A THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Attainment of a Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Literature
by: Widya Rosanita NIM 13211144012
ENGLISH LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY
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We know what we are, but know not what we may be. - William Shakespeare
My dad always says, Kunci kesuskesan itu lima i: inisiatif, imajinatif, integritas, intelektual, dan INSYAALLAH.
And
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DEDICATIONS
This thesis is proudly dedicated to
My Rosa Family, mom, dad, and my sister Rosanti
and
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
All praises go to the Almighty Allah SWT for all the mercy and blessings,
Alhamdulillah, I can finish this thesis. With the work of His hands, He has given
me strength, tenacity, and guidance to pursue my goals in my life even in my difficult time. I cannot illustrate how grateful and amazed I am for this achievement. I am also very fortunate that I met many amazing people, particularly in finishing my thesis and college years. Therefore, my sincere gratitude is delivered to:
1. Titik Sudartinah, S.S., M.A., my one and only supervisor in this thesis, who has given me valuable knowledge, indebted time, and continuous guidance in all stages of finishing this thesis;
2. Ari Nurhayati, M.Hum., my academic consultant, and all lecturers in the English Education Department who have taught and guided me during my years of study;
3. my beloved parents, Ayahanda Suroso and Ibuk Suyati who are the reason of my strength and ambition that have given me endless support, solemn prayer, pure love, and freedom to choose my own path;
4. my lovely sisters, Adistya Rosanti, for the warmth and care, and the responsibility you have taught me;
5. my partner, Decky Nur Rohman Aziz who is always there whenever I need and gives me patience and love, tears and joy;
6. my beloved comrades Bunga, Denis, Ika, and Yesi for the priceless help and support, crazy naughty days and sleepless nights, laugh and fight;
7. all my friends in Linguistics, especially Laskar Mei Tri Intan, and also Dien and Cindy who have helped me as peer reviewers, and all my friends of English Literature; I do hope our friendship will last for good; and
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE ... i
APPROVAL SHEET ... ii
RATIFICATION SHEET ... iii
PERNYATAAN ... iv
MOTTOS ... v
DEDICATIONS ... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... ix
LIST OF FIGURE AND TABLES ... xiii
ABSTRACT ... xiv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1
A. Background of the Study ... 1
B. Research Focus ... 4
C. Objectives of the Study ... 5
D. Significance of the Study ... 5
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ... 7
A. Literature Review ... 7
1. Pragmatics ... 7
2. Cooperative Principles ... 8
a. Observance of Maxims ... 9
b. Non-Observance of Maxims ... 10
1) Opting out a Maxim ... 10
2) Violating a Maxim ... 11
3) Infringing a Maxim ... 11
4) Flouting a Maxim ... 11
3. Flouting ... 11
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b) Flouting of Quantity Maxim... 12
c) Flouting of Relation Maxim ... 13
d) Flouting of Manner Maxim ... 13
4. Humor Using Medical Terms ... 14
a. Disease ... 15
b. Spontaneous Conversational Humor ... 18
1) Irony ... 19
7) Replies to Rhetorical Question ... 22
8) Clever Replies to Serious Statement ... 22
9) Double Entendres ... 23
10)Transformation of Frozen Expressions ... 23
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B. Conceptual Framework ... 32
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ... 35
A. Type of the Study ... 35
B. Forms, Context, and Source of Data ... 35
C. Data Collection Techniques ... 36
D. Research Instrument ... 36
E. Data Analysis Techniques ... 38
F. Data Trustworthiness ... 38
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 40
A. Findings ... 40
b. Spontaneous Conversational Humor ... 56
1) Irony... 56
2) Sarcasm ... 58
3) Overstatement/Understatement ... 59
4) Self-Deprecation ... 61
5) Teasing... 62
6) Replies to Rhetorical Question ... 64
7) Clever Replies to Serious Statement ... 66
8) Double Entendres ... 68
9) Transformation of Frozen Expressions ... 70
3. Functions of Humor in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2 ... 71
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b. Decommitment ... 74
c. Mediation ... 75
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 79
A. Conclusions ... 79
B. Suggestions ... 80
REFERENCES ... 82
APPENDICES ... 85
A. The Data Sheet of Medical Terms, Types, and Functions of Humor Using Medical Terms in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2 ... 85
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LIST OF FIGURE AND TABLES
Figure
Figure 1. Analytical Construct ... 34
Tables
Table 1. The Sample Data Sheet of Medical Terms, Types, and Functions
of Humor in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2 ... 37 Table 2. Findings of Medical Terms, Types and Functions of Humor
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A PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF HUMOR USING MEDICAL TERMS IN GREY’S ANATOMY SEASON 2
Widya Rosanita NIM 13211144012
ABSTRACT
This research is under the scope of pragmatics which has the aims to (1) find out the medical terms used to create humor in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2 TV series; (2) identify the types of humor using medical terms in Grey’s Anatomy
Season 2 TV series; and (3) explain the functions of humor using medical terms in
Grey’s Anatomy Season 2 TV series.
The researcher applied the descriptive qualitative method. The form of the data used in this study was utterances, and also words, phrases and sentences of the narration which contain humor using medical terms. The contexts of the data were dialogues taken from Grey’s Anatomy Season 2 Episode 1-5. The main instrument of the study was the researcher herself. After being collected, the data were categorized and analyzed based on the medical terms, types of humor, and the functions. To enhance trustworthiness of the data in this study, triangulation was employed.
The research reveals three findings. The first is that the medical terms which are employed by the characters to create humor in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2 covering five basic medical terminology. They are disease, medicine, hospital position, anatomy, and medication process. Humor employed by the characters is represented in the forms of jokes and spontaneous conversational humor since unintentional humor does not occur in the data. In spontaneous conversational humor, nine forms are employed by the characters. They are irony, sarcasm, overstatement, self-deprecation, teasing, replies to rhetorical question, clever replies to serious statements, double entendres, and transformations of frozen expressions. Finally, only three out of four functions of humor that are found, i.e. social management, decommitment, and mediation.
1 A. Background of the Study
Humor gives several functions related to the emotion of people. Melinda states in Health Benefits of Humor and Laughter (2013) that psychologically, humor helps people to keep emotionally healthy because it can change moods by taking out stress and depression. Then socially, humor gives positive feelings in relationship to be closer and stronger.
