PERAN UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES (UNHCR) DALAM MENANGANI PERMASALAHAN
STATELESS DI MALAYSIA TAHUN 2014-2017
Disusun dan Diajukan untuk Memenuhi Salah Satu Syarat Memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Sosial (S.Sos) Strata–1
SKRIPSI
OLEH : PRISTINA WIDYA
201710360311252
PROGRAM STUDI HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG 2021
KATA PENGANTAR
Puji dan syukur peneliti panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT, atas berkat dan karunia-Nya, sehingga peneliti dapat menyelesaikan skripsi ini. Shalawat serta salam senantiasa tercurahkan kepada Rasullah SAW. Skripsi ini merupakan hasil dari proses pembelajaran selama perkuliahan Strata Satu (S1) di program studi Hubungan Internasional. Ilmu-ilmu yang diperoleh selama perkuliahan di program studi Hubungan Internasional sangat bermanfaat hingga terciptanya skripsi yang disusun oleh peneliti ini. Skripsi ini memiliki judul yaitu Peran United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees (UNHCR) Dalam Menangani Permasalahan Stateless Di Malaysia Tahun 2014-2017. Selama proses penyusunan skripsi ini, tidak terlepas dari bantuan, dorongan, bimbingan, serta dukungan dari berbagai pihak. Untuk itu penulis ingin menyampaikan rasa terima kasih atas bantuan dan dukungan dari pihak-pihak berikut ini:
1. Allah SWT dengan segala rahmat dan hidayah-Nya, peneliti bisa menyelesaikan tugas akhir dengan baik.
2. Seluruh keluarga penulis, Ibu, Ayah, Akung, Uti, Om dan Tante yang sudah memberikan dukungan, materi dan doa tiada henti.
3. Bapak Najamuddin Khairur Rijal, M.Hub.Int. selaku dosen pembimbing utama, yang telah meluangkan waktu dan tenaga dalam memberikan bimbingan dari awal hingga selesainya skripsi ini. Serta motivasi, petunjuk dan saran yang diberikan selama proses pembuatan skripsi ini sangatlah berkesan bagi saya.
4. Bapak dan ibu dosen Prodi Hubungan Internasional Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, terima kasih atas ilmu dan motivasi yang diberikan selama belajar disini.
5. Teman-teman penulis, terutama Geska, Nova, Audita, Lina, Chita, Debri, dan teman-teman seperjuangan saya di Malang yang tidak dapat saya tulis satu persatu, terima kasih kalian telah menjadi tempat untuk curhat, diskusi dan menampung semua keluh kesah serta memberikan kebahagiaan selama saya kuliah di Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.
6. Seluruh pihak yang tidak dapat disebutkan satu persatu dan terus memberikan motivasi bagi penulis dalam menyelesaikan skripsi.
Penulis menyadari bahwa skripsi ini masih memiliki kekurangan. Oleh karena itu, penulis mengharapkan saran atau kritik yang membangun dari semua pihak. Penulis juga mengharapkan agar skripsi ini dapat bermanfat bagi orang lain.
MOTTO
“Selalu Libatkan Tuhan Dalam Setiap Proses dan Hasilmu”
- Pristina Widya –
DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL...i
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ... ii
LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN... iii
BERITA ACARA BIMBINGAN SKRIPSI ... iv
PERNYATAAN ORISINALITAS ... v
ABSTRAK ... vi
ABSTRACT ... vii
KATA PENGANTAR ... viii
DAFTAR ISI ... xi
DAFTAR TABEL ... xv
DAFTAR BAGAN ... xvi
DAFTAR GAMBAR ... xvii
DAFTAR SINGKATAN ... xviii
BAB I ... 1
PENDAHULUAN ... 1
1.1 LATAR BELAKANG ... 1
1.2 RUMUSAN MASALAH ... 5
1.3 TUJUAN DAN MANFAAT PENELITIAN ... 5
1.3.1 Tujuan Penelitian ... 5
1.3.2 Manfaat Penelitian ... 5
1.4 PENELITIAN TERDAHULU ... 6
1.5 KERANGKA KONSEPTUAL ... 24
1.5.1 Konsep Organisasi Internasional ... 24
1.5.2 Konsep Stateless ... 29
1.6 METODE PENELITIAN ... 32
1.6.1 Jenis Penelitian ... 33
1.6.2 Teknik Pengumpulan Data... 33
1.6.3 Teknik Analisa Data ... 34
1.7 RUANG LINGKUP PENELITIAN ... 34
1.8 ARGUMEN DASAR ... 35
1.9 SISTEMATIKA PENULISAN ... 36
BAB II ... 39
GAMBARAN UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES (UNHCR) DAN PERMASALAHAN STATELESS DI MALAYSIA ... 39
