari ............113 Gambar 4.47. Icon Simpak ke Koleksi Instagram ...............................................113. xvii Perancangan Media Panduan..., Christian Electra, FSD UMN, 2018.

(19) Gambar 4.48. Eksplorasi Icon Koleksi ................................................................113 Gambar 4.49. Icon Koleksi ..................................................................................114 Gambar 4.50. Referensi Check Box .....................................................................114 Gambar 4.51. Reminders IOS ..............................................................................114 Gambar 4.52. Eksplorasi Icon Check Box ...........................................................115 Gambar 4.53. Icon Check Box .............................................................................115 Gambar 4.54. Icon Pengaturan Line, Facebook, dan Whatsapp ..........................115 Gambar 4.55. Eksplorasi Icon Pengaturan ...........................................................116 Gambar 4.56. Icon Pengaturan.............................................................................116 Gambar 4.57. Simbol Kembali Instagram, Line, Facebook, Safari, Google Maps, dan Gojek .....................................................................................................117 Gambar 4.58. Eksplorasi Simbol Kembali dan Selanjutnya ................................117 Gambar 4.59. Simbol Kembali dan Selanjutnya..................................................117 Gambar 4.60. Simbol Keluar Line dan Tutup Whatsapp.....................................118 Gambar 4.61. Grid Simbol Keluar.......................................................................118 Gambar 4.62. Simbol Keluar ...............................................................................118 Gambar 4.63. Kunci Pas ......................................................................................119 Gambar 4.64. Grid Icon Atasi..............................................................................119 Gambar 4.65. Icon Atasi ......................................................................................119 Gambar 4.66. Simbol Masalah.............................................................................120 Gambar 4.67. Mobil .............................................................................................120 Gambar 4.68. Grid Icon Masalah Mobil ..............................................................120 Gambar 4.69. Icon Masalah Mobil ......................................................................121. xviii Perancangan Media Panduan..., Christian Electra, FSD UMN, 2018.

(20) Gambar 4.70. Simbol Gagasan/Ide ......................................................................121 Gambar 4.71. Grid Simbol Tips ..........................................................................121 Gambar 4.72. Simbol Tips ...................................................................................122 Gambar 4.73. Icon Telepon Line, Whatsapp dan IOS .........................................122 Gambar 4.74. Grid Icon Telepon .........................................................................122 Gambar 4.75. Icon Telepon .................................................................................123 Gambar 4.76. Search Instagram, Line dan Facebook ..........................................123 Gambar 4.77. Kaca Pembesar ..............................................................................123 Gambar 4.78. Grid Icon Identifikasi ....................................................................124 Gambar 4.79. Icon Identifikasi ............................................................................124 Gambar 4.80. Grid Simbol Ubah .........................................................................125 Gambar 4.81. Simbol Ubah .................................................................................125 Gambar 4.82. Icon Email IOS dan Logo Gmail ..................................................126 Gambar 4.83. Amplop Surat ................................................................................126 Gambar 4.84. Grid Simbol Kirim ........................................................................127 Gambar 4.85. Simbol Kirim.................................................................................127 Gambar 4.86. Grid Tombol 1 ..............................................................................128 Gambar 4.87. Grid Tombol 2 ..............................................................................128 Gambar 4.88. Tombol ..........................................................................................129 Gambar 4.89. Garis Tepi Phone, Messages, Settings, dan Photos ......................131 Gambar 4.90. Garis Tepi Instagram, Youtube dan Whatsapp .............................132 Gambar 4.91. Pengaplikasian Garis Tepi ............................................................133 Gambar 4.92. Referensi Ukuran Palang Navigasi dan Tabs ................................134. xix Perancangan Media Panduan..., Christian Electra, FSD UMN, 2018.

(21) Gambar 4.93. Ukuran Palang Navigasi dan Tabs ................................................135 Gambar 4.94. Referensi Jarak Antar Elemen.......................................................137 Gambar 4.95. Jarak Halaman Beranda dan Identifikasi ......................................138 Gambar 4.96. Jarak Halaman Informasi dan Konfirmasi Pilihan ........................138 Gambar 4.97. Jarak Halaman Navigasi dan Keterangan Lokasi .........................139 Gambar 4.98. Jarak Halaman Kategori ................................................................139 Gambar 4.99. Jarak Halaman Profil dan Ubah Akun ..........................................140 Gambar 4.100. Referensi Pengenalan ..................................................................141 Gambar 4.101. Login ...........................................................................................141 Gambar 4.102. Pengenalan 1 ...............................................................................142 Gambar 4.103. Tutorial 1.....................................................................................143 Gambar 4.104. Tutorial 2.....................................................................................144 Gambar 4.105. Beranda dan Identifikasi 1 dan 2.................................................145 Gambar 4.106. Identifikasi 3 dan 4......................................................................146 Gambar 4.107. Konfirmasi Aksi Pemilihan Info, Selesai Panduan, dan Kembali ke Beranda ........................................................................................................146 Gambar 4.108. Konfirmasi Aksi Panduan Kurang Membantu, Masalah Tidak dapat Diatasi sendiri, dan Periksa Masalah..................................................147 Gambar 4.109. Konfirmasi Aksi Tinggalkan Panduan, dan Belum Ada Info .....147 Gambar 4.110. Referensi Layout Info..................................................................148 Gambar 4.111. Halaman Info...............................................................................149 Gambar 4.112. Halaman Akhir Info ....................................................................149 Gambar 4.113. Referensi Navigasi ......................................................................150. xx Perancangan Media Panduan..., Christian Electra, FSD UMN, 2018.

(22) Gambar 4.114. Halaman Navigasi .......................................................................150 Gambar 4.115. Referensi Daftar Kategori dan Pengaturan .................................151 Gambar 4.116. Daftar Kategori ...........................................................................152 Gambar 4.117. Daftar Pengaturan .......................................................................152 Gambar 4.118. Daftar Pengaturan .......................................................................153 Gambar 4.119. Riwayat .......................................................................................154 Gambar 4.120. Koleksi ........................................................................................154 Gambar 4.121. Pengingat.....................................................................................155 Gambar 4.122. Ubah Akun ..................................................................................155 Gambar 4.123. Motion Graphic Kara .................................................................157. xxi Perancangan Media Panduan..., Christian Electra, FSD UMN, 2018.

(23) DAFTAR TABEL Tabel 3.1. Tabel Outlet Shop and Drive. ...............................................................64 Tabel 3.2. Tabel Ifixit ............................................................................................70 Tabel 3.3. Tabel PMI .............................................................................................71 Tabel 3.4. Tabel Akinator ......................................................................................72 Tabel 4.1. Biaya Pembuatan Aplikasi ..................................................................159 Tabel 4.2. Biaya Bulanan Maintenance ...............................................................160 Tabel 4.3. Biaya Bulanan Promosi ......................................................................160. xxii Perancangan Media Panduan..., Christian Electra, FSD UMN, 2018.

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