Humor has an important role in daily life particularly during interaction or communication. To create positive atmosphere in communication, being able to tell funny things to others is needed. Understanding the right time to use humor is required since it can be employed to release tiresome, depression, and stress. Not only for laugh, but humor is also possible to be used to say the truth elegantly and softly, without disturbing someone’s feeling.
The main aspect of humor is to entertain people, although it does not always mean laughter. Attardo (1994: 117) believes that the most common parameter of humor is laughter. However, humor does not always create laughter and laughter is not always the result of humor. There are still several possible reactions to humor.
Seattle hospital. It focuses on the fictional lives of surgical interns and residents while trying to maintain their personal lives, career, and relationships. There are a lot of humorous utterances said by the characters in having conversation since the genre is romance comedy medical drama.
However, the humor appearing here is a contextual humor which are mostly employs the medical terminology since the characters are doctors and physicians. The humor has the same intention such as to provoke laughter, insult, teasing, and other purposes. Humor in medical situation here has possibilities to relieve stress in patients and medical professionals. When doctors share humor with patients, humor gives patients the opportunity to forget about their anxiety and pain and also makes the doctors emotionally close to their patients. Medical professionals also use humor to release the tension among them while working in the medical environment and to mock each other in insulting way or even just teasing.
The humor using medical terms in this drama mostly employ medical jargon, a type of medical language that is used in a particular context which may not be well understood outside the people who works in the hospital. Moreover, the intention might be different from the real use of medical terms or somehow the humor sounds too serious because during conversation, people encounter many different forms of humor communicated by different means and for different purposes.
humor is funny or not depends on many factors including age, culture, personal experience, level of education, and location. The kind of humor in Grey’s
Anatomy is contextual and somehow hard to understand or sounds outrageous for
common people without medical background knowledge. Therefore, in dealing with the humor using medical terms as a language phenomenon, pragmatic approach which is needed to be applied since it analyzes the use and meaning of language in social contexts.
Humor has been studied quite extensively over the years with linguistic approaches. There are several approaches that are possible to use, e.g. sociolinguistic approach, stylistic approach, discourse analysis and pragmatic approach. In pragmatic field, humor is considered as a violation of Grice's Cooperative Principle. Humor is not seen as a bad model of communication, but rather as a part of daily communication. Speakers do violate the maxims of Cooperative Principle to trigger the hearers’ laughter.
B. Research Focus
In order to understand the use and meaning of humor using medical terms, there are some appropriate approaches that can be employed. The first one is pragmatics as one of the approaches which is concerned with the use of
language in social contexts. However, the phenomenon of humor is also a part of sociolinguistics as the study of language and society that sees humor as a social phenomenon. Then, discourse analysis is also the other possible approach to analyze humor seeing language use beyond the boundaries of utterances.
The researcher is interested to apply pragmatics as the approach to analyze humor using medical terms in this research. The medical terms as the remark and characteristics of humor creation happens in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2 since the genre of the drama is medical drama. This research focuses on the context of humor such as the types, the intentions of the humor, and the medical terms used to create humor performed by the characters in Grey’s Anatomy as the portray of the conversation especially humor in medical situation among doctors and/or between patients and doctors, therefore the reader can understand the meanings and intentions.
There are three research questions to be answered in this research.
1. What medical terms are used to create humor in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2 TV series?
2. What types of humor using medical terms are presented in Grey’s
3. What are the functions of humor using medical terms in Grey’s Anatomy
Season 2 TV series?
C. Objectives of the Study
The objectives of this research are:
1. to find out the medical terms used to create humor in Grey’s Anatomy
Season 2 TV series,
2. to identify the types of humor using medical terms in Grey’s Anatomy
Season 2 TV series, and
3. to explain the functions of humor using medical terms in Grey’s Anatomy
Season 2 TV series.
D. Significance of the Study
This research offers some benefits as follows: 1. For students of linguistics
This research can be a reference for linguistics students who are about to conduct similar research in the areas of pragmatics, particularly humor using medical terms.
2. For readers in common
3. For future researchers
7 A. Literature Review
1. Pragmatics
Pragmatics is a branch of linguistics concerned with the use of language in
social contexts and how to produce and understand meanings through language. Pragmatics is defined as the study of language in context (Birner, 2012: 2). Hence, pragmatics is concerned with what a speaker means in a given context and how the context influences what is said. So, pragmatics deals with how a speaker uses language, what a speaker means and how a hearer interprets the words.
Yule (1996: 3) explains that pragmatics is the study of how listeners can make inferences about what is said in order to arrive at an interpretation of the speakers’ intended meaning. People can know other people’s intended meanings
through pragmatics, their assumptions, their purposes, and the kinds of actions that they are performing when they speak. According to Yule, pragmatics is the study of the speaker’s contextual meaning, how people can communicate more
than what it is said and the study of the expression of connected distance.
another topic, is believed as a word that could performs an action (Yule, 1998: 48). The acts performed can be making statements, promise, request, or giving commands. Then, conversational implicature is something meant, implied, or suggested deeper from what is said (Yule, 1998: 35). It is mostly about a speaker’s utterance that can be understood by interpreting the meaning based on the context. Then, Grice (1975) is the one who first coined Cooperative Principle. Yule adds that people involved in a conversation will cooperate with each other (1996:36- 37). Related to humor, there are several principles called maxims. Raskin (1985: 272-273) argues that a basic assumption of following remarks is that many humors involve breaking one or more of Grice’s maxims which would
be discussed later.
2. Cooperative Principles
Grice states that when people communicate, they assume and they will be conversationally cooperative without realizing it. According to Grice, this cooperative conversation can be achieved in the forms of maxims which are same as rules. Grice adds that these set of assumptions can guide people to formulate the efficient and effective use of language in a conversation. The guidelines called maxims are formed in four basic maxims of conversation which together express a generalCooperative Principle.
a) Observance of Maxim
Observance of maxim happens when a speaker has successfully fulfill maxim to achieve an effective conversation.
1) Maxim of Quality
Maxim of quality requires a speaker to be sincere and not to say something he or she believes to be false or lack of evidence. An example:
A: What is the capital of Australia? B: Canberra
In the interaction, speaker B observes maxim of quality because the speaker tells the truth that the capital of Australia is Canberra.
2) Maxim of Quantity
Cutting (2002: 35) says that people who give too little information risk their hearer to be unable to identify what they are talking about because they are not explicit enough; those who give more information than the hearer needs risk boredom. Hence, maxim of quantity requires a speaker to give the right amount of information such as in the following example.
