Jour al of Tropi al Biodiversity a d Biote h ology
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Cha ges i Root A atomy Due to Dife e t Wate i g Supply i the
G o th of
Capsicu frutesce s
L. o Ve i ultu e Te h i ue
Fitria ‘ahayu ‘at ada i , Marya i *
Undergraduate Student Alu ni, Fa ulty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia,
La oratory of Plant Stru ture and Develop ent, Fa ulty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, *Corresponding author, e ail: yani@ug .a .id. tel.: + fa .: +
A ‘ T I C L E I N F O A B S T ‘ A C T
The rapid i rease i hu a populaio redu es la d produ ivity i ur a areas. Veri ulture is a ay of pla i g i a veri al arra ge e t, su h as for Capsi u frutes ens L. This study ai ed to e a i e the root a ato y a d gro th respo ses of C. frutes ens L. due to difere t ateri g supply o veri ulture te h i ue. Fourtee days old seedli gs ere gro i poly ags o the grou d a d i to veri al pots ade of paralo pipe. Wateri g supply as give for every day, o e i days, a d o e i days for days, at height of , , a d . The de reases i root dia eter, stele dia eter, a d yle dia eter, ut i rease the porio of orte o urred i pla ts at height o paralo pipe ith days i e i terval of ateri g supply o pared to o trol pla ts gro at height. Gro th para eters sho ed the sa e tre ds, here pla ts at height at the paralo re eived ateri g supply o e i days had less gro th o pared to o trol pla ts y de reasi g i pla t height, leaf u er, le gth- idth
of leaves, fresh a d dry eight of roots a d shoots, hile hlorophyll o te t a d root le gth did ot ha ge. The opi al i e i terval of ateri g supply for gro th o veri ulture te h i ue is days, hile the opi al height at the paralo as appro i ately . The yle as less developed i pla ts at higher posiio o pared to the lo er posito o the paralo pipe a d this as ore dete ted i pla ts ith less i e i terval of ateri g supply. De reasi g pla t gro th o urs i o diio s of ater shortage a d the higher posiio of pla t o paralo .
Ari le history:
‘e eived / /
‘e eived i revised for / / A epted / /
Key ords:
A ato y ‘oots Veri ulture Wateri g
. I t odu io
Populaio i reases have a i pa t o i provi g the o versio of agri ultural la d i to reside ial la d Wartapa et al., , espe ially i ur a areas. The use of arro ield i ur a area should e opi ized i order to re ai produ ive to support the populaio survival. Veri ulture is the good hoi e for far i g i this area.
Veri ulture is a te h i ue of far i g i a veri al arra ge e t to ards the free air spa e ith a array of veri ally gro i g edia Wartapa et al., . This te h i ue is very appropriate to e applied i li ited a d arro spa e BPTP, ith i a s, plasi guter PVC, a oo or oode pla ks arra ged i stages as ulivaio ediu BPTP, ; Wartapa et al., . Veri ulture
arra ge e t a e re ta gular, tria gular, or shaped like a stair ase ith several terra es Luk a , .
vita i s A, B , B , B , a d C , lavo oids, a i-o ida ts, ash, properies also give difere t results, as fou d y Syukur et al.
ells are arra ged to for irregular i gers, ith phloe ells hile the porio of the orte appeared larger. These results are i li e ith resear h y Shao et al. that fro the
a e related to the pro ess of a sorpio of ater a d utrie ts fro the soil; due to the ater shortage o diio yle dia eter as s aller a d ore ei ie t tha the larger dia eter of the yle . Xyle stru ture ith s aller pores is very helpful e ause it ill e ore resista t to drought. A ato i al stru ture ha ge is the adaptaio of pla ts to drought a d to keep the ater o te t i the pla t ody re ai s ala ed. I dry o diio s, spe ies of a a ia less tolera t of drought perfor yle ith i reased tra heal dia eter, ut the fre ue y is lo , hile the drought tolera t a a ia spe ies produ ed a s aller tra heal dia eter ut ore i u er Aref et al., . U der ater stress pla ts a ha ges the yle a ato y, y i reasi g the proporio of s all tra heas that ay o tri ute to preve t roots fro ollapse risk, ithout o pro isi g pla t gro th Guijarro-‘eal et al., . A ato y of the yle ajority sho s the ei ie y of ater tra sport of spe ies a d orrelated ith the apa ity of tolera e to drought stress Le s et al., . It a e said that the size of the dia eter a d de sity of the ells of the yle sho s variaio s et ee spe ies i ter a d spa ious. Based o the
resear h results y Aref et al. , it a e assu ed that the aye e pepper spe ies used i this study is less tolera t of the ater dei it.
