Directory UMM :Networking Manual:computer_network_books:

(1)

Muhamad Abd uh

Institut Teknologi Ba ndung

4.1

W e e k

4

COMPUTER NETWORK AND

INTERNET

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Muhamad Abd uh

4.2

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

COMMUNICATING INFORMATION

VIA ELECTRONIC MEANS

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Muhamad Abd uh

4.3

INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY

NATIONAL / WORLDWIDE

HIGH SPEED

DIGITAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS

ACCESSIBLE BY GENERAL PUBLIC

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Muhamad Abd uh

4.4

SYSTEM COMPONENTS

• COMPUTERS

• TERMINALS:

Input / output devices

• COMMUNICATIONS CHANNELS

• PROCESSORS:

Modems, multiplexers,

front-end processors

• COMMUNICATIONS

SOFTWARE

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Muhamad Abd uh

4.5

PROTOCOL

RULES & PROCEDURES

TO GOVERN TRANSMISSION

BETWEEN COMPONENTS

IN A NETWORK

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Muhamad Abd uh

4.6

ANALOG SIGNAL

• CONTINUOUS WAVEFORM

• PASSES THRU SYSTEM

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Muhamad Abd uh

4.7

DIGITAL SIGNAL

• DISCRETE WAVEFORM

• TWO DISCRETE STATES:

– 1-BIT & 0-BIT

– ON / OFF PULSE

• DATA COMMUNICATION

• USES MODEM TO TRANSLATE ANALOG

TO DIGITAL, DIGITAL TO ANALOG

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Muhamad Abd uh

4.8

COMMUNICATION CHANNELS

MEANS BY WHICH DATA ARE

TRANSMITTED:

• TWISTED WIRES:

Copper Wires

• COAXIAL CABLE:

Insulated Copper Wires

• FIBER-OPTIC CABLE

• MICROWAVE

*

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Muhamad Abd uh

4.9

• SUPER CLEAR GLASS STRANDS

• FAST, LIGHT, DURABLE

• TRILLIONS OF BITS PER SECOND, FULL

DUPLEX

• EXPENSIVE, HARDER TO INSTALL

• OFTEN USED AS BACKBONE OF

NETWORKS

*

FIBER OPTICS

SIGNAL

SIGNAL LASERLASER CABLECABLE PHOTOPHOTO DETECTOR

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Muhamad Abd uh

4.10

• BACKBONE:

Fiber optics cable carries light

signals to distribution nodes, which use

copper wires to user

• DENSE WAVE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

(DWDM):

Next-generation, uses many colors,

(up to 160) each a channel, increases

capacity of a fiber to 6.4 terabits per second

*

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Muhamad Abd uh

4.11

WIRELESS TRANSMISSION

TECHNOLOGIES

• PAGERS:

Small pager beeps when receives

short message

• CELLULAR TELEPHONE:

Device uses radio

waves to reach antennas within areas called

cells

• MOBILE DATA NETWORKS:

Radio - based

data network using hand-held computers,

cheap, efficient

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Muhamad Abd uh

4.12

WIRELESS TRANSMISSION

TECHNOLOGIES

• PERSONAL COMMUNICATION SERVICE:

Cellular; lower power; higher frequency.

Smaller phones not shielded by buildings,

tunnels

• PERSONAL DIGITAL ASSISTANT:

Pen sized,

hand-held, digital communicator

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Muhamad Abd uh

4.13

ORBITING SATELLITES

UPLINK

UPLINK

MICROWAVE

TRANSMISSION

DOWNLINK

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Muhamad Abd uh

4.14

• TRANSMISSION SPEED:

Bits per Second

(BPS) or Baud

• BANDWIDTH:

Capacity of Channel;