A: Hi, what would you like? B: A glass of hot tea, thanks.
In the interaction, speaker B observes maxim of quantity because the speaker gives the right amount of information which is required.
3) Maxim of Relation
The speaker observes maxim of relation because he points to what has been said before by uttering I mentioned yesterday.
4) Maxim of Manner
Maxim of manner requires a speaker to explain things orderly and clearly and avoid ambiguity as well as obscurity. It is illustrated in I opened the door and take a big step forward.
In the example, maxim of manner is observed because the speaker presents the events orderly.
b) Non-observance of Maxims
When people do not follow the four maxims in communication, it is called non-observance of maxims. The speaker is actually free to choose whether s/he wants to follow the Cooperative Principle or not, depending on the purposes or reasons, according to Black (2006: 24). If the speaker uses at least one kind of these forms to break maxims, the language becomes indirect and sometimes humorous.
1) Opting Out a Maxim
According to Cutting (2002: 41), when opting out the maxim, a speaker is unwilling to cooperate and chooses not to observe the maxim by stating an unwillingness to do so. An example of opting out is shown in I’m afraid I cannot
give you that information (Cutting, 2002:41).
2) Violating a Maxim
Violating a maxim often deals with the intention to mislead. The example is shown below.
Husband : How much did that new dress cost, darling? Wife : Less than the last one
(Cutting, 2002:40) In the example, the wife does not want to tell the real price of her dress. She instead covers it up by saying that the new dress is cheaper than the last one. Hence, violating a maxim is often done with the intention to mislead.
3) Infringing a Maxim
According to Cutting, infringing happens when a speaker could not use the language well enough or is incapable of speaking clearly. The example of infringing is My job is a decision-making job. And as a result, I make a lot of decisions.
In the example, the speaker infringes maxims by giving illogical statements. Hence, the speaker here might not master the language or not be able to speak clearly.
3. Flouting
that the hearer knows what it means. When flouting is employed, it may be to effectively communicate a message.
a) Flouting of Quality Maxim
There are several ways to flout maxim of quality. First, the speakers could simply say something that obviously does not represent what they think. Second, they do it by exaggerating, maybe in the hyperbole forms. Third, they may flout the maxim of quality by using a metaphor. The other two ways of flouting the maxim of quality are through irony and banter. For example:
Lynn : Yes, I’m starving too Martin : Hurry up girl
Lynn : Oh dear, stop eating rubbish. You won’t eat any dinner
(Martin in Cutting, 2002: 37) The speaker expresses how hungry she is by saying the utterance I’m
starving and she exaggerates the answer in spite of giving the right contribution to
the hearer.
b) Flouting of Quantity Maxim
The speaker who flouts quantity maxim is the one who gives too little or too much information. The example of flouting of quantity maxim is shown below.
A: How do I look? B: Your shoes are nice
(Cutting, 2002:37) Speaker B does not give a complete answer. Speaker A asks about the whole appearance. However, B only comments on speaker A’s shoes. It can be
c) Flouting of Relation Maxim
The flouting of maxim relation happens when the speaker expects that the hearer will be able to imagine what they do not say. In flouting this maxim, it means that the speaker gives irrelevant information, for example:
A: So what do you think of Mark? B: His flatmate’s a wonderful cook.
(Cutting, 2002: 39) In spite of saying directly that B was not very impressed with Mark, B say something irrelevant.
d) Flouting of Manner Maxim
A speaker who flouts manner maxim, appears to be obscure (Cutting, 2002: 39). The example of flouting of manner maxim is shown below.
A: Where are you off to?
B: I was thinking of going out to get some of that funny white stuff for somebody.
A: OK, but don’t be too long –dinner’s nearly ready
(Cutting, 2002:39) Speaker B flouts manner maxim by being obscure and B thinks that speaker A gets what speaker B means of White funny stuff (ice cream) and
somebody (their kid).
4. Humor Using Medical Terms
Humor has the potential to relieve stress in patients and medical professionals. When doctors share humor with patients, they create lines of communication that encourage patients to discuss difficult issues. As the result, humor can put both parties at ease when more formal types of communication cannot. Medical professionals also use humor to deal with the tension that results from working in the modern medical environment. The other use of humor can be in the purpose of insulting, teasing, mocking, and other purposes which do not expect the laughter and positive responses.
The creation of humor is shared by all human being and influenced by culture. Humor requires the understanding of context to find it amusing like other forms of communication. The audience must have certain knowledge, understanding, and values. Different professions have different languages. Medical professionals use terms to describe the objects and situations encountered in their fields, for example, "herpes," "Adam's Apple," and "appendix”. The
a. Disease
This type of medical terminology is related to disease and illness names. For example:
A: I am very dizzy after dealing with a noisy patient. B: Oh my God. I think you might have tumor.
Tumor in a medical term has the meaning as any type of swelling or enlargement of tissues; most often used to describe an abnormal growth of tissue, which can be cancerous or noncancerous. However, in creating humor it can be applied to mock in a daily conversation between doctors.
b. Medicine
This type of medical terminology is related to chemical things and medical stuffs which are used as medicine to cure disease and do medication process. The example is in the following.
A: What should I take to decrease my pain, doc? B: Make sure you take this tablet twice in a day, boy. A: This tablets? It looks like candies.
Tablet is a small solid piece of medicine. However, some people who do not know may take that as candies since the forms can be similar. Therefore, it can create a humor.
c. Hospital Position
This type of medical terminology is related to position and duty in the hospital as used in the example of conversation below.
A: Take my clothes and wash it, please.
The example above is a sarcastic humor happens in medical situation between a patient and a nurse. Nurse is a person whose job is to care for people who are ill or injured, especially in a hospital.
d. Anatomy
This type of medical terminology is related to human body from head to toe and even the inside part of the body. One of the examples is:
A: I can’t say anything in front of him. I am so nervous till my cerebral cortex stop working.
B: Oh, C’mon.
The conversation between doctors above has the example of anatomy term that is cerebral cortex as the humor creation. It is the grey wrinkled outer layer of the cerebrum (front part of brain) responsible for language, thinking, creative skills, etc.
e. Medication Proses
This type of medical terminology is related to the activities in the hospital. The example in humor is:
A : Please keep my sister alive, doctor. Don’t hurt him. B : Shut up. Is it a vasecto-you, or a vasecto-me? A : I’m just worried!