2.1 Gambaran Umum UNHCR ... 39
2.2 Eksistensi UNHCR Di Malaysia ... 52
2.3 Permasalahan Stateless Di Malaysia ... 61
2.4 Kebijakan Pemerintah Malaysia Terhadap Stateless ... 74
BAB III ... 81
PERAN UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES (UNHCR) SEBAGAI PEMBERI INFORMASI ... 81
3.1 Menyediakan Data Tentang Partner UNHCR di Malaysia ... 81
3.2 Melaksanakan Kampanye #Ibelong ... 87
BAB IV ... 108
PERAN UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES (UNHCR) SEBAGAI PENEGAK ATURAN DAN PELAKSANA KEBIJAKAN ... 108
4.1 UNHCR Sebagai Penegak Aturan ... 108
4.1.1 Mendorong Pemerintah Malaysia Untuk Meratifikasi Konvensi Konvensi Statelessness ... 109
4.1.2 Memberikan Bantuan Hukum ... 117
4.2 UNHCR Sebagai Pelaksana Kebijakan ... 122
4.2.1 Melaksanakan Proyek Pemetaan ... 123
4.2.2 Memberikan Pendanaan Untuk Stateless di Malaysia ... 132
BAB V ... 142
PENUTUP ... 142
5.1 KESIMPULAN ... 142
5.2 SARAN ... 143
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ... 145
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1.1 Posisi Penelitian ... 17 Tabel 3.1 Timeline Kerjasama UNHCR dan USCI ... 96 Tabel 4.1 Jumlah stateless dan pendanaan untuk UNHCR di Malaysia ... 133
DAFTAR BAGAN
Bagan 1.1 Posisi UNHCR dalam PBB ... 42 Bagan 3.1 UNHCR sebagai pemberi informasi ... 107 Bagan 4.1 UNHCR sebagai penegak aturan dan sebagai pelaksana kebijakan .. 144
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 3.1 Bring the light ... 82
Gambar 3.2 Proses belajar di Ideas Academy ... 84
Gambar 3.3 anak-anak stateless yang membutuhkan perwalian sementara ... 86
Gambar 3.4 Konsultasi UNHCR dengan anak-anak stateless di Malaysia ... 92
Gambar 3.5 Meeting UNHCR dengan USCI & DHRRA ... 93
Gambar 3.6 Akun Facebook Journey To Belong ... 94
Gambar 3.7 Pameran foto tentang stateless ... 95
Gambar 3.8 Toolkit pembelajaran untuk anak-anak stateless ... 96
Gambar 3.9 Malaysian Youth Congress on Statelessness ... 98
Gambar 3.10 Dialog inklusif dengan stateless ... 99
Gambar 4.1 Macam-Macam Kartu Identitas Malaysia ... 120
DAFTAR SINGKATAN
ACTED : Agency for Technical Cooperation and Development
BCAS : Borneo Child Aid Society Sabah
DHRRA : Development of Human Resources for Rural Areas
HAM : Hak Asasi Manusia
ICRC : International Committee of the Red Cross
IOM : International Organization of Migration
IRO : International Refugee Organization
LBB : Liga Bangsa Bangsa
LSM : Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat
NGO : Non Governmental Organization
NRD : National Registration Department
PBB : Perserikatan Bangsa Bangsa
RTC : Rural Transformation Centres
WFP : World Food Programme
WHO : World Health Organization
UNDP : United Nations Development Programme
UNHCR : United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees
UNICEF : United Nations Children’s Fund
UN OPCAT : Optional Protocol to the UN Convention against Torture
UNRRA : United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration
UKM : Universitas Nasional Malaysia
USCI : University College Sedaya International
USIM : Universitas Sains Islam Malaysia
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Buku :
Archer, C. (1983). International Organization. George Allen and Unwin Publisher London.
Barkin, J. S. ( 2006). International Organization: Theories and Institutions.
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN.
Gueorguieva, D. (2012). Guidelines to Protect Stateless Persons from Arbitrary Detention. Stroma Ltd.
Hass, M. (1969). International Politics and Foreign Policy: A Reader in Research and Theory. New York: The Free Pers.
Ikbar, Y. (2014). Metodologi dan Teori Hubungan Internasional. Bandung: Refika Aditama.
Jacobson, H. K. (1984). Network of Interdependence: International Organizations and The Global Political System . Knopf: The University of California.