Difference between Highest & Lowest

Frequencies

*

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Muhamad Abd uh

4.15

MEDIUM

MEDIUM SPEEDSPEED COSTCOST

TWISTED WIRE

TWISTED WIRE 300 BPS - 10 MBPS300 BPS - 10 MBPS LOWLOW

MICROWAVE

MICROWAVE 256 KBPS - 100 MBPS256 KBPS - 100 MBPS

SATELLITE

SATELLITE 256 KBPS - 100 MBPS256 KBPS - 100 MBPS

COAXIAL CABLE

COAXIAL CABLE 56 KBPS - 200 MBPS56 KBPS - 200 MBPS

FIBER OPTICS

FIBER OPTICS 500 KBPS - 6.4 TBPS500 KBPS - 6.4 TBPS HIGHHIGH

BPS: BITS PER SECOND

BPS: BITS PER SECOND

KBPS: KILOBITS PS, MBPS: MEGABITS PS,

GBPS: GIGABITS PS, TBPS: TERABITS PS

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Muhamad Abd uh

4.16

COMMUNICATIONS PROCESSORS

• FRONT- END PROCESSOR:

Minicomputer

manages communication for host computer

• CONCENTRATOR:

Computer collects messages

for batch transmission to host computer

• CONTROLLER:

Computer controls interface

between CPU and peripheral devices

• MULTIPLEXER:

Allows channel to carry multiple

sources simultaneously

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Muhamad Abd uh

4.17

NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

HOSTHOST

USERUSER

USERUSER USERUSER

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Muhamad Abd uh

4.18

NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

BUS

USER

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Muhamad Abd uh

4.19

NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

USER

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Muhamad Abd uh

4.20

LOCAL

NETWORKS

• PRIVATE BRANCH EXCHANGE (PBX):

firm’s

central switching system

• LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN):

dedicated

channels; limited distance (less than 2000 foot

radius); higher capacity than PBX. Can share

expensive hardware & software

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Muhamad Abd uh

4.21

LOCAL

AREA

NETWORK (LAN)

• GATEWAY:

Connection to other networks

• ROUTER:

Forwards data to other networks

• NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM (NOS):

Manages file server; routes communications on

network

• PEER - TO - PEER:

In some small networks all

computers have equal power

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Muhamad Abd uh

4.22

Network spans large geographic

distances. Can include cable, satellite,

microwave

• SWITCHED LINES:

Route determined

by current traffic

• DEDICATED LINES:

Constantly

available for high-volume traffic

*

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Muhamad Abd uh

4.23

VALUE-ADDED NETWORK

(VAN)

• PRIVATE, MULTIPATH, DATA ONLY

• 3rd PARTY MANAGED

• USED BY SEVERAL ORGANIZATIONS

• SUBSCRIPTION BASIS

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Muhamad Abd uh

4.24

NETWORK SERVICES

• PACKET SWITCHING • FRAME RELAY

• ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE (ATM)

• INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK

(ISDN)

• SYMMETRIC DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE • CABLE MODEM

• T1 LINE

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Muhamad Abd uh

4.25

PACKET SWITCHING

(X.25)

• FORM OF

V

alue

A

dded

N

etwork

• BREAKS DATA BLOCKS INTO SMALL

PACKETS (e.g.: 128 Bytes)

• PACKETS ROUTED BY MOST

ECONOMICAL MEANS

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Muhamad Abd uh

4.26

FRAME RELAY

• PACKAGES DATA INTO BLOCKS

(FRAMES)

• HIGH-SPEED TRANSMISSION

• RELIABLE LINES

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Muhamad Abd uh

4.27

ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER

MODE

(ATM)

• CELL: 53 Groups of 8 Bytes Each

• USES FIBER OPTICS CABLE

• INDEPENDENT OF VENDOR

HARDWARE SPEEDS

(28)

Muhamad Abd uh

4.28

INTEGRATED SERVICES

DIGITAL NETWORK

(ISDN)

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD FOR

TRANSMITTING VOICE, VIDEO, DATA

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Muhamad Abd uh

4.29

OTHER SERVICES:

• DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (DSL):

enhancing capacity over copper telephone

lines

• CABLE MODEM:

modem for cable TV for

high-speed access to Internet

• T1 LINE:

dedicated telephone connection,

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Muhamad Abd uh

4.30

OTHER SERVICES:

• BROADBAND: High-speed transmission,

multiple channels

• NETWORK CONVERGENCE: Enables

simultaneous transmission of voice, data,

video. Attractive for multimedia applications:

Video collaboration, voice-data call centers,

distance learning, unified messaging

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Muhamad Abd uh

4.31

ELECTRONIC DATA

INTERCHANGE (EDI)

COMPUTER - TO - COMPUTER

EXCHANGE BETWEEN TWO

ORGANIZATIONS

OF STANDARD BUSINESS

TRANSACTION DOCUMENTS

*

COMPUTER COMPUTER

SELLER CUSTOMER

ORDERS, PAYMENTS

SHIPPING NOTICES, PRICE

(32)

Muhamad Abd uh

4.32

THE NEW INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY

(IT)

INFRASTRUCTURE

• LINKS: Workstations, network computers,

local area networks (LAN), server computers

• INFORMATION FLOWS FREELY

THROUGHOUT ORGANIZATION

• MAY BE LINKED: Kiosks, point-of-sales

(POS) terminals, information appliances,

Internet

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Muhamad Abd uh

4.33

• ENTERPRISE NETWORKING:

Hardware,

software, networks, data resources.

Creates companywide network to speed

processes, lower costs

• INTERNETWORKING:

Linking of separate

networks in an outside of organization

*

THE NEW INFORMATION

TECHNOLOGY

(IT)

(34)

Muhamad Abd uh

4.34

INTERNETWORKING

LINK NETWORKS

EACH RETAINS IDENTITY

INTO INTERCONNECTED NETWORK

*

NETWORK A

NETWORK B

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Muhamad Abd uh

4.35

CONNECTIVITY

MEASURE OF ABILITY OF COMPUTING

DEVICES TO PASS & SHARE

INFORMATION WITHOUT HUMAN

INTERVENTION

OPEN SYSTEMS: Software able to function

on different computer platforms.

Nonproprietary operating systems,

applications, protocols

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Muhamad Abd uh

4.36

REFERENCE MODEL DEVELOPED BY

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE IN 1972

1. APPLICATION:

Provides screen presentations

2. TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL

(TCP):

Breaks data into datagrams

3.

INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP):

Breaks, sends

datagrams as smaller IP packets; can repeat

transmission to increase reliability

*

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Muhamad Abd uh

4.37

4. NETWORK INTERFACE:

Handles

addressing and interface between computer

& network

5. PHYSICAL NET:

Defines electrical

transmission characteristics for sending

signal along networks to destination

*

(38)

Muhamad Abd uh

4.38

OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECT

(OSI)

INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE

MODEL

FOR LINKING DIFFERENT TYPES

OF

(39)

Muhamad Abd uh

4.39

THE INTERNET

BEGAN AS GOVERNMENT CONNECTION

OF UNIVERSITIES

INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER (ISP):

Organization connected to Internet, leases

temporary connections to subscribers

NO ONE OWNS IT, NO FORMAL

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Muhamad Abd uh

4.40

INTERNET TERMS

• HOME PAGE:

WWW screen display

welcomes user to organization’s page

• WEBMASTER:

Person in charge of Web

site

• UNIFORM RESOURCE LOCATOR (URL):

Address of specific Internet resource

(41)

Muhamad Abd uh

4.41

CLIENT/ SERVER ON THE

INTERNET

• CLIENT:

Runs Web browser, other software,

connects to server

• SERVER:

Has Web server

(HTTP)

, Simple Mail

Transfer Protocol

(SMTP)

, Domain Name

Serving

(DNS)

, File Transfer Protocol

(FTP)

,

Firewall (filters data to & from Internet), Network

News

Transfer Protocol

(NNTP)

(42)