5. Types of Humor
Nowadays, people encounter many forms of humor communicated by different means and for different purposes. These different forms of humor occur in every type of informal and formal interaction, including conversations between lovers, close friends, fellow students, co-workers, store clerks and customers, doctors and patients, teachers and students, and even complete strangers standing in line at a bank. Furthermore, Martin (2007:11) divides humor that occurs in everyday social interactions into three broad categories: (1) jokes, which are prepackaged humorous anecdotes that people remember and continue to one another; (2) spontaneous conversational humor, which is created intentionally by individuals during social interaction that can be in verbal or nonverbal forms; and (3) accidental or unintentional humor.
a. Jokes
A man goes to a psychiatrist who gives him a battery of tests. Then he announces his findings.
Doctor : I’m sorry to have to tell you that you are hopelessly insane. Client : Hell, I want a second opinion.
Doctor : Okay, you’re ugly too.
(Long and Graesser in Martin, 2007:11) The joke consists of a setup and a punch line. The setup, which includes sentences from the narration that there will be a story about a doctor and a patient until the sentence before the last, creates in the listener a particular set of expectations about how the situation should be interpreted. The punch line suddenly shifts the meaning in an unexpected and playful way, thus creating the perception of non-serious incongruity that is necessary for humor to occur. In this particular joke, the punch line plays on the meaning of the phrase second opinion, shifting the frame of reference from that of a serious, professional doctor-patient relationship to a nonsensical one in which one person is insulting another. The story is clearly playful and non-serious with the purpose to amuse others by telling jokes, which are short, amusing stories ending in a punch line, therefore it belongs to a joke.
b. Spontaneous Conversational Humor
such as a twinkle in the eye or a particular tone of voice, so that the listener is often not entirely sure if the speaker is joking or being serious. He identifies 11 categories of spontaneous humor, based on the basis of intentions or uses of humor.
1) Irony
Irony is a factual or an embellished statement in which the opposite of what is stated is really meant (Rybacki, 1991: 314). A speaker expresses a statement in which the literal meaning is opposite to the intended meaning. For example:
Cam : You might need a belt.
Phil : Oh, I doubt it. I bet we wear the same size. Cam : Do not do that.
(Modern Family Season 4)
Phil wants to comfort Cam by saying that they are the same size of trousers. The fact is they do not. Phil flouts maxim of quality because he responds to Cam’s utterance with an irony, which is saying something that is completely
the opposite from the real fact. 2) Satire
LUK : Well then how about a donation? MIT : 20 bucks?
LUK : A hundred. MIT : $20?
LUK : Sure. What's it to you if some kid gets sick bathing in poo river, Africa?
(Modern Family Season 4)
In the dialogue above, Luke flouts maxim of quantity since he gives too much information to Mitchell. He should end his utterance after he says “sure”, but he also adds his answer with satire.
3) Sarcasm
There is an extremely close connection between sarcasm and irony, but sarcasm is considered as simply the crudest and least interesting form of irony. People may be unintentionally ironic, but sarcasm requires intention and it is used as a form of verbal aggression (Hayman, 1998: 20). For example:
Alex : What did I do?
Sheldon : You don’t know? Oh, you poor dear. Your ovaries are squirting so much goofy juice into your brains you don’t even know which way is up.
(The Big Bang Theory Season 6)
Instead of telling her directly what is in his mind, Sheldon uses a very sarcastic comment saying that she is too stupid to realize that her behavior flirting Leonard is unacceptable. He compares her with her ovaries, part of organs in women’s body, which is regarded as an inappropriate word to say. That is one of
the example of sarcasm used to insult people. 4) Overstatement and Understatement
Greg : Your miracle product, your miracle detergent, that was supposed to get the stain out, just ate my shirt away, and I now want the money back for my five hundred dollar silk-shirt.
Sandra : Five hundred dollars? (laughing) Greg : Okay, a hundred and fifty. Sandra : Okay. (laughing)
(Norrick, 1993: 91) In this example, Greg completely exaggerates the price of his shirt and Sandra reacts to this overstatement by repeating it and laughing to express her disbelief and surprise. Greg immediately interprets Sandra's laughter as an objection to his former overstatement and admits that he is exaggerating when he responds with “Okay” and corrects his previous statement by drastically lowering
the price. Understatement is also called euphemism that means speaking with good words or in a pleasant manner.
5) Self-deprecation
It has a humorous remark by targeting oneself as the object of humor. This may be done to demonstrate modesty, to put the listener at ease, or to ingratiate oneself with the listener. The examples of self-deprecation include highlighting the flaws on one’s body, speaking of past failures, and acknowledging one’s
mistakes, such as Oh God, the standing mic is even taller than me.
This example shows that the speaker her/himself highlights the flaws of her/his own body because s/he feels that the microphone is higher or in another word it could be say that the speaker is short.
6) Teasing
It is a humorous remark directed at the listener’s personal appearance,
offend (Long and Graesser in Martin, 2007: 13). The example is Is that your hand writing? I thought it is an abstract art.
The speaker is teasing a friend because of the bad or ugly hand writing. Rather than saying directly, the speaker tends to use the humor by comparison. The speaker says “abstract art” to insult with the meaning that the friend’s hand writing is hard to read just like an abstract art.
7) Replies to Rhetorical Questions
Rhetorical questions are not asked with the expectation of a reply. Giving an answer to the speaker means that s/he violates a conversational expectation and surprises the person who posed the question. This can therefore be perceived as funny, and the intention is usually to simply entertain a conversational partner. For example:
A : Can you close the window?
B : I am sure you need to get up and move around more often.
A’s question is a rhetorical question that does not need an answer. B
should directly close the door without making any answer to the question, but B chooses to answer the question implying that B is also lazy to close the window. 8) Clever Replies to Serious Statements
This means clever or unusual replies to a statement or a question that is meant to be serious. The statement is deliberately misconstrued so that the speaker replies to a meaning other than the intended one. For example:
A : Did you go to the party last night? B : Oh yeah! I went there with Anna.
B says something that is totally irrelevant to the context at that moment. By using this strategy, B intends to divert A’s attention from the previous context. 9) Double Entendres
It is a statement or word that is deliberately misperceived or misconstrued so as to evoke a dual meaning. When used intentionally, double entendres can be fun and entertaining because the idea is to get a laugh both from people who know and who do not get the second meaning.