John W. Cresswell. (2014). Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed Method Approaches. SAGE.
Pareira, A. (1999). Perubahan Global dan Perkembangan Studi Hubungan Internasional. Bandung: Citra Aditya Bakti.
Romsan, A. (2003). Pengantar Hukum Pengungsi Internasional: Hukum Internasional dan Prinsip-Prinsip Perlindungan Internasional. Bandung: Sanic Offset.
Sadiq. (2009). Paper Citizens: How Illegal Immigrants Acquire Citizenship in Developing Countries. New York: Oxford Press.
Silalahi, U. (2009). Metode Penilitian Sosial. Yogyakarta: PT. Refika Aditama.
UNHCR. (2005). Nationality and Statelessness : A Handbook For Parliamentarians.
Switzerland: Inter-Parliamentary Union.
UNHCR. (2014). Handbook On Protection Of Stateless Persons: Under The 1954 Convention Relating To The Status Of Stateless Persons. Geneva: UNHCR.
UNHCR. (2014–2017). UNHCR Global Trends Forced Displacement. Global Leader on Statistics on Refugees.
UNHCR. (2015). Standing Committee 63rd meeting: Solution strategies. Executive Committee of the High Commissioner’s Programme.
UNHCR. (t.thn.). Handbook Global Action Plan to End 2014-2024 Statelessness.
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Division of International Protection.
Wagiman. (2012). Hukum Pengungsi Internasional. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika.
Sumber Internet :
Abdullah, N. I. (2016). No Malaysian citizenship for more than 290,000 children born
here. Dipetik Mei 28, 2021, dari
https://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/10/84708/nomalaysian-citizenship-more- 290000-children-bornhere
Arnold, R. (t.thn.). How UNHCR Helps Stateless People. Dipetik Mei 20, 2021, dari https://www.unhcr.org/how-unhcr-helps-stateless-people.html
Bonasir, R. (2020). Ibu orang Indonesia, bapak warga Malaysia: 'Saya lahir dan besar di negeri ini, tapi tak punya status warga negara, tak boleh bersekolah dan takut ditangkap polisi. Dipetik Maret 10, 2021, dari BBC:
https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/dunia-
51113441#:~:text=Hukum%20Malaysia%20menganut%20prinsip%20jus,tua
%20ataupun%20salah%20satunya%20saja
Brunt, H. (t.thn.). A position paper on " The vulnerability of Bajau Laut (Sama Dilaut) Children in Sabah. Dipetik Februari 24, 2020, dari http://www.aprrn.info/1/images/PDF/Bajau_Laut_position_paper_FINAL.pdf
Brunt, H. (t.thn.). Stateless at sea. Dipetik Juni 12, 2020, dari http://children.worldsstateless.org/3/childhood-statelessness-and-the-
sustainable-development-agenda/stateless-at-sea.html
Buang, S. (2015, Juni 24). Sanctioning their true. Retrieved Juli 23, 2021, from https://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/09/sanctioning-their-true-status
Collection, U. N. (t.thn.). Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness. Dipetik Juni
17, 2021, dari
https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=V- 4&chapter=5&clang=_en
Collection, U. N. (t.thn.). Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons.
Dipetik Juni 16, 2021, dari
https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetailsII.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=V -3&chapter=5&Temp=mtdsg2&clang=_en
Crockett, S. (2012, Februari 7). The Role of International Organisations in World Politics. Dipetik Juli 9, 2021, dari https://www.e-ir.info/2012/02/07/the-role- of-international-organisations-in-world-politics/
Dali, A. A., & Razak, M. R. (2018). Surviving Stateless Refugees: The Uncertain Future Of Rohingya’s Children In Malaysia. Dipetik Juni 6, 2021, dari https://ejournal.ukm.my/jebat/article/view/26050/7952
Devex. (t.thn.). Development of Human Resources for Rural Areas (DHRRA Malaysia.
Dipetik Juni 17, 2021, dari
https://www.devex.com/organizations/development-of-human-resources-for- rural-areas-dhrra-malaysia-74304
DHRRA. (2021). Being stateless means being denied a legal identity. Dipetik Juni 20, 2021, dari http://www.dhrramalaysia.org.my/single-blog.php?id=72
DHRRA. (t.thn.). Our Pillars. Dipetik Juni 18, 2021, dari http://www.dhrramalaysia.org.my/index.php
Economist, T. (2019, November 28). Malaysia still discriminates against women over
citizenship. Dipetik Mei 25, 2021, dari
https://www.economist.com/asia/2019/11/28/malaysia-still-discriminates- against-women-over-citizenship
FMT. (2017, Maret 7). Tackle stateless people issue now, lawyers’ group tells govt.