. . Pla t gro th
Pla t gro th a d io ass allo aio are t o ost fu da e tal pro esses ei g re arka ly i lue ed y e viro e tal varia les i ludi g ater ha gi g fa tor. Fro Ta le , it appears that the higher the ateri g supply P , the pla ts te d to e higher tha that i pla ts re eived less i e i terval of ateri g supply P , P . The higher the pla t posiio o PVC, the shorter the pla ts resulted, espe ially for P T a d P T pla ts. This relates to the availa ility of lo er ater supply o pla ts at a higher level T , as ater poured i to paralo pipe ill lo do ard, e ause i this study et ee T , T a d T there as o i sulaio for li ii g soil edia i paralo . The u er, le gth a d idth of leaves de li ed as pla ts re eived less i e i terval of ateri g supply Ta le . Outside the K pla ts, P pla ts, ith P ateri g supply sho ed shorter a d arro er leaves o pared to other treat e ts. The less
Figure . Cross se io of Capsi u frutes ens L. root ater days treated ith difere t ateri g supply o veri ulture te h i ue. e, epider is; , orte ; p, phloe ; , yle issue; v , vessel/tra hea ell. Xyle issue as ostly less developed i P T , pla ts ith
the ateri g supply, pla ts leaves gre shorter a d arro er, a d it is as o e of the respo se of pla ts i the fa e of drought stress o diio s. The i hi iio of shoot a d root gro th is a o o respo se of ater stress Jaleel et al., . U der ater dei it i the soil, ater availa ility to pla t ells is also restri ted, a d as the irst respo se, ells try to save availa le ater y avoidi g a ive gro th. I addiio , the fe er leaves for aio as a efort to redu e tra spiraio of pla ts so that the ater ala e i the ody of the pla t is ai tai ed. The li itaio of ater ill redu e the leaf orga develop e t. Efe t of ater dei it duri g the vegetaive level is the for aio of s aller leaves, hi h i pa t o the la k of light a sorpio . Shao et al. stated that i the o diio of ater dei ie y, the pla t has fe er leaves ith s aller ell size, a d o posiio of its lo aio o the tru k as de ser. This ould e a strategy for this spe ies to e eter adapted to less ater availa ility. Fa i g ith lo ater availa ility, the pla t develops a u er of e ha is s, a ely: gei g out of the stress y o plete its life y le efore the rii al ater shortages o ur, ovoidi g stress y i reasi g the apa ity for the a sorpio of ater y for i g e te sive root syste , redu i g the leaf area a d restri i g tra spiraio ; tolera e to stress y i reasi g the os oi a d i reases
the elasi ity of the ell a d resista e to stress y i terrupi g the eta oli path ays so that pla ts a survive u der e tre stress o diio s e.g., i rease a io ida t eta olis Xu et al., ; Claeys a d I zé,
; La lor, .
. . Leaves hlorophyll o te t a d io ass
Total hlorophyll o te t of leaves i reased ith less i e i terval of ateri g supply Ta le a d there as o sig ii a t difere e a o g the treat e ts. Wateri g supply o e every or days did ot sig ii a tly ha ge the hlorophyll o te t. This is i o trast to Pisu saivu L. hereas levels of hlorophyll a, a d total de reased alo g ith the i e i terval ateri g of days, days a d days E iale et al., . A ordi g He driya i a d Seiari , the fa tors that afe t the sy thesis of hlorophyll are light, ar ohydrates, ater, te perature, ge ei , a d ele e ts su h as N, Mg, Fe, M , Cu, ) , Su, a d O . I the Sola a eae pla ts su h as potato, hlorophyll o te t varies a d does ot rele t the se siivity or tolera e to drought learly So g Ai a d Ba yo, . Eve though, there as a redu io o leaves u er a d size, ut there as o hlorophyll de rease i all treat e ts, ea i g that photosy thesis a sill take pla e opi ally. Further stress
T eatme t K T Root Diamete µmT T A e age
P . . . g . d .
P . . f . e . .
P . d . a . d . a . p
A e age . . y . z . .
T eatme t K T Co i al Tissue Thi k ess µmT T A e age
P . . . f . a .
P . . de . f . e . r
P . d . a . d . d . p
A e age . . . y . .
T eatme t K T Stele Diamete µmT T A e age
P . f . . h . e . r
P . . g . f . .
P . d . . d . a . p
A e age . y . . z . .
T eatme t K T Xylem Tissue Diamete µmT T A e age
P . h . de . i . g . r
P . de . h . d . .
P . f . . e . a . p
A e age . y . . z . .