A : How do you make a dog drink? B : Easy, put it in the liquidiser.
(Ross, 1998: 10) In the example above, “a dog drink” can have two meanings; drink for a
dog and make the dog to drink.
10)Transformations of Frozen Expression
Transformations of frozen expression happens when the speaker transforming well-known words, clichés, or proverbs into a statement, i.e., a complaint of a bald man: Hair today, gone tomorrow.
This example is a proverb that is used by the speaker to insult the listener related to his/her bald head.
11)Pun
Claire : Is there anything else you need for your procedure? Phil : Um, I think I'm supposed to have ice cream.
Claire : Hmm. Actually, I don't.
Phil : I'm sorry. Is it a vasecto-you, or a vasecto-me?
(Modern FamilySeason 1)
In the dialogue above, Claire asks Phil whether all the procedures for Phil’s vasectomy later that day are already complete. Phil wants to have an ice
cream before doing the operation, but Claire refuses it. Then Phil gives a pun by making the word with different meaning that sounds the same as vasectomy, i.e.
“vasecto-me”.
c. Unintentional Humor
Unintentional humor or called as accidental humor is a humor which plays with the word especially the homophone and the non-verbal humor which accidentally happens to provoke laughter. Martin (2007: 14) says that there are two types of unintentional humor; accidental physical humor and accidental linguistic humor.
Accidental physical humor includes minor mishaps and pratfalls such as the person slipping on a banana peel or spilling a drink on one’s shirt. These sorts
produce spoonerisms such as 'a scoop of boy trouts', instead of what he had
meant to say - 'a troop of boy scouts' (Cambridge Dictionary 3rd edition).
Freudian slip is something which is said by accident that is different from what is intended to say, however it seems to show the true thoughts (Cambridge Dictionary 3rd edition). The example is: "A woman who refused to attend a party
with her husband because she loathed the hostess finally consented because it
involved his business. She promised her husband she would act pleasant and
agreeable. True to her word, she behaved charmingly to her hostess all evening.
When they left, she shook hands with her hostess and saidwarmly, "It was so nice
for us to come.”
6. Functions of Humor
Humor not only has entertainment functions, but also many social functions. The important functions of humor in conversation are the effects that the speaker may achieve directly by using humorous segments or texts in the discourse (Attardo, 1994: 322). According to Attardo in his book Linguistic
Theories of Humor (1994: 323-329), the functions of humor on the
communicative process can be grouped into four classes.
a. Social Management
Phil : I deserve that. I was an idiot for doubting you. Please, honey, forgive me.
Cla : How could I not, when you give me this bouquet of crumpled flowers?
(The Modern Family Season 4)
This dialogue happens when Phil apologized to Claire and gives the bouquet. In this utterance, Claire flouts maxim of quality since she gives a sarcastic response to Phil. She makes a sarcasm to embarrass Phil who apologies and gives a bouquet of crumpled flowers. This is why the function is categorized as social management. Embarrassing somebody’s behavior by using humor
belongs to social control function.
b. Decommitment
Kane et al (in Attardo 1994: 325) define decommittment as denying any harmful intention of a speaker action The basis of the decommitment function is that humorous communication is retractable, i.e., the speaker may back off from his/her utterance without loss of face (Brown and Levinson in Attardo, 1994: 325). Decommitment tactics include probing and salvaging. The example is by saying I did not mean it seriously. This sentence shows that the speaker directly say that it is just a joke. It can be an excuse because of the mistake or misunderstand.
The first decommitment tactic is probing. It is a function of humor in which a speaker could get information by making a humorous utterance. The other one is salvaging which is a function of humor in which the speaker wants to make a bad situation better by indicating that the proposed or past action is not serious, but it is instead meant as a joke.
c. Mediation
Jay : Ay, no, no. No fighting in front of the baby. We just made a deal. Gloria : Yeah, but that's not fair because I am always in front of the baby! Jay : Gloria, you're as close to perfect as woman gets. Nothing wrong
with one tiny,little flaw. Yours is when you start to sing, it sounds like something got stuck in the vacuum cleaner.
(Modern Family Season 4)
Jay flouts maxim of quality since he makes a hyperbole statement by saying that Gloria’s voice sounds like something got stuck in the vacuum cleaner.
He uses humor to criticize her voice. It makes him creating spontaneous conversational humor that has mediation function. It is because Jay carries out potentially embarrassing or aggressive interactions to Gloria in order to make her stop singing.
d. Defunctionalization
Humor, especially nonsense humor or puns, can in some cases be seen as a defunctionalization of language (Guiraud in Attardo, 1994: 328). Defunctionalized language is language that is not used for transmission of information, but for playful purposes. The speakers are aware of the fun possibilities of language, thus they may choose to take it for entertainment purposes.
Cla : Phil!
Phil : There's no Phil here! These jeans just slipped on me so perfectly, my name must be pantsarella. Boom!
(Modern Family Season 4)
Phil says that his name must be “pantsarella” not Phil. Pantsarella is the
the fun possibilities of language and chooses to take advantage of these possibilities for entertainment purposes.
7. Grey’s Anatomy Season 2
Grey's Anatomy is an American medical drama television series that
premiered on American Broadcasting Company (ABC). The title is a play
on Gray's Anatomy, a human anatomy textbook by Henry Gray. The show's
premise is originated with Shonda Rhimes as an executive producer. After the first season becomes successful, Grey’s Anatomy continues on the second season and currently on 13th season.
The second season is commenced airing on September 25, 2005 and concluded on May 15, 2006. It is set in the fictional Seattle Hospital, located in the city of Seattle. Whereas, the first season puts the emphasis mainly on the unexpected impact the surgical field has on the main characters, the second season provides a detailed perspective on the personal background of each character, focusing on the consequences that their decisions have on their careers. New story lines are introduced, including the love triangle between Meredith Grey, Derek Shepherd, and Addison, the main actors of the season. Also heavily developed is the story line involving Izzie Stevens' relationship with patient Denny Duquette, which results in critical acclaim and positive fan response.
are ranked in the top ten among all viewers, then it reaches its peak in the second season attracting an average of 19.44 million viewers per episode.
The second season of Grey’s Anatomy contains 27 episodes which becomes the longest season since the other episodes just consists of 24 on average. However, there will be just first 5 episodes from all of the episodes in Season 2 that used as the object of the research since those episodes are considered enough to get the findings.