Dipetik Mei 25, 2021, dari http://hakam.org.my/wp/2017/03/17/tackle- stateless-people-issue-now-lawyers-group-tells-govt/
Graham, E. R. (2017). Follow the Money: How Trends in Financing Are Changing Governance at International Organizations. Dipetik Juli 9, 2021, dari https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1758-5899.12450
Harefa, L. D. (2015). Peran UNHCR Terhadap Pengungsi Nigeria, Korban Kelompok Radikal Boko Haram. Dipetik Maret 24, 2021, dari http://e- journal.uajy.ac.id/9183/1/1HK11092.pdf
Hutomo, D. T. (2018). Peranan United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees (UNHCR) Terhadap Perlindungan Pengungsi Rohingya Di Indonesia. Dipetik
Juni 6, 2021, dari
https://dspace.uii.ac.id/bitstream/handle/123456789/8328/SKRIPSI%20LEN GKAP.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Idealist. (2014). Ideas Academy. Dipetik Juni 16, 2021, dari https://www.idealist.org/en/nonprofit/9b2884379a764d84a4cc8df708fafbe0- ideas-academy-kuala-lumpur
ILO. (t.thn.). International Labour Standards on Labour inspection. Diambil kembali dari https://www.ilo.org/global/standards/subjects-covered-by-international- labour-standards/labour-inspection/lang--en/index.htm
Inclusion, I. o. (t.thn.). Legal action to address childhood statelessness in Malaysia.
Dipetik Juni 22, 2021, dari http://children.worldsstateless.org/3/litigating- against-childhood-statelessness/legal-action-to-address-childhood-
statelessness-in-malaysia.html
initiativeour.org. (2016). Workshop for Academics: Researching and Teaching Nationality & Statelessness, Park Royal, Kuala Lumpur. Dipetik Juni 14, 2021, dari http://initiativeour.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Statelessness- WorkshopBooklet.pdf
Janner, T. (2021, Maret 1). Statelessness. Dipetik Juni 2, 2021, dari https://www.refugeecouncil.org.au/stateless/
Jayasooria, D. (2017). Reviewing the M'sian Indian Blueprint and Sedic, four months late. Dipetik April 7, 2021, dari https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/395133
Jayasooria, D. D. (2017). Malaysian Indian Blueprint, Some Reflections. Dipetik Juni
11, 2021, dari
https://grfdt.com/PublicationDetails.aspx?Type=Articles&TabId=7072
Leong, M. T. (2020, Mei 21). The Burden of Being Stateless: Revisiting Than Siew Beng and Lim Jen Hsian. Dipetik Mei 29, 2021, dari Universitas Malaya Law Review: https://www.umlawreview.com/lex-in-breve/the-burden-of-being- stateless-revisiting-than-siew-beng-and-lim-jen-hsian
Library, E. E. (t.thn.). Library Research Process. Dipetik Maret 18, 2021, dari https://library.uaf.edu/ls101-research-process
LIEW, J. C. (2018, Maret 28). Born and bred in Malaysia: Stateless persons. Dipetik Juni 12, 2020, dari Jhttp://hakam.org.my/wp/2018/03/28/born-and-bred-in- malaysia-stateless-persons-jamie-chai-yun-liew/
Lim, I. (2020, Desember 15). Here’s why stateless individuals face so many challenges in being recognised as Malaysian citizen, home minister told. Dipetik Mei 18,
2021, dari https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2020/12/15/heres-why- stateless-individuals-face-so-many-challenges-in-being-recognised/1932203
Lim, I. (2020, Desember 4). Putrajaya’s discrimination in citizenship laws causing Malaysians’ children to be stateless, advocacy group says. Dipetik Mei 25, 2021, dari https://malaysia.news.yahoo.com/putrajaya-discrimination- citizenship-laws-causing-084102479.html
Malaysia.gov. (n.d.). MyKad Registration. Retrieved Juli 15, 2021, from https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/subcategory/19
Malaysiakini. (2019, Oktober 8). More stateless people coming to M'sia, causing problems, UN told. Dipetik Juni 20, 2021, dari https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/494858