Ta le . The hara ters of root a ato y of Capsi u frutes ens L. ater days treated ith difere t ateri g supply o veri ulture te h i ue.
of ater dei it ill ause a redu io i the rate of photosy thesis Khaera a et al., , taki g utrie ts; assi ilate produ io a d yield Neu a , ; Jaleel et al.,
.
Although there as o redu io i hlorophyll o te t, this study sho s that less i e i terval of ateri g supply de li ed the io ass, as easured y fresh a d dry eight of roots a d shoots. The highest fresh eight of the shoots a d roots ere o served i P pla ts, hile the lo est eight as fou d i P pla ts Ta le . Higher ater stress, a redu e the difere iaio of e orga s, e pa sio a d e large e t of e isi g orga s. The de rease of io ass a u ulaio ould e due to the de rease of leaves u er a d size Ta le . Ta le also sho s that the less i e i terval of ateri g supply, the lo ger the roots of aye e pepper as o served, though it as ot sig ii a t. This ea s that the root elo gaio is ot follo ed y the deposit of io ass i root ells or ore root gro th. I order to i prove the status of ater i i es of drought, rop ha ge the distri uio of assi ilates to support root gro th at the e pe se of the a opy, so the apa ity of the roots to a sor the ater i reased a d photosy thesis a sill take
pla e Si aga, . Shao et al. stated that so e pla ts ill de rease the dry eight of the root-shoot he treated ith drought. Bio ass is o e of the ost i porta t para eters for sele io of pla t resista e to drought i eggpla t Fita et al., . The de li e i leaf area provides a lo er leaf surfa e area a d lo a ility to a sor light Morse et al., . Si ilar results ere reported i the olive rop )al ai Boughalle , a d Hajlaoui, a d jatropha Krish a urthy et al., . The de rease of root io ass ould e due to less roots produ ed, ot due to shorter roots. ‘oot elo gaio i dry o diio s, ould e a possi le efort to i d the sour e of ater. ‘oots e o e i reasi gly i porta t role i dry soil o diio s. O e efort to eet the ater eeds of pla ts i her ody that is through i reasi g the le gth of the roots to e pa d the ield of ater a sorpio . The allo aio of io ass is lo er to the stress root ith less tra hea ells, a d it e a les the roots to a sor ater a d utrie ts slo er. Mea hile, i reasi g posiio of pla ts o paralo pipe, did ot sig ii a tly ha ge the gro th a d io ass, ea i g that the availa ility of ater i higher posiio of paralo pipe re ai ed sui ie t for pla t gro th, so that the ater dei it ater the treat e t is ot
T eatme t K T Pla t Height mT T A e age
P . a . a . a . a .
P . . a . a . a . p
P . a . a . a . a . p
A e age . . . . .
T eatme t K T Lea es Num e /pla tT T A e age
P . a . a . a . a . p
P . a . a . a . a . p
P . a . a . a . a . p
A e age . . . . .
T eatme t K T Lea es Le gth mT T A e age
P . d . d . d . a d .
P . d . a . a d . a . p
P . a d . a . a . a . p
A e age . y . . y . .
T eatme t K T Lea es Width mT T A e age
P . . a . . a .
P . . a . a . a . p
P . a . a . a . a . p
A e age . y . . y . .
T eatme t K T Roots Le gth mT T A e age
P . a . a . a . a . p
P . a . a . a . a . p
P . a . a . a . a . p
A e age . . . . .
Ta le . The gro th of Capsi u frutes ens L. ater days treated ith difere t ateri g supply o veri ulture te h i ue.
that e tre e o diio for this spe ies. Fro these results, it a e assu ed that the aye e pepper pla ts avoid dry ess ith a o servaive strategy of root syste .
. Co lusio s
The de reases i the dia eter of root, stele, a d yle , ut i rease the porio of orte o urred i pla ts at height o paralo pipe ith days i e i terval of ateri g o pared to o trol pla ts gro at height. Pla ts at height at the paralo re eived ateri g supply o e i days had less gro th o pared to o trol pla ts y de reasi g i pla t height, leaf u er, le gth
-idth of leaves, fresh a d dry eight of roots a d shoots, hile hlorophyll o te t a d root le gth did ot ha ge. The opi u i e i terval of ateri g supply for gro th o veri ulture te h i ue as days, hile the opi u height at the paralo as .
A k o ledgme ts
Tha ks ere delivered to Yayasa Karya Sale a E pat a d PT I dofood Sukses Mak ur for their i a ial support to the irst author for doi g her study.
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A e age . . . . .
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P . a . a . a . a . p
A e age . y . y . y . .
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P . . a . a . a .
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A e age . . . . .
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P . a . a . . a .
P . a . a . a . a . p
P . a . a . a . a . p
A e age . . . . .
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