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AN ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE USE ON FACEBOOK POSTS DONE BY
DAYAKNESE STUDENTS OF UNIVERSITAS KRISTEN SATYA WACANA
THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Sarjana Pendidikan
Vincentia Katri Wahyuliana 112010112
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION PROGRAM
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS UNIVERSITAS KRISTEN SATYA WACANA
SALATIGA
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COPYRIGHT STATEMENT
This thesis contains no such material as has been submitted for examination in any course or accepted for the fulfillment of any degree or diploma in any university. To the best of my knowledge and my belief, this contains no material previously published or written by any other person except where due reference is made in the text.
Copyright@ 2017. Vincentia Katri Wahyuliana and Rindang Widiningrum, M.Hum.
All rights reserved. No part of this thesis may be reproduced by any means without the permission of at least one of the copyright owners or the English Language Education Program, Faculty of Language and Arts, Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana, Salatiga.
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D.2. Reason of Code Mixing and Code Switching...22
D.2.1. Talking about Particular Topic...23
D.2.2. Repetition used for clarification...24
D.2.3. Intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor...25
D.2.4. To exclude other people when a comment is intended for only a limited audience... 26
E. CONCLUSION ...27
F. REFERENCES ...29
G. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...31
1
AN ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE USE ON FACEBOOK POSTS
DONE BY DAYAKNESE STUDENTS OF UNIVERSITAS
students. The study aims to describe 1) how many languages that are used and 2) the reasons of using those languages on Facebook by Dayaknese students. This research applies descriptive qualitative method. The data of this research are status updates or post in form of screenshot from Facebook users posting and the reasons of using code mixing and code switching. The data are taken from the Dayaknese Facebook users posting. The data are analyzed by using sociodemographic information and the reasons of code mixing and code switching analyzed by Hoffman‟s theory. The results show that there are four types of language used by Dayaknese students which are Dayaknese language (13), Bahasa Indonesia (18), English (23), and Ambonese (1). There are four reasons of using code mixing; Talking about the particular topic (13), Repetition used for clarification (1), Intention for clarifying the speech content for interlocutor (15), and To exclude other people comment is intended for only a limited audience (1)Key words:Language use, Facebook Posts, Code Mixing and Code Switching
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of The Study
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communication for its users. In this study, non-verbal communication might be happening and the users might adopt their local language or their mother language to update status and information among other users. As a human being, people do talking and people reveal something with words. They do all the action with language (Issa, 2011). Takahashi, (2000) stated that people acquire new identities and new language or language varieties throughout life; it is a dynamic process. It is clearly to relate with nowadays phenomenon which people may speak more than one languages for communicating each other and conciously, it leads to new identity they will get.
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community. One of function is Facebook can provides tools for updating status, message inbox that simplifies users for communicating with others. Further, (Prescott, 2007) stated that social networking spaces are web sites that allow members to create their own personal web profile and to discover and connect to other members through that profile.
Further, few studies have been conducted especially in analyzing user‟s status
updates on Facebook. A study by Chung; Kramer (2011), has shown the result that Facebook provides an authentic source of self-expression through status updates. This present study aims to answer the research questions:
1. How many language (s) that is (are) used in user‟s post? 2. What is the reason for using that language (s)?
4 B. LITERATURE REVIEW
B.1 What is Facebook?
Facebook is the world‟s largest social network service which is created by
5 B.2. Characteristic of Code Mixing
Code-mixing is the change of one language to another within the same utterance or in the same oral/ written text (Muysken, 2000). It is a common phenomenon in societies in which two or more languages are used. Code-mixing refers to any admixture of linguistic elements of two or more language systems in the same utterance at various levels: phonological, lexical, grammatical and orthographical (Yee Ho, 2007). Looking at code-mixing in social media text is also overall a new research strand. Gambäck, (2012) further explain that these textsare characterised by having a high percentage of spelling errors and containing creative spellings (gr8 for „great‟), phonetic typing, word play (goooood for „good‟), and abbreviations (OMG for „Oh my God!‟). Hoffman (1991:112) shows many types of code switching and code mixing based on the juncture or the scope of switching where languages take place. Each type will be described below;
B.3. Types of Code Mixing
According to Hoffman, (1991), there are three types of code mixing.
B.3.1. Intra-sentential switching / code mixing
6 B.3.2. Intra-lexical code mixing
This kind of code mixing which occurs within a word boundary, such as in shoppã (English shop with the Panjabi plural ending).
B.3.3. Involving a change of pronunciation
This kind of code mixing occurs at the phonological level, as when Indonesian people say an English word, but modify it to Indonesian
phonological structure. For instance, the word „strawberry‟ is said to be
„stroberi‟ by Indonesian people. Another example the word „cartoon‟ is said
to be „kemos‟ by Dayaknese people.
B.4. Characterictic of Code Switching
Wardhaugh (1986:103) states that situational code switching occurs when the languages used change according to the situation in which the conversant find themselves: they speak one language in one situation and another in a different one. No topic change is involved. Hoffman (1991:112) shows many types of code switching and code mixing based on the juncture or the scope of switching where languages take place. Each type will be describe below;
B.5. Types of Code Switching
According to Hoffman, (1991), there are three types of code switching.
B.5.1. Inter-sentential switching
7 one language are inserted into an utterance otherwise in another, as like when
a Panjabi/English says: “It‟s a nice day, hana?” (hai n? isn‟t it) taken from
(Hoffman, 1991:112).
B.5.3. Establishing continuity with the previous speaker
This kind of code switching occured to continue the utterance of the previous speaker, for example when one Dayaknese student speaker speaks in English and other speaker tries to respond in English also yet the speaker can switch to Dayak language so that the conversation will be like;
Speaker 1: I can‟t get leave him „coz I love him so much…
Speaker 2: I know your feeling but katawam kabuatlah kanampi kalunen ah te...
B.6. Reason of Code Mixing and Code Switching
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B.6.1. Talking (use ING form to explain other reasons) about the particular topic
People nowadays prefer to talk in one language rather than in another language. They will feel comfortable to express their emotion and feeling with their local language or their everyday language.
B.6.2. Quoting somebody else
A speaker switches code to quote a famous expression, proverb, or saying of some well-known figures. The switch involves just the words that the speaker is claiming the quoted person said. The switch like a set of quotation marks.
B.6.3. Being emphatic about something (express solidarity)
As usual, when someone who is talking using a language that is not his native language suddenly wants to be emphatic about something, he/she either intentionally or unintentionally, will switch from his second language to his/her first language.
B.6.4. Interjection (inserting sentence fillers or sentence connectors)
Interjection is words or expressions, which are inserted into a sentence to convey surprise, strong emotion, or to gain attention. Interjection is a short exclamation like: Darn!, Hey!, Well!, Look!, etc. Language switching and language mixing among bilingual or multilingual people can sometimes mark an interjection or sentence connector. It may happen unintentionally. The following example below shows how interjection occurs on conversation;
9 Dompetku ketinggalan di taksi! Shitt! (My wallet was left in the taxi!)
B.6.5. Repetition used for clarification
When a bilingual or multilingual person wants to clarify his/her speech so that it will be understood better by listener, he/she can sometimes use both of the languages (codes) that he/she masters to say the same message.
B.6.6. Intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor
When bilingual or multilingual person talks to another bilingual/multilingual, there will be lots of code switching and code mixing occurs. It means to make the content of his/her speech runs smoothly and can be understood by the listener.
B.6.7. Expressing group identity
Code switching and code mixing can also be used to express group identity. The way of communication of academic people in their disciplinary groupings, are obviously different from the other groups.
B.6.8. To soften or strengthen request or command
10 B.6.9. Because of real lexical need
The most common reason for bilingual/multilingual person to switch or mix their languages is due to the lack of equivalent lexicon in the languages.
B.6.10. To exclude other people when a comment is intended for only a limited audience
11 C. THE STUDY
C.1. Research Question
This present study used qualitative research approach to determine the content of status updates of Dayaknese students of Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana. To gather data from participants, the researcher observed participants‟ post to gain more informations. The data taken from status updates on Facebook. The research method will framed two research questions; a. How many language (s) do the students use when posted status update on Facebook? b. What are the reasons of using that language (s)?.
C.2. Context of The Study
The present study conducted on Facebook account from status updates done by Dayaknese students of Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana. The setting field is decided because the researcher was interested in gaining more information about
language use on Dayaknese‟s status updates on Facebook related to their timeline
posts.
C.3. Participants
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They actively update their status on Facebook three times a week whether they do concern if code switching and code mixing phenomenon might appear in their posts.
C.4. Data Collection Instruments
The data collection of this present study was divided into two phases consisting of two methods: observation and analysis data. In first phase,the researcher observed the status updates for around three months and within included the screenscaptures of the status updates that has been observed and has got permission from the participants and the second phase, the researcher analyzed the data to gain more information about this research.
C.5. Data Collection Procedures
The data collection were collected from status update analysis. The status updates were collected for three months from three participants of Dayaknese student. The data has been permitted by the participants to be used in this research
study. The participant‟s posts found by slight notice on their timeline.
C.6. Data Analysis Procedures
After gaining and collecting the data, the researcher moved to the next step that is analyzing the data. The researcher gathered sociodemographic information which refer to certain group of ethnic, age, gender through an online observation and collected the language data of the entire range of social interactions, i.e. status updates or posts. This method focused on sub unit of language (s) use that used in
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language commonly used and the reason of code mixing and code switching used in
on Facebook posts regarding to data collection based on Hoffman‟s theory.
D.
FINDINGS AND DISCCUSION
D.1 Analysis of Findings
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FIGURE 1
Bahasa Indonesia and Dayaknese language
FIGURE 2
English, Bahasa Indonesia and Dayaknese language
D.2. Language Commonly Used
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Table 4.2 provides a summary of language commonly used information from three participants including the frequency of its used from rarely used to frequently used which one posts might contains more than one languages. Table 4.1 showed that Ambonese language is only used for 1 out 30 posts. This findings demonstrated that the users used other languages in expressing her feeling toward a picture rather than using her mothertongue.
Below is the list of participants‟s post in Facebook using those languages;
FIGURE 4.2.1
Using Ambonese Language on Post
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using Ambonese because in fact, her friend is Ambonese. She wanted to show that she was able to use even spoke Ambonese language. Clearly, this post is addressed to certain group of people or users especially for her friend who is Ambonese.
Table 4.2 showed that from the total of three participants, Dayaknese language mostly used for 13 out of 30 posts. This finding showed that all participants used their mothertongue language as a part of their identity and used it rarely to limited audience.
Below are the list of participants‟s post in Facebook using those languages;
Figure 4.2.2
Using Dayaknese Language on Post
Status updates on Facebook used is taken from participant 1. The context of this post is describing participant‟s financial condition at that time. It is shown by the word “Dahang jaka je bagatel bewei, mamparuhut suang epuk kea hehh.. nambah hindai ATM BCA ku tablokir haranan kalapean pin ah, jingrak-jingkak ih batakak
mambaka baung ku je lg ngane-ngane” which means he tells his condition of that
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could not get his money from his Bank account. He might felt confused about the problem he has and directly shared it to his timeline post. Therefore, he used one particular language only in his post which Dayaknese language. Only certain people or users might understand the meaning of post.
FIGURE 4.2.3
Using Dayaknese Language on Post
Status updates on Facebook used Dayaknese language is taken from participant 1. The context of this post is describing participant‟s action of doing something. In this post, the participant showed a picture of the traditional food to attract other users by using word “Karak bari je lasu lasut te puna moyyy ih, apalagi mun tege kuas enyuh, wei puna tamam ih” which means the food that he told is
really tasty if he could added coconut oil as toping. The language used on this post might be understood by certain users but not for all users. This posts might addressed to certain users or group of people who understand Dayaknese language.
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Below are the list of participants‟s post in Facebook using those languages;
FIGURE 4.2.4
Using Bahasa Indonesia on Post
Status updates on Facebook used is taken from participant 2. The context of this post is describing participant‟s effort and desire to get what was she wanted at that time. In this post, the participant wanted to cheer up her surroundings by giving wise word like “Terus berjuang dan jangan pernah menyerah dengan penolakan yang kamu alami” which means she gave support for others to stay strong and give
the best effort she could do but obviously, it was given to herself not to other users. By using Bahasa Indonesia, the users might notice to certain friend or group of poeple to give certain meaning as a form of persuasive word for whom reads it.
FIGURE 4.2.5
Using Bahasa Indonesia on Post
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tantangan dan keluar dr zona aman, siap tampil beda di depan orang banyak dan
menghilangkan gengsi” which means she is ready to free herself from her comfort
zone and ready to face real world. In this post, the participant wanted to tell to other users what she will going to do in near future. By using Bahasa Indonesia, she wanted to inform other users about certain thing that can help her or other users to be success by putting persuasive words and certain famous brand to attract others.
Ananiadou; McNaught; & Thompson, (2011) stated that “The English language internet is the most used in the world and English has been increasingly developing as the lingua franca of global communication”. Based on this theory, the findings showed that English has the biggest number of language commonly used on Facebook post which 23 out of 30. This number was much higher for participants since English is not their mothertongue.
Below are the list of participants‟s post in Facebook using those languages;
FIGURE 4.2.6 Using English on Post
Status updates on Facebook used is taken from participant 3. The context of this post is describing participant‟s feeling with her friend by using word “She is ma friend, as idiot as me” which means she is proud to have a friend like her, both of
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word “ma friend” in slang word and putting “” smile emotion to gave strong
feeling into her post and shared it to her Facebook account.
FIGURE 4.2.7 Using English on Post
Status updates on Facebook used is taken from participant 3. The context of this post is describing participant‟s feeling with her friend by using word “partner in crime” which means she tells the other users that she has the best friend which
always stay with her. By using English, she shared her activities with her friend to other users and posted through her account.
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Below is the list of participants‟s post in Facebook using those languages;
FIGURE 4.2.8
Example of Code Mixing and Code Switching on Post
This post is taken from participant 3. This post is using three languages which are English, Bahasa Indonesia, and Dayaknese language. The context of post is she gave birthday wishes to her friends and putted her feeling into that words such as “I hope our friendship doesn‟t ends here, because too many unforgetable memories that
we spent together, even in the most worst moment we can walk through it together”
which means she really loves her friend even in good and bad condition they have been through together. This post might be understood by other users which can understand English, Bahasa Indonesia, and Dayaknese. The importance point in this post is, the user still send the same meaning or message eventhough the languages are different. She mixed the first English paragraph into Bahasa indonesia and
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terus, tambah dewasa, jangan suka meraju sudah tua ikam”. This post is code
mixing and the type is insertion.
D.3. Reason of Code Mixing and Code Switching
After analyzed the data, the researcher found out some commonly reasons on
participant‟s post from participants post and clasify the data based on face to face in
depth- interview. The finding showed the biggest number of participant‟s post which were 15 times out of 30 posts for using code mixing and code switching on Facebook post.
Table 4.3. The Reason of Code Mixing and Code Switching Used found on Facebook Posts
Reason for Using certain Language (s) Number of Posts Talking about the particular topic 13
Repetition used for clarification 1
Table 4.3 provides a summary of reason code mixing and code switching used found on participants posts. The finding divided into four group reasons which each number of posts has different amount. The finding obtained from status updates
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Below are the list of four group reason found on participants‟ post and its analysis;
In each group of reason, there is only one example given. The complete posts will be in attachment.
D.3.1. Talking (use ING form to explain other reasons) about Particular Topic
FIGURE 4.3.1
Talking (use ING form to explain other reasons) about Particular Topic
This post is taken from participant 1. The topic of this post is about finding location for hunting animal. There are two languages that are used in this post which
are Dayaknese and Bahasa Indonesia. In participant 1‟ post, a word “survey lokasi”
is code mixing and the type is insertion. The participant insert that words to give emphasizes of what he has doing at that time to find location. Based on Hoffman‟s theory (1991:116), talking about particular topic means “People nowadays prefer to talk in one language rather than in another language. They will feel comfortable to express their emotion and feeling with their local language or their everyday language”. (See Figure 4.3.1), it might be a reason for using certain or particular languages on post since it became well known to express himself by giving caption to his post with word “Esun Bue lg survey lokasi manggau eka masang pajarat”
which means he tells about other‟s activity or his activity because “Esun Bue”means
24 D.3.2. Repetition used for clarification
FIGURE 4.3.2
Repetition used for clarification
This post is taken from participant 1. There are three languages that is used in this post which are Dayaknese, English, and Bahasa Indonesia. On this post, the participant mixed and inserted three languages to inform other user the same meaning of certain word in different languages which can be refer to type of code mixing. Based on Hoffman‟s theory (1991:116), repetition used for clarification
means “When a bilingual or multilingual person wants to clarify his speech so that it
will be understood better by listener, he can sometimes use both of the languages (codes) that he masters to say the same message”. This theory might related to important thing or idea which need to be clarified or he might gave necessary information about language mixing. (See Figure 4.3.2), the post indicates repetition for clarifying an idea from the user by using three languages which were Dayaknese language, Bahasa Indonesia and English parallely like “Hanagoi bakunyung
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interesting part is he uses four languages altogether to send the meaning to other user who reads his post.
D.3.3. Intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor
FIGURE 4.3.3
Intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor
This post is taken from participant 1. There are two languages that is used in this post which are English and Bahasa Indonesia. On this post, the participant insert the word “Touchdown” which a type of code mixing to start his post and give emphasizes that he used that word for intention to other users. Based on Hoffman‟s theory (1991:116), intention of clarifying the speech content for interlocutor means
“When bilingual or multilingual person talks to another bilingual or multilingual,
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To exclude other people when a comment is intended for only a limited audience
This post is taken from participant 2. There are two languages that is used in this post which are Ambonese and Bahasa Indonesia. On this post, the participant insert the word “Besok EKG menanti” using Bahasa Indonesia to her post as reminder action for her friend. Based on Hoffman‟s theory (1991:116), to exclude other people when a comment is intended for only a limited audience means
“Sometimes people want to communicate only to certain people or community they
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E.
CONCLUSION
This chapter discusses about conclusion on the basis of the research finding and discussion presented in the previous chapter. From the discussions mentioned in the previous chapter, the researcher draws some conclusions as the result of the analysis study of language use on Facebook Post done by Dayaknese students of Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana. There are the conclusions of this study;
This study aims to find out how many language (s) that is (are) used in user‟s
post and the reason for using that language (s). From the observation and analysis
data on participants‟ post, the researcher found out that there are four languages used
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REFERENCES
Al-Saleem, D. B. (2011). Language and Identity in Social Net Working Sites . The World Islamic Sciences and Education University Amman-Jordan.
Androutsopolous, J. (2013). Online Data Collection in Christine Mallinson, Becky Childs, and General Van Herk, Editors,. Data Collection in Sociolinguistics: Methods and Applications , 236-250.
Cassidy, J. (2006). Me Media, 50-59.
Das A, Gamback B. (2014). Identifying Languages at the Word Level in Code-Mixed in indian Social Media Text. Proceeding of the11th International Conference on Natural Language Processing, 169-178.
Gold, E. M. (1967). Language Identification in the limit. Information and Control . 447-474.
H., T. (2000). Dealing with dealing in English: Language skills for Japan's Global Market (Report 7A). Japan Economic Institute.
Hidayat, T. (2012). An analysis of code switching used by facebookers: a case study in a social network site. Student essay for the study programme.
Ho, Y. (2007). Code Mixing: Linguistics form and Socio-cultural meaning. The International Journal of Language Society and Culture.
Hoffman. (1991). An Introduction to Bilingualism. New York Longman.
Musyken P, L. Milroy. (1995). Code-switching and grammatical theory . Cambridge University Press, 177-198.
P, M. (2000). Bilingual Speech: A typology of code mixing . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, the writer would like to say “Tara Pangkahai akam O Tuhan” for bringing me to the next level. The writer realizes that without His blessing, love, and guidance, it would be possible for her to finish this writing.
On this opportunity, the writer would like to express her profund gratitude, more than she can express, to:
1. Rindang Widiningrum, M.Hum as her supervisor, who has spent her valuable time to guide and give excellent suggestion for the writer.
2. Yustinus Calvin Gai Mali, M.Hum as her examiner, for the correction and suggestion he has rendered for the writer in the completion of this paper. 3. My beloved mamah and babah, my sister, and my brother and all of families
member in Kalimantan who have prayed, motivated, encouraged, reminded, the writer to finish the paper as soon as possible.
4. For all of my beloved friends who are not be mentioned personally here. Thankyou guys, see you on top!
Finally, the writer surrenders everything to Tuhan Yesus and the writer hopes it will be a useful research for the writer herself and for all to explore and improve the scope of Linguistic.
Salatiga, 28 April 2017
31 Appendix A
Table 4.1. Language Commonly Used on Facebook Posts
Language Used Frequency Used on Posts
Ambonese Language
1
Dayaknese Language
13
Bahasa Indonesia
18
English
23
Table 4.2. The Reason of Code Mixing and Code Switching Used found
on Facebook Posts
Reason for Using certain Language (s) Number of Posts Talking about the particular topic 13
32 Appendix B
Status updates of Participant 1
34 Appendix C
35 Appendix D
