wami profile tagged final Nov08

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A Profile of the Wami River Sub-Basin

June 2008

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FOREWORD

Ｗｋｌｖ＃ｓｕｒ￀ｏｈ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃ｖｘｅ０ｅｄｖｌｑ＃ｌｖ＃ｓｕｈｓｄｕｈｇ＃ｅ｜＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｗｄｑ｝ｄｑｌｄ＃Ｆｒｄｖｗｄｏ＃Ｐｄｑｄｊｈｐｈｑｗ＃Ｓｄｕｗｑｈｕｖｋｌｓ＃＋ＷＦＰＳ，＃ｄｑｇ＃ｌｗｖ＃ｏｄｑｇｖｆｄｓｈ０ｖｈｄｖｆｄｓｈ＃ｌｑｌｗｌｄｗｌｙｈ＃ｘｑｇｈｕ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｖｘｖｗｄｌｑｄｅｏｈ＃Ｆｒｄｖｗｄｏ＃Ｆｒｐｐｘｑｌｗｌｈｖ＃ｄｑｇ＃Ｈｆｒｖ｜ｖｗｈｐｖ＃ｓｕｒｍｈｆｗ＃ｖｘｓｓｒｕｗｈｇ＃ｅ｜＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｗｄｑ｝ｄｑｌｄ＃ｐｌｖｖｌｒｑ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｘｑｌｗｈｇ＃Ｖｗｄｗｈｖ＃Ｄｊｈｑｆ｜＃ｉｒｕ＃Ｌｑｗｈｕｑｄｗｌｒｑｄｏ＃Ｇｈｙｈｏｒｓｐｈｑｗ＃＋ＸＶＤＬＧ，１＃＃Ｗｋｈ＃ｌｑｗｈｑｗｌｒｑ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｓｕｒ￀ｏｈ＃ｌｖ＃ｗｒ＃ｖ｜ｑｗｋｈｖｌ｝ｈ＃ｈ｛ｌｖｗｌｑｊ＃ｌｑｉｒｕｐｄｗｌｒｑ＃ｒｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｚｌｗｋ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｊｒｄｏ＃ｒｉ＃ｓｕｒｐｒｗｌｑｊ＃ｏｄｑｇｖｆｄｓｈ０

seascape scale planning and conservation.

Ｗｋｈ＃ｓｕｒ￀ｏｈ＃ｚｄｖ＃ｖｗｄｕｗｈｇ＃ｌｑ＃Ｄｓｕｌｏ＃５３３９１＃Ｖｌｑｆｈ＃ｗｋｈｑ＃ｌｗ＃ｋｄｖ＃ｆｄｗｄｏ｜｝ｈｇ＃ｄ＃ｑｘｐｅｈｕ＃ｒｉ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃ｄｖｖｈｖｖｐｈｑｗｖ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｖｘｖｗｄｌｑｄｅｏｈ＃ｇｈｙｈｏｒｓｐｈｑｗ＃ｄｆｗｌｙｌｗｌｈｖ１＃Ｗｋｈｖｈ＃ｌｑｆｏｘｇｈ＃ｄ＃ｖｗｘｇ｜＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｌｑｗｈｕｏｌｑｎｄｊｈｖ＃ｅｈｗｚｈｈｑ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｉｕｈｖｋｚｄｗｈｕ＃￁ｒｚｖ＃ｄｑｇ＃Ｖｄｄｇｄｑｌ＃Ｑｄｗｌｒｑｄｏ＃Ｓｄｕｎ＃＋Ｉｈｅｕｘｄｕ｜＃５３３：，／＃ｄｑ＃ｈｆｒｏｒｊｌｆｄｏ＃ｄｖｖｈｖｖｐｈｑｗ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｈｖｗｘｄｕ｜＃＋Ｐｄｕｆｋ＃５３３：，／＃ｄｑｇ＃ｄ＃ｑｈｚ＃ｓｕｒｍｈｆｗ＃ｖｘｓｓｒｕｗｈｇ＃ｅ｜＃ｄ＃ｓｄｕｗｑｈｕｖｋｌｓ＃ｅｈｗｚｈｈｑ＃Ｗｋｈ＃Ｆｒｆｄ０Ｆｒｏｄ＃Ｆｒｐｓｄｑ｜＃ｄｑｇ＃ＸＶＤＬＧﾷｖ＃ｊｏｒｅｄｏ＃ｚｄｗｈｕ＃ｒｉ￀ｆｈ１＃Ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｗｈｕ＃ｄｑｇ＃Ｇｈｙｈｏｒｓｐｈｑｗ＃Ｄｏｏｌｄｑｆｈ＃＋ＺＤＧＤ，＃ｓｕｒｍｈｆｗ＃ｚｄｖ＃ｌｑｌｗｌｄｗｈｇ＃ｌｑ＃Ｉｈｅｕｘｄｕ｜＃５３３：１＃Ｌｗ＃ｋｄｖ＃ｄ＃４９＃ｐｒｑｗｋ＃ｗｌｐｈｉｕｄｐｈ＃

and a focus on water sanitation and education, strengthening of community organizations, environmental

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Ｗｋｌｖ＃ｓｕｒ￀ｏｈ＃ｚｄｖ＃ｚｕｌｗｗｈｑ＃ｅ｜＃Ｍｄｐｈｖ＃Ｗｒｅｈ｜１＃Ｌｗｖ＃ｓｕｈｓｄｕｄｗｌｒｑ＃ｚｒｘｏｇ＃ｑｒｗ＃ｋｄｙｈ＃ｅｈｈｑ＃ｓｒｖｖｌｅｏｈ＃ｚｌｗｋｒｘｗ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｖｘｓｓｒｕｗ＃ｒｉ＃ｖｈｙｈｕｄｏ＃ｌｑｖｗｌｗｘｗｌｒｑｖ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｐｄｑ｜＃ｌｑｇｌｙｌｇｘｄｏｖ１＃Ｗｋｄｑｎｖ＃ｈｖｓｈｆｌｄｏｏ｜＃ｗｒ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｖｗｄｉｉ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃Ｕｘｙｘ＃Ｅｄｖｌｑ＃Ｚｄｗｈｕ＃Ｒｉ￀ｆｈ／＃Ｖｄｄｇｄｑｌ＃Ｑｄｗｌｒｑｄｏ＃Ｓｄｕｎ／＃Ｐｗｌｅｚｄ＃Ｖｘｊｄｕ＃Ｈｖｗｄｗｈｖ／＃Ｏｗｇ１／＃Ｆｋｄｏｌｑ｝ｈ＃Ｚｄｗｈｕ＃Ｓｕｒｍｈｆｗ／＃ｄｑｇ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｐｌｑｌｖｗｕ｜＃ｒｉ＃Ｚｄｗｈｕ／＃ｉｒｕ＃ｗｋｈｌｕ＃

time, interest, insights and information.

Ｚｈ＃ｄｕｈ＃ｊｕｄｗｈｉｘｏ＃ｗｒ＃ｄｏｏ＃ｗｋｒｖｈ＃ｚｋｒ＃ｋｄｙｈ＃ｆｒｑｗｕｌｅｘｗｈｇ＃ｗｒ＃ｗｋｌｖ＃ｓｕｒ￀ｏｈ＃ｌｑ＃ｒｑｈ＃ｚｄ｜＃ｒｕ＃ｄｑｒｗｋｈｕ／＃ｈｖｓｈｆｌｄｏｏ｜＃ｗｒ＃Ｍｈｕｈｐｌｄｋ＃Ｇｄｉｉｄ／＃Ｅｕｌｄｑ＃Ｆｕｄｚｉｒｕｇ／＃Ｐｌｆｋｄｈｏ＃ＰｆＦｏｄｌｑ／＃Ｈｏｌ｝ｄｅｈｗｋ＃Ｄｑｇｈｕｖｒｑ／＃Ｆｄｗｋ｜＃ＰｆＱｄｏｏ｜／＃Ｇｒｕｈｈｑ＃Ｖｘｐｈｕｏｌｑ／＃Ｍｄｖｒｑ＃Ｊｕｌｗ｝ｑｈｕ／＃Ｇｒｑｄｏｇ＃Ｕｒｅｄｇｘｈ／＃Ｈｌｙ｜＃Ｐｒｑｕｒ｜／＃Ｍｘｏｌｘｖ＃Ｖｋｌｏｘｑｊｘｖｋｈｏｄ／＃ｄｑｇ＃Ｙｈｇｄｖｗ＃Ｐｄｎｒｗｄ１

Ｏｄｖｗｏ｜／＃ｚｈ＃ｚｒｘｏｇ＃ｏｌｎｈ＃ｗｒ＃ｕｈｆｒｊｑｌ｝ｈ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｊｈｑｈｕｒｖｌｗ｜＃ｚｌｗｋ＃ｚｋｌｆｋ＃ｖｒ＃ｐｄｑ｜＃ｓｈｒｓｏｈ＃ｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃ｖｘｅ０ｅｄｖｌｑ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｈｖｗｘｄｕ｜＃ｖｋｄｕｈｇ＃ｚｌｗｋ＃ｘｖ＃ｗｋｈｌｕ＃ｒｚｑ＃ｒｅｖｈｕｙｄｗｌｒｑｖ＃ｄｅｒｘｗ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ／＃ｌｗｖ＃ｆｒｑｇｌｗｌｒｑ／＃ｘｖｈｖ＃ｄｑｇ＃￀ｖｋｌｑｊ＃ｄｑｇ＃

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ACRONYMS

ＦＵＦ＃Ｆｒｄｖｗｄｏ＃Ｕｈｖｒｘｕｆｈｖ＃Ｆｈｑｗｈｕ

EFA Environmental Flows Assessment

FIU Florida International University

GIS Geographic Information Systems

ＪＯＲＺＶ＃Ｊｏｒｅｄｏ＃Ｚｄｗｈｕ＃ｉｒｕ＃Ｖｘｖｗｄｌｑｄｅｏｈ＃Ｓｕｒｊｕｄｐ

GoT Government of Tanzania

ＭＩ＃Ｍｄｑｘｄｕ｜０Ｉｈｅｕｘｄｕ｜

ＭＭＤＶ＃Ｍｘｑｈ０Ｍｘｏ｜０Ｄｘｊｘｖｗ０ＶｈｓｗｈｐｅｈｕＰＤＰ＃Ｐｄｕｆｋ０Ｄｓｕｌｏ０Ｐｄ｜

ＰＲＺ＃Ｐｌｑｌｖｗｕ｜＃ｒｉ＃Ｚｄｗｈｕ＃

MSEL Mtibwa Sugar Estates, Ltd.

NEMC National Environmental Management Council

ＲＱＧ＃Ｒｆｗｒｅｈｕ０Ｑｒｙｈｐｅｈｕ０Ｇｈｆｈｐｅｈｕ

SANAPA Saadani National Park Authority

SUCCESS Sustainable Coastal Communities and Ecosystems

TANAPA Tanzanian National Parks Authority

TCMP Tanzania Coastal Management Partnership

Tsh Tanzania shillings

ＸＵＬ＃Ｘｑｌｙｈｕｖｌｗ｜＃ｒｉ＃Ｕｋｒｇｈ＃Ｌｖｏｄｑｇ

USAID United States Agency for International Development

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A PROFILE OF THE WAMI RIVER SUB-BASIN AND ESTUARY

1. Background

In an increasingly crowded world, competition for freshwater is becoming intense. Competition for freshwater

ｉｒｕ＃ｄｊｕｌｆｘｏｗｘｕｈ／＃ｌｑｇｘｖｗｕ｜＃ｄｑｇ＃ｇｒｐｈｖｗｌｆ＃ｘｖｈｖ＃ｌｖ＃ｕｈｇｘｆｌｑｊ／＃ｄｑｇ＃ｌｑ＃ｖｒｐｈ＃ｆｄｖｈｖ＃ｈｏｌｐｌｑｄｗｌｑｊ／＃ｉｕｈｖｋｚｄｗｈｕ＃￁ｒｚｖ＃ｗｒ＃ｈｖｗｘｄｕｌｈｖ１＃Ｗｋｌｖ＃ｌｖ＃ｈ｛ｓｕｈｖｖｈｇ＃ｑｒｗ＃ｒｑｏ｜＃ｌｑ＃ｆｋｄｑｊｈ＃ｗｒ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｙｒｏｘｐｈ＃ｒｉ＃ｚｄｗｈｕ＃ｅｘｗ＃ｄｏｖｒ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｗｌｐｌｑｊ＃ｒｉ＃ｉｕｈｖｋｚｄｗｈｕ＃ｌｑ￁ｒｚｖ＃

and the quality of that water. Too often, the allocation of freshwater among its human users ignores the impacts that such decisions have upon the goods and services generated by healthy estuaries. Those most negatively affected by such changes are often the poor who are dependent on natural systems for livelihoods.

The Tanzania Coastal Management Partnership for Sustainable Coastal Communities and Ecosystems is

ｆｒｑｇｘｆｗｌｑｊ＃ｄ＃ｏｄｑｇｖｆｄｓｈ＃ｗｒ＃ｖｈｄｖｆｄｓｈ＃ｈｑｙｌｕｒｑｐｈｑｗｄｏ＃ｌｑｌｗｌｄｗｌｙｈ＃ｉｒｕ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃ｖｘｅ０ｅｄｖｌｑ／＃ｚｌｗｋ＃ｄ＃ｉｒｆｘｖ＃ｒｑ＃

upstream impacts on the coastal and estuarine area. This initiative recognizes that any attempt to integrate

ｚｄｗｈｕｖｋｈｇ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｈｖｗｘｄｕ｜＃ｓｏｄｑｑｌｑｊ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｐｄｑｄｊｈｐｈｑｗ＃ｌｖ＃ｄ＃ｆｒｐｓｏｈ｛＃ｘｑｇｈｕｗｄｎｌｑｊ＃ｗｋｄｗ＃ｕｈｔｘｌｕｈｖ＃ｄｇｇｕｈｖｖｌｑｊ＃ｄ＃ｑｘｐｅｈｕ＃

of management issues simultaneously, integrating across the needs of competing user groups, and integrating

ｇｄｗｄ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｎｑｒｚｏｈｇｊｈ＃ｒｑ＃ｋｒｚ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｚｋ｜＃ｄ＃ｏｄｕｊｈ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｆｒｐｓｏｈ｛＃ｈｆｒｖ｜ｖｗｈｐ＃ｌｖ＃ｆｋｄｑｊｌｑｊ１＃

o Describe governance systems

ｒ＃Ｇｈ￀ｑｈ＃ｎｈ｜＃ｖｗｄｎｈｋｒｏｇｈｕ＃ｊｕｒｘｓｖ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｗｋｈｌｕ＃ｌｑｗｈｕｈｖｗｖ

o Identify major gaps in information as well as priorities for further analysis and management

５１＃ Ｗｋｈ＃Ｇｈ￀ｑｌｑｊ＃Ｆｋｄｕｄｆｗｈｕｌｖｗｌｆｖ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃Ｕｌｙｈｕ＃Ｖｘｅ０ｅｄｖｌｑ＃ｄｑｇ＃Ｈｖｗｘｄｕ｜

５１４＃＃ Ｗｋｈ＃Ｕｌｙｈｕ＃Ｖｘｅ０ｅｄｖｌｑ

Ｚｈ＃ｘｖｈ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｗｈｕｐ＃Ｕｌｙｈｕ＃Ｅｄｖｌｑ＃ｗｒ＃ｐｈｄｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｄｕｈｄ＃ｇｕｄｌｑｈｇ＃ｅ｜＃ｄ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｌｗｖ＃ｗｕｌｅｘｗｄｕｌｈｖ１＃Ｌｗ＃ｌｑｆｏｘｇｈｖ＃ｄｏｏ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｈｆｒｖ｜ｖｗｈｐｖ＃

within the basin, such as mountains, forests, woodlands, wetlands, pastures, agricultural areas and urban concentrations. The same geomorphological unit is often referred to as a drainage basin, a catchment or a watershed.

The main connection between the lower and upper reaches of a river basin and its component ecosystems is water. Those who live and work at the downstream end of a river basin depend upon the good conduct of those who use the upper reaches to ensure that adequate quantities and quality of water percolates from the upstream reaches to the downstream users.

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about 40,000 km2＃ｄｑｇ＃ｆｕｒｖｖｈｖ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｓｒｏｌｗｌｆｄｏ＃ｅｒｘｑｇｄｕｌｈｖ＃ｒｉ＃ｉｒｘｕ＃ｄｇｐｌｑｌｖｗｕｄｗｌｙｈ＃Ｕｈｊｌｒｑｖ＞＃ｑｄｐｈｏ｜＃Ｇｒｇｒｐｄ／＃

Ｐｒｕｒｊｒｕｒ／＃Ｗｄｑｊｄ＃ｄｑｇ＃Ｆｒｄｖｗ＃Ｕｈｊｌｒｑｖ１＃

Ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃ｒｕｌｊｌｑｄｗｈｖ＃ｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｆｄｗｆｋｐｈｑｗ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｘｎｄｊｘｕｘ／＃Ｕｘｅｈｋｒ／＃ｄｑｇ＃Ｑｊｘｕｘ＃ｐｒｘｑｗｄｌｑ＃ｕｄｑｊｈｖ／＃ｚｋｌｆｋ＃ｄｕｈ＃ｄｏｏ＃ｓｄｕｗ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｈｄｖｗｈｕｑ＃Ｄｕｆ＃ｆｋｄｌｑ＃ｒｉ＃ｐｒｘｑｗｄｌｑｖ＃ｌｑ＃Ｎｈｑ｜ｄ＃ｄｑｇ＃Ｗｄｑ｝ｄｑｌｄ＃＋ｖｈｈ＃Ｉｌｊｘｕｈ＃４，１＃Ｗｋｈ＃Ｈｄｖｗｈｕｑ＃Ｄｕｆ＃Ｐｒｘｑｗｄｌｑｖ＃ｄｕｈ＃

recognized as one of 25 globally important “hot spots” for forest biodiversity in need of immediate conservation