Massey. (2010). Legal and Protection Policy Research Series, UNHCR and De Facto statelessness. Dipetik Maret 3, 2021, dari LPPR 10/01:
http://www.unhcr.org/4bc2ddeb9.pdf
Mulakala, A. (2020). Sabah’s Stateless Children. Dipetik Mei 28, 2021, dari https://asiafoundation.org/2010/12/08/sabahs-stateless-children/
NA. (2017). Claim of 300,000 stateless Indians baseles. Dipetik Mei 14, 2021, dari http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2017/06/23/claim-of-300000-
stateless-indians-baseless-says-mic/
Nations, U. (t.thn.). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
Dipetik Mei 20, 2021, dari https://www.un.org/youthenvoy/2013/09/office-of- the-united-nations-high-commissioner-for-refugees/
NK, N., & Hay , G. E. (2017). #MYCS2017 - The first ever Malaysian Youth Congress on Statelessness. Dipetik Juni 17, 2021, dari https://www.statelessness.eu/updates/blog/mycs2017-first-ever-malaysian- youth-congress-statelessness
Nortajuddin, A. (2020, Maret 27). Malaysia’s stateless children. Dipetik Juni 12, 2020, dari https://theaseanpost.com/article/malaysias-stateless-children
Nowherepeople. (t.thn.). HELD IN THE SHADOW OF THE SUNRISE. Dipetik Mei 25, 2021, dari http://www.nowherepeople.org/new-page
Obsevatory, G. C. (2021, Maret 9). Statelessness in Southeast Asia: Causes and Responses. Dipetik Juni 23, 2021, dari https://globalcit.eu/statelessness-in- southeast-asia-causes-and-responses/
Online, T. M. (2017, Maret 25). Could a permanent national task force resolve Malaysia’s stateless problem? Dipetik Juni 20, 2021, dari http://hakam.org.my/wp/2017/03/25/could-a-permanent-national-task-force- resolve-malaysias-stateless-problem/
Paramitha, N. M. (2016). eranan UNHCR Terhadap Perlindungan Pengungsi Rohingya Di Aceh Indonesia. Dipetik Maret 24, 2021, dari https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/35392631.pdf
Patunru, A. U. (2014). Peranan United Nation High Commisioner For Refugees (UNHCR) Terhadap Pengungsi Korban Perang Saudara Di Suriah. Dipetik Juni 6, 2021, dari https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/25496513.pdf
Paulsen, E. (2019, September 15). Comment: Resolving statelessness in Malaysia.
Dipetik Februari 24, 2020, dari
https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/09/15/resolving-statelessness- in-malaysia
people.org, N. w. (t.thn.). HELD IN THE SHADOW OF THE SUNRISE. Dipetik Juni 12, 2020, dari http://www.nowherepeople.org/new-page
Rahman, A. (2010). Rohingya Still Dream of Fleeing Poverty. Dipetik Mei 28, 2021, dari http://www.scmp.com/article/705693/rohingya-still-dream-fleeing- poverty
Renyaan, P. S. (2015). Peranan UNHCR ( United Nation High Commission For Refugees) Dalam Memberikan Perlindungan Kepada Pengungsi Korban Konflik Suriah Yang Berada Di Negara Transit Hongaria. Dipetik Maret 24, 2021, dari http://e-journal.uajy.ac.id/9161/1/JURNALHK10912.pdf
Sarke, S. P. (t.thn.). Reducing Statelessness: A New Call for India. Dipetik Februari 24, 2020, dari http://www.mcrg.ac.in/rw%20files/RW43_44/4.pdf
Sdg.ucsiuniversity. (t.thn.). Youth Beyond Boundaries – Initiatives by Students at UCSI University. Dipetik Juni 17, 2021, dari https://sdg.ucsiuniversity.edu.my/wp- content/uploads/2018/06/youth-beyond-boundries.pdf
Sigit, R. N. (2018). Perlindungan Terhadap Orang Tanpa Kewarganegaraan (Stateless People) Dalam Hukum Internasional (Studi Kasus Etnis Rohingya
Di Myanmar). Dipetik Juni 6, 2021, dari
https://repository.unja.ac.id/4301/1/RRB10014288-ARTIKEL.pdf
Sinapan, S. M. (2020, Desember 15). Satelessness will remain unresolved until the NRD policy is address. Retrieved Juli 15, 2021, from https://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/555350
Staf, I. (2015, September 8). The Stateless Hindus of Malaysia: A Whitepaper. Dipetik Juni 16, 2021, dari http://indiafacts.org/the-stateless-hindus-of-malaysia-a- whitepaper/
Star, T. (2018). Suhakam Wants Malaysia to Ratify Six Human Rights Conventions, Says Waytha Moorthy. Dipetik Juni 18, 2021, dari https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/08/21/suhakam-wants-
malaysia-to-ratifysix-human-rights-conventions/
Suhakam.org. (t.thn.). Stateless Children. Diambil kembali dari https://suhakam.org.my/portfolio/stateless-children/
Times, T. S. (2017, April 25). Blueprint to help Malaysian Indians. Dipetik Juni 16, 2021, dari https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/blueprint-to-help- malaysian-indians
Today, F. M. (2018, April 4). MP shocked 12,600 stateless just because parents’
marriage not registered. Dipetik Mei 28, 2021, dari http://hakam.org.my/wp/2018/04/04/mp-shocked-12600-stateless-just-
because-parents-marriage-not-registered/
Trust, E. R. (2014). Equal Only in Name: The Human Rights of Stateless Rohingya in Malaysia. Dipetik Juni 18, 2021, dari https://www.refworld.org/cgi- bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=search&docid=5444d3024&skip=0&query=statel ess&coi=MYS&querysi=2014&searchin=year&sort=date
UNGM. (t.thn.). The United Nations System Organizations. Dipetik Juni 7, 2021, dari https://www.ungm.org/Shared/KnowledgeCenter/Pages/VBS_UNSystm
UNHCR. (t.thn.). Global Action Plan to End Statelessness: 2014 – 2024. Dipetik Juni 17, 2021, dari https://www.unhcr.org/ibelong/global-action-plan-2014-2024/
UNHCR. (t.thn.). Goal 2: Legal and Policy Framework For Refugees and Stateless People In Malaysia. Retrieved Juli 15, 2021, from https://www.unhcr.org/en-
us/goal-2-legal-and-policy-framework-for-refugees-and-stateless-people- in.html
UNHCR. (1996). Information and Accession Package: The 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons and the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of
Statelessness. Dipetik Juni 19, 2021, dari
https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/3ae6b3350.pdf
UNHCR. (2010). Legal and Protection Policy Research Series UNHCR and De Facto
Statelessness. Dipetik Maret 29, 2021, dari
http://www.unhcr.org/4bc2ddeb9.pdf
UNHCR. (2011). Good Practices: Addressing Statelessness in South East Asia.
Dipetik Juni 17, 2021, dari
https://www.refworld.org/cgibin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=search&docid=4d6e 0a792&skip=0&query=stateless&coi=MYS&searchin=year&sort=relevance
UNHCR. (2013). Submission by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees For the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights’ Compilation Report - Universal Periodic Review: MALAYSIA. Dipetik Juni 18, 2021, dari https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/513d9a0e2.pdf
UNHCR. (2014). PARTNERSHIP AND COORDINATION. Dipetik Juni 13, 2021, dari https://reporting.unhcr.org/node/2532?y=2014#year
UNHCR. (2014). STATELESS OR IN A STATELESS-LIKE SITUATION. Dipetik Juni 13, 2021, dari https://reporting.unhcr.org/node/3863
UNHCR. (2014). UNHCR Global Trends Forced Displacement in 2014. Dipetik Maret 17, 2021, dari https://www.unhcr.org/556725e69.pdf
UNHCR. (2015). CURRENT SITUATION AND ACHIEVEMENTS TO DATE. Dipetik Juni 22, 2021, dari https://reporting.unhcr.org/node/3611
UNHCR. (2015). PROTECTION AND SOLUTIONS STRATEGY
(COMPREHENSIVE). Dipetik Juni 24, 2021, dari
https://reporting.unhcr.org/node/361
UNHCR. (2016). #IBelong Join us in our Campaign to End Statelessness. Dipetik Juni
17, 2021, dari https://www.refworld.org/cgi-
bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=publisher&docid=5804cbb44&skip=0&publisher
=UNHCR&querysi=Campaign%20Update%202016&searchin=title&sort=dat e
UNHCR. (2017). Media Impact of the Campaign. Dipetik Juni 17, 2021, dari https://www.refworld.org/cgi-
bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=publisher&docid=58eb44564&skip=0&publisher
=UNHCR&querysi=Campaign%20Update%202017&searchin=title&sort=dat e
UNHCR. (2019). Evaluation of UNHCR’s data use and information management approaches. Dipetik Juli 9, 2021, dari https://www.unhcr.org/5dd4f7d24.pdf
UNHCR. (2019, Mei). Guidance for Partnering with UNHCR. Dipetik Juli 7, 2021, dari https://www.unhcr.org/en-ie/5cf8c21c7.pdf
UNHCR. (2019). UNHCR Welcomes Renewed Commitment By Malaysia To End Statelessness. Dipetik Juni 11, 2021, dari https://www.unhcr.org/en- my/news/press/2019/10/5d9e963d4/unhcr-welcomes-renewed-commitment- by-malaysia-to-end-statelessness.html?query=stateless%20mal
UNHCR. (2020, Juni 18). Figures at a Glance. Dipetik Mei 18, 2021, dari ABOUT US: https://www.unhcr.org/asia/figures-at-a-glance.html
UNHCR. (t.thn.). A Vision For Change. Dipetik Mei 23, 2021, dari https://yhgxrc5yv5ckvjhpn25hdivaii-adv7ofecxzh2qqi-www-unhcr-
org.translate.goog/en-my/a-vision-for-change.html
UNHCR. (t.thn.). Child Protection in Malaysia. Diambil kembali dari https://yhgxrc5yv5ckvjhpn25hdivaii-adv7ofecxzh2qqi-www-unhcr-
org.translate.goog/en-my/child-protection-in-malaysia.html
UNHCR. (t.thn.). CURRENT SITUATION AND ACHIEVEMENTS TO DATE. Dipetik Juni 24, 2021, dari https://reporting.unhcr.org/node/9995
UNHCR. (t.thn.). Ending Statelessness in Malaysia. Dipetik Maret 17, 2021, dari https://www.unhcr.org/ending-statelessness-in-malaysia.html
UNHCR. (t.thn.). Financials. Dipetik Juni 14, 2021, dari https://reporting.unhcr.org/financial#tabs-financial-budget
UNHCR. (t.thn.). I am Here, I Belong: The Urgent Need to End Childhood
Statelessness. Dipetik Juni 17, 2021, dari
http://www.refworld.org/docid/563368b34.html
UNHCR. (t.thn.). Malaysia. Dipetik Juni 2, 2021, dari https://www.unhcr.org/ibelong/imvisible-malaysia/
UNHCR. (t.thn.). Protection in Malaysia. Dipetik Mei 24, 2021, dari https://yhgxrc5yv5ckvjhpn25hdivaii-adv7ofecxzh2qqi-www-unhcr-
org.translate.goog/en-my/protection-in-malaysia-591401344.html
UNHCR. (t.thn.). Statelessness Around the World. Dipetik Februari 24, 2020, dari https://www.unhcr.org/statelessness-around-the-world.html
UNHCR. (t.thn.). The Campaign to End Statelessness. Dipetik Juni 18, 2021, dari 2016: https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/5804cbb44.pdf
UNHCR. (t.thn.). The High Commissioner. Dipetik Mei 19, 2021, dari https://www.unhcr.org/asia/the-high-commissioner.html
UNHCR. (t.thn.). This is our home: Stateless minorities and their search for citizenship. Dipetik Juni 17, 2021, dari https://www.unhcr.org/ibelong/wp- content/uploads/UNHCR_EN2_2017IBELONG_Report_ePub.pdf
UNHCR. (t.thn.). UNHCR GLOBAL APPEAL 2014-2015. Dipetik Maret 3, 2020, dari
Addressing Statelessness:
https://www.unhcr.org/528a0a1316.html#_ga=2.99296798.1005202154.1583 213666-1806852783.1582650414
UNHCR. (t.thn.). UNHCR Representation in Malaysia. Dipetik Mei 23, 2021, dari https://yhgxrc5yv5ckvjhpn25hdivaii-adv7ofecxzh2qqi-www-unhcr-
org.translate.goog/en-my/unhcr-in-malaysia.html
UNHCR. (t.thn.). UNHCR Representative in Malaysia memorandum. Dipetik Juli 2, 2021, dari https://www.unhcr.org/en-au/5d26ed654.pdf
UNHCR. (t.thn.). UNHCR's mandate for refugees, stateless persons and IDPs. Dipetik Mei 21, 2021, dari https://emergency.unhcr.org/entry/55600/unhcrs-mandate- for-refugees-stateless-persons-and-idps
UNHCR. (t.thn.). Voice of Childre. Dipetik Juni 18, 2021, dari https://www.unhcr.org/ibelong/are-you-stateless/
UNHCR. (t.thn.). Who We Help. Dipetik Mei 19, 2021, dari https://www.unhcr.org/asia/who-we-help.html
Union, T. E. (2019). Improving Structural Capacity of the Serbian Statistical Office in view of approximating European Statistical System (ESS) requirements.
Dipetik Juli 9, 2021, dari https://beaware-project.eu/wp- content/uploads/2018/10/d8.5.pdf
Venkov, J. (2019, April 3). I am a person from here – the Sabah stateless struggling without citizenship in Malaysia. Dipetik Mei 25, 2021, dari https://www.thetornidentity.org/2019/04/03/sabah-stateless-malaysia/
Wahyono. (t.thn.). Memahami Karakteristik Hak Asasi Manusia. Dipetik Maret 3, 2020, dari Ham.go.id: http://ham.go.id/memahami-karakteristik-hak-asasi- manusia/
William, S. J. (t.thn.). Ideas Academy. Diambil kembali dari https://simonjwilliams.weebly.com/ideas-academy.html
Writer, S. (2016, Mei 3). Voice of the Children sheds light on stateless children in Malaysia. Dipetik Juni 15, 2021, dari https://www.marketing- interactive.com/voice-children-sheds-light-stateless-children-malaysia
yck.org. (t.thn.). Yayasan Chow Kit. Dipetik Juni 16, 2021, dari https://yck.org.my/
Jurnal/ Artikel lmiah/ Working Paper :
Ali, I. (2011). KOMUNITAS ORANG TANPA NEGARA (STATELESS PEOPLE) DI SABAH: STUDI KASUS MASYARAKAT BAJAU LAUT DI PULAU MABUL, SEMPORNA. Universiti Sabah Malaysia : Pusat Penataran Iimu.
Ansori, M. H., Efendi , J., & Adiwena, W. (2017). Beyond Charity: Kebijakan, Praktek, Dan Tantangan Dalam Menangani Krisis Pengungsi Di Asia Tenggara. Jakarta Selatan: THE HABIBIE CENTER.
Baltazar, M. A., Abubakar , A. U., & Hassan, W. S. (2019). Children At-Risk of
Statelessness and their Constraints to Citizenship. SHAPE SEA Research Project
Inclusion, I. o. (2017). The World’s Stateless children. Wolf Legal Publishers (WLP).
Jaquemet, S. (2004, Oktober). Mandat dan fungsi dari komisariat tinggi PBB (UNHCR). Indonesian Journal of International Law, 2(1).
Kassim, A. (2009). Filipino refugees in Sabah: State Responses, Public Stereotypes and the Dilemma Over Their Future. The Southeast Asian Studies, 52-88.
Kaur, A. (2014). Refugees and Refugee Policy in Malaysia. UNEAC Asia Papers(18).
LIEW, J. C. (t.thn.). HOMEGROWN STATELESSNESS IN MALAYSIA AND THE PROMISE OF THE PRINCIPLE OF GENUINE AND EFFECTIVE LINKS.
Statelessness & Citizenship Review.
Malaysia, P. a. (2010). Economic Planning Unit. Malaysia.
Pang, V., Mei-Teng Ling, & Tibok, R. P. (2019). ACHIEVEMENT OF CHILDREN IN AN ALTERNATIVE EDUCATION PROGRAMME FOR REFUGEE, STATELESS AND UNDOCUMENTED CHILDREN IN SABAH, MALAYSIA. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 4(2) 335-361.
PBB. (t.thn.). Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa dan Indonesia. Jakarta: PT. Suhbahtera Semesta Graphika.
Pujayanti, A. (2015). ISU PENGUNGSI GLOBAL DAN KEBIJAKAN AUSTRALIA. VII(12/II/P3DI/Juni/2015).
Razali. (2014). Children in irregular situations: Breaking the cycle of statelessness in Malaysia. Peace Palace, The Hague, Netherlands: Presentation at the UNHCR/Tilburg University First Global Forum on Statelessness.
Razali, R. M. (2017). Addressing Statelessness in Malaysia: New Hope and Remaining Challenges. Dalam Statelessness Working Paper Series. Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion.
Rights, E. N. (2020, April 7). DHRRA Malaysia Statement on the Impact of COVID19 on Stateless Persons in Malaysia.
Soh, R. C., Afandi, N. M., Hashim, N. M., & Hak, N. A. (2019). Protecting the Children’s Right to Nationality in Malaysia: An Appraisal. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Science, 9(VI).
Suwardi, S. S. (2014). Aspek Hukum Masalah Pengungsi Internasional. Jurnal Hukum Internasional, II(1).
Tucker, J. (2014). Nationality and Statelessness in International Law. Dalam P. Weis, Questioning de facto Statelessness By Looking at de facto Citizenship. Tilburg Law Review.
Skripsi/ Tesis/ Desertasi :
Bawulang, M. V. (2018). Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Warga Negara Asing Yang Tidak Memiliki Status Kewarganegaraan Di Indonesia. Lex Et Societas, VI/No.2/April/2018.
Ustymenko, K. (2013). Defining Statelessness: The Conception of the Definition and Why It Matters Today. Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Bachelors Degree in Human Rights .