Muhamad Abd uh

4.42

MAJOR INTERNET SERVICES

• E -MAIL: Person -to-person messaging; document

sharing

• USERNET NEWSGROUPS: Electronic bulletin boards

for discussion groups

• LISTSERVs: e-mail list servers for discussion groups

• CHATTING: Interactive conversations

• TELNET: Log on one computer, work on another

• FTP: Transfer files from computer to computer

• GOPHERS: Use menus to locate text material

• WORLD WIDE WEB: Text, audio, graphics, video

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Muhamad Abd uh

4.43

HOST

COMPUTER

COMPUTER

INTERNET ADDRESS

http://si.itb.ac.id/~abduh/si792

PROTOCOL FOR THE

WEB

DIRECTORY

EXTENSION

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Muhamad Abd uh

4.44

INTERNET TERMS

• HYPERTEXT TRANSPORT PROTOCOL

(http):

Communications standard used to

transfer Web pages

• HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE

(HTML):

Popular programming language

for creating Web sites

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Muhamad Abd uh

4.45

SEARCHING THE WEB FOR

INFORMATION

• SEARCH ENGINE:

Tool for locating

specific sites or information on WWW

• PORTAL:

Point of entry to WWW

• “PUSH” TECHNOLOGY:

Server streams

relevant content to browser

• MULTICASTING:

Sending data to select

group

(46)

Muhamad Abd uh

4.46

NEXT GENERATION INTERNET

• BROADBAND:

Fiber optics and related

technology will provide much higher

delivery speed (target: 10 to 100 million

bits per second to the desktop)

• INTERNET2

(47)

Muhamad Abd uh

4.47

NEXT GENERATION INTERNET

• INTERNET2: New protocols,

higher

transmission speed, interconnected

gigapops

(regional high-speed

points-of-presence), connected to high-performance

Backbone Network infrastructure. Will

differentiate priorities of messages,

provide video portals for lifelike video

(48)

Muhamad Abd uh

4.48

THE WIRELESS WEB

• MOBILE COMMERCE (m-commerce)

• ACCESS TO WEB ON THE GO:

Anywhere, any time, many functions

• INFORMATION-BASED SERVICES

• TRANSACTION-BASED SERVICES

• PERSONALIZED SERVICES

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Muhamad Abd uh

4.49

INTRANET

• INTERNAL NETWORK

• WWW TECHNOLOGY

• FIREWALL:

Security System to Prevent Invasion

of Private Networks

• OVERCOMES COMPUTER PLATFORM

DIFFERENCES

• OFTEN INSTALLED ON EXISTING NETWORK

INFRASTRUCTURE

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Muhamad Abd uh

4.50

EXTRANET

ALLOWS SELECT USERS OUTSIDE

ORGANIZATION TO USE ITS INTRANET:

• CUSTOMERS

• BUSINESS PARTNERS

• VENDORS

(51)

Muhamad Abd uh

4.51

EXTRANET

INTERNET

CUSTOMER

SUPPLIER FIREWALL

DATABASES

SERVER

CLIENTS BUSINESS

(52)

Muhamad Abd uh

4.52

INTERNET BENEFITS

• GLOBAL CONNECTIVITY

• REDUCED COMMUNICATIONS COST

• LOWER TRANSACTION COSTS

• REDUCED AGENCY COSTS

• INTERACTIVITY, FLEXIBILITY,

CUSTOMIZATION

(53)

Muhamad Abd uh

4.53

POTENTIAL PROBLEMS WITH

IT

INFRASTRUCTURE

• CONNECTIVITY & APPLICATION

INTEGRATION

• LOSS OF MANAGEMENT CONTROL

• ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE

• HIDDEN COSTS

• NETWORK RELIABILITY, SECURITY,

BANDWIDTH

(54)

Muhamad Abd uh

4.54

Utility of Internet Services in

Construction

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Aware Used Freq Utility

(55)

Muhamad Abd uh

4.55

Data From EXTRANET World 1

Market of Web-based Project Management

16.70% 41.70%

37.90%

3.70%

(56)

Muhamad Abd uh

4.56

Data From EXTRANET World 2

Web-based PM in AEC

(57)

Muhamad Abd uh

4.57

W e e k

4

COMPUTER NETWORK AND

INTERNET