8. Previous Studies
Many researchers have discussed studies on humor using pragmatic approach. Some previous studies give contribution along the process of observing and leads the researcher to find the relevant theories.
The first research is Septi D. Anggraeni who conducts a thesis entitled A
Pragmatic Analysis of Humor in Modern Family Season 4 analyzing the maxims
that are flouted, the forms of humor, and the functions of humor. The researcher employs Martin’s theory of humor types and Attardo’s function theory in his book
Linguistic Theories Humor. The first finding is that the first most-often appearing
The second research is Risti Utami Dewi entitled A Pragmatic Analysis of Maxim Flouting and Rhetorical Devices to Create Humor in Modern Family
Season 1. She identified the kinds of maxim flouting and rhetorical devices used
to create humor. To achieve the objectives, the analysis consists of two viewpoints: pragmatics and rhetorics. Related to the types of maxim flouting, the findings is that the characters tend to flout quality maxim. Then, related to the types of rhetorical devices, the characters flout the maxims by using 12 types of rhetorical devices. The first rank is they flout the maxim mainly by using the form of exaggeration and the last is using pun. However, there are 3 types of rhetorical devices which are not used. Those are misunderstanding, infantilism, and over-literalness.
There are several differences between this research and those previous researches. The objectives of finding types and function of humor are same because this research also applies the theory from Martin in finding the types of humor and Attardo’s theory about the function of humor. However, those two
B. Conceptual Framework
Humor cannot be separated from communication. Therefore, humor becomes an important topic in linguistic study, especially pragmatics. Although there are still several approaches could be applied to analyze humor, i.e. sociolinguistics, discourse analysis and stylistics. Pragmatically, humor is created by the use of Grice’s cooperative principle. Usually, people should observe
maxims to conduct right information in communication, however breaking any of four basic maxims sometimes is needed to get something interesting for example to make humorous utterances.
Then, humor as the flouting of maxims here is specified in medical conversation which is considered as humor using medical terms since it uses medical word or terminology to create humor. A famous medical drama in America entitled Grey’s Anatomy applies various medical terms to communicate and also performs a various kind of humor.
Figure 1. Analytical Construct
Grey’s Anatomy Season 2
Types by Martin Medical Terms used to
create humor a. Irony g. Replies to Rhetorical Question b. Satire h. Clever replies to serious Statement c. Sarcasm i. Double Entendres
d. Overstatement j. Transformation of Frozen Expression e. Self-Deprecation k. Puns
A Pragmatic Analysis of Humor Using Medical Terms in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2
35 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODS
A. Type of the Study
This research employed the descriptive-qualitative method because it emphasized on describing the phenomenon of humor in its context by interpreting the data. As stated by Vanderstoep and Johnston (2009: 166-167), a qualitative research is a research based on people’s interpretation of their own experience. Hence, the qualitative research is about making description than prediction of the data. That is why a deep understanding of the researcher’s point of view is the goal of this type of research. Moreover, this research applied pragmatic approach which also deals with the context of the humor, focusing on the explanation and interpretation that also gives descriptive results for this research.
B. Forms, Contexts, and Sources of Data
C. Data Collection Techniques
The data in this research were all collected from the conversations in the form of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences which had the characteristics of humor using medical terms in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2. The technique of collecting data was note taking. Those data were taken in the form of written texts which were only from the characters’ speeches related to medical terms. The procedures of the data collection are presented as follows.
1. The researcher watched the TV series comprehensively in order to find out the valid and relevant information.
2. The researcher downloaded the movie script.
3. The researcher determined and took notes the conversations that could be taken as the data related to humor that use medical terms.
4. The researcher transferred the data into the data sheet.
D. Research Instruments
Table 1. The Sample Data Sheet of Medical Terms, Types, and Functions of Humor in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2
Note:
Ds : Disease Ts : Teasing
Md : Medicine Rr : Replies to rhetorical question Hp : Hospital Position Cr : Clever reply to serious statements An : Anatomy De : Double entendres
Mp : Medication Proses Tf :Transformations of frozen expressions Jo : Jokes Pn : Puns
Sc : Spontaneous Conversation Hum. Uh : Unintentional Humor Ir : Irony Sm : Social Management St : Satire Dm : Decommitment Sr : Sarcasm Me : Mediation
Ou : Overstatement & understatement Df : Defunctionalization Sd : Self-deprecation
E. Data Analysis Techniques
In relation to the data and data source, the researcher discussed the analysis of the data in this research. The data analysis was used as a method for analyzing the messages from humor using medical terms. The result of the analysis was in the form of description.
The steps of data analysis in this research were identifying the data collection that has been made, finding out the medical terms spoken by the characters, classifying the data of the character’s speeches based on the types of humor, explaining the functions of humor using medical terms, presenting the results clearly, and giving conclusions also suggestions.
F. Data Trustworthiness
40
CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter contains two sections: findings and discussion. In the findings section, the researcher presents the findings about the medical terms, the types and also functions of humor that she obtains from the analysis of the character’s utterances in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2 in the form of brief explanations and tables. Furthermore, the detailed explanation of findings are provided in the discussion.
A. Findings
Medical humor in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2 is the sense of humor that is created by the characters through their utterances. This kind of humor is contextual and somehow hard to understand by common people without medical background knowledge. Therefore, in dealing with the humor using medical terms as a language phenomenon, pragmatic approach is needed to be applied. It is because pragmatics provides the theory of Cooperative Principle proposed by Grice.
Table 2. Findings of Medical Terms, Types and Functions of Humor in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2
No Medical Terms Types Functions
1 a. Disease
a. Irony Social Management,
Mediation
b. Sarcasm Social Management,
Mediation
d. Self-Deprecation Social Management
e. Teasing Social Management,
Mediation
h. Double Entendres Social Management i. Transformation of Frozen serious work situation but also in a humor creation. The medical terms are said by the characters who mostly work in the hospital as doctors and nurses.
are done intentionally and all of the humor are in verbal way. There is no accidental physical humor and accidental linguistic humor such as mishaps and pratfalls, mispronunciations, errors in logic, and the kinds of speaker confusions. The type of jokes are employed just three times by the characters, particularly
between the doctors’ conversation to relieve the tension and stress. Meanwhile, in spontaneous conversational humor, there are only 9 types which are found. Those are irony, sarcasm, overstatement, self-deprecation, teasing, reply to rhetorical question, clever reply to serious statement, double entenders, and transformations of frozen expressions. The other types of spontaneous conversational humor which are not exist are satire and pun.
but not least, transformation of frozen expression humor have two types of function which are decommitment and mediation.
Social management and mediation become the main functions of humor in
Grey’s Anatomy Season 2 since the humor are employed in their social group such
as close friends among the interns, the doctors and the interns, or the doctors and the patients. The humor mostly have purposes to embarrass each other whether the embarrassments are just to tease or to criticize.
B. Discussion
In discussion section, the findings table as the answer of the research questions and the brief explanation in findings section are elucidated more in a deep explanation. The discussion contains examples of the data as well as explanations of the analysis to clarify the objectives of the research covering the discussion on medical terms, types and functions of humor found in TV drama
Grey’s Anatomy Season 2 episode 1-5.
1. Medical Terms in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2
There are five types of medical terms that are found in Grey’s Anatomy
Season 2. Those are disease, medicine, hospital position, anatomy, and medication
a. Disease
This type of medical terminology is related to disease and illness names including general and scientific names.
Dr. Cristina: You know what's ruined for me? Coronary artery bypass grafts and aortic aneurysms. God, I used to love aortic aneurysms.
(Datum 20) This dialogue happens when Christina tells Grey that she just breaks up with Bruke and feels sad about it. Burke ends their relationship because he chooses his work as the hospital chief to be his first priority rather than being with Cristina. Cristina expresses her sadness by cursing the disease that she has examined with Burke. The disease which later becomes the medical term as the
remark of humor here is “aortic aneurysms”.
According to WebMD.com, it is the disease occurs in blood vessel when a bulge is in a section of the aorta, the body's main artery. This humor belongs to overstatement as she exaggerates her curse to disease. Thus, the function is social management. Datum below is also the example of the application of disease term in humor.
Nurse : He says he got shot in the head. Dr. Karev : I say he's a mental defect.
defect”. Mental defect is a brain damage because of illness or injury. However, it
also can be interpreted as crazy or insane. The second meaning seems to be the right meaning of what Karev wants to say because the patient says something that can be easily believable. Thus, the type is double entendres, while the function is social management. Another example is provided in the following utterance.
Dr. Burke: Manufacturing things that really aren't there, seeing only what you want to see. Wasting our time, our resources, and throwing away your own life. Your illness is in your head, Kalpana.
(Datum 53) Burke speaks a little bit rude when he finds a patient that actually is healthy but consumes some pills in order to get sick. Therefore, there must be something wrong in her head. The medical terminology is the disease term that is
“illness in head”. Actually, Burke brings two meanings in his utterance between a disease that might be suffered in her head as the medical meaning and the mentally illness of a lying which Kalpana did. Thus, the type of humor is double entendres, while the function is social management.
b. Medicine
This type of medical terminology is related to chemical things and medical stuffs which are used as medicine to cure disease and to do medication process. Some findings of medicine terms in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2 are shown below.
comfortable by creating a teasing humor using an unusual case that happened the day before. A patient was operated because of swallowing doll heads that doctors
thought as balloon of drugs. The medicine term “pill” is employed to create humor by comparing it to dolls. Pill is a small solid piece of medicine which a person swallows to cure the disease. Since the form is similar, she employs the
term “pill” to create a humor to one of the intern named Cristina Yang. The second example is in the following.
Dr. Grey: Surgeons are control freaks. With a scalpel in your hand... Oh, crap! You feel unstoppable.
(Datum 21) The context of this humor is an exaggeration Grey made as her expression of angriness toward Derek. Grey breaks up with Derek and she expresses her sadness in a humor. However, she hides her personal emotion by employing a
medical tool “scalpel” which is usually used in surgery. A scalpel is a very sharp knife that is used for cutting through skin and flesh during an operation.
The use of scalpel here, however, symbolizes the weapon that a surgeon has as the control or power which in this context refers to Derek’s, so he can do anything including hurting her. Thus, she uses hyperbole to strengthen her argument. Moreover, social management is the function. The last example is in this following sentence.
Dr. Karev : Gunshot wound to the head. Where the hell's this GSW to the head? Why wasn't the trauma team called? Hello? Are you people insane?
However, he is wondering why there is no emergency call or even the action of trauma team since this injury he expects will be categorized as a very serious injury. Therefore, he shouts to the nurses at surgery unit in order to get the detail information.
The medical term used to create sarcastic humor here is “trauma team”. This is a term belongs to a multidisciplinary group of healthcare workers who collectively work together on the assessment and treatment of those who are severely injured. The humor type is sarcasm because Karev yells at the nurses who do not take care of the patient. Thus, the function is social management to attract attention.
c. Hospital Position
Hospital position is the medical terminology which is related to position and duty in the hospital, such as a nurse, doctor, surgeon, and many more. The findings from the drama are presented here.
Dr. Izzie : You have been treating these people for the last week. How can you not know their names?
Dr. Karev: Surgery is the only specialty where we do not waste time getting to know the patients. They're slabs of meat, we're butchers.
about his principle that surgery is just a specialty, so there is no need to know patients as long as they recover. He even adds a sarcastic comment that patients are just like a slabs of meat and the doctors are the butchers. This dialogue shows that he is cold enough, arrogant, and having no humanity.
The medical term found here as the main remark of the humor is “patient”. The definition of a patient is a person who receives medical care, or who is taken care by a particular doctor. However, Karev uses a sarcasm that seeing a patient not as a person here. The function of this humor is social management. There is another example found related to the use of hospital position in creating humor.
Dr. Bailey: OK, I'm sorry. I thought I was your resident, not your hostess. I assign, you take. Is that a problem?
(Datum 26) The context of Datum 26 is when Bailey shares the works that interns have to do, then Cristina gets to accompany Burke in doing an operation while she is not really in a good relationship with him. Thus, Cristina protests to Bailey to give another job. However, Bailey does not like to be interrupted especially by someone who denies her assignment.
Because Bailey is annoyed when Cristina refuses her assignment, Bailey
answers by highlighting that she is Cristina’s resident not her hostess. Bailey tries
to remind Cristina that she is an intern who has to obey the resident by comparing job position between a resident and a hostess. Thus, the hospital position
higher rank than an intern who is the residency is just one year at the hospital. This humor belongs to the sarcasm type. Meanwhile, the function is mediation.
Dr. Bailey : Karev, see the chief. Dr. Karev : What for?
Dr. Bailey : Do I look psychic to you? He's the chief. He asked. You go. (Datum 34) This is another example shown how sharp Bailey is. She informs Karev to meet the chief at that moment, meanwhile Karev does not know what the meet for so he asks. Bailey hates to be asked more when she gives an order since she also does not know the reason. Hence, she emphasizes the chief position in this dialogue.
The position in hospital as a “chief” is the highest rank in the hospital unit, because there is a chief as the head in every unit in the hospital, while the unit meant here is the surgery unit. Therefore, when the chief says something, the subordinate should do. Bailey does sarcasm by underlining the position of a chief because Karev is asking too much. Then, the function is social management.
d. Anatomy
This type of medical terminology is related to human body from head to toe and even the inside part of the body. The first data example is in datum 8 below.
Dr. Grey: It's not us. It's them. Them and their stupid boy penises. They didn't tell me that had a wife.
that he already has a wife who is also a doctor. She blames the part of male’s body that is funtioned in sexual activity and for urinating. “Penis” is also the symbol of
a male. Meanwhile, Grey applies the term “penis” as the swear word and curses
Derek and Burke’s penises. The type is sarcasm because the speaker uses the
rudest way to express her anger by saying “stupid boy penises”. The function is
social management. The datum 18 below also presents the data of anatomy term. Dr. Bailey: I like Judy dolls. I own Judy dolls. The only problem I have
with Judy dolls is they're in the bowel of this man.
(Datum 18) A patient with an unusual problem gets Bailey and the interns surprised. The patient who is thought swallowed a lot of drugs comes to the hospital. However, after being checked by X-ray, the things that are stuck on his bowel are not balloons of drugs but ten of Judy dolls head and get stuck in his bowel because they are too big. This quite funny since the doctors get no answer why he swallowed them.
The other morning, when Cristina arrives at the hospital and starts to
check the patient’s document, Bailey addresses her and starts the conversation by saying this humor. The term “bowel” itself is a long tube that carries solid waste from the stomach out of the body. She uses this incident in humor to get closer to her intern. Therefore, the function is social management and the type is a joke. Another example is found below.
Dr. George: He's definitely coming. Ow! Want her doing tequila shots all night? I'll be the one cleaning up the vomit. Besides, I touched a hearttoday, Porny.
The datum 61 happens in a bar near hospital. Grey gets drunk and in a broken heart and her interns friend accompanied her. She expects that Derek will come to the bar and chooses her than his wife, therefore she asks her friend whether Derek will come or not. George answers that he will come, so Cristina pinches him. Then, George replies by teasing Cristina that George had done a proudly solo operation while she got a patient that should watch porno all day long.
The anatomy word “heart” uttered by George in this sentence has double
meanings. In medical field, it means the heart of human part he touched in a heart surgery and emotionally it means the heart of feeling because he saves the
patient’s life. He uses this double entendres humor to mock Cristina. Therefore,
the function is social management.
e. Medication Process
This type of medical terminology is related to the activities happens in the hospital. The first example from the data is written here.
Dr. Grey : It's not OK! You have a wife. Who is not easy to hate. Who's annoyingly kind and painfully smart, and currently saving my friend's life.
she should accept those fact. She also acknowledges Addison who has saved
Cristina’s life by doing a successful operation.
The humor are shown as an overstatement by adding the adverb related to
medication process which are “painfully” and the verb “saving life”. “Painfully”
refers to the way that makes someone feels hurt enough and cause the pain for
Grey, while “save life” here means keeping Cristina to breathe after getting an accident. Then, the function is social management. An utterance below is the other example.
Dr. Karev: It's sad. The worship. The adoration. And I'm so handsome, I intoxicate you.
(Datum 39) Karev says this narcissistic utterance to show how great he is till many girls like him so much, and one of them is Izzie. Karev utters this in front of Izzie to seduce her by saying in a hyperbole that he intoxicate Izzie. The term
“intoxicate” is a medication process related to a condition of out of control
because of being drunk or consuming drugs. There is no harmful intention since Karev also seems interested in Izzie. Karev makes a teasing humor of Izzie’s feeling toward him. It belongs to social management function. Then, here is the last example of data finding covering the medication process employed in humor.
Dr. Karev : It's definitely a bullet. Tracked clear through his head. Dr. Ellis : Now are you people just going to sit here or get him
into surgery?
famous surgeon, comes. She is actually being a patient of Alzheimer at that hospital but she has an illusion of being at work, thus she acts like she is the senior doctor and yells at them who just sit doing nothing but wondering how
could there is a bullet in patient’s head.
The term “surgery” is a medical operation as the treatment of injuries or
diseases by cutting open the body and removing or repairing the damaged part. This term is put in this sarcastic humor because Ellis tries to remind the doctors in a crude way to do the operation quickly and not just watch the X-ray. This humor belongs to mediation function.
2. Types of Humor in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2
The types of humor has three big categories, those are jokes, spontaneous conversational humor, and unintentional humor categorized by Martin. However, there is no unintentional humor in this drama series. Then, the 11 sub-types of spontaneous conversational humor are not all employed since the researcher gets 9 types of spontaneous conversational humor in Grey’s Anatomy Season 2. The others which are not occurred are satire and clever replies to serious statement.
a. Jokes
Dr. Bailey: I like Judy dolls. I own Judy dolls. The only problem I have with Judy dolls is they're in the bowel of this man.
(Datum 18) A patient with an unusual problem gets Bailey and the interns surprised. The patient who is thought swallowed a lot of drugs comes to the hospital. However, after being checked by X-ray, the things that are stuck on his bowel are not balloons of drugs but ten of Judy dolls head and get stuck in his bowel because they are too big. This quite funny since the doctors get no answer why he swallowed them.
The other morning, when Cristina arrives at the hospital and starts to
check the patient’s document, Bailey addresses her and starts the conversation by saying this humor. The term “bowel” itself is a long tube that carries solid waste from the stomach out of the body. She uses this incident in humor to get closer to her intern. Therefore, the function is social management and the type is a joke. The following is also the other data of joke humor.
Patient: I knew as much as her. She was clueless about how to treat cystic fibrosis. A cholecystectomy turned into a month-long stay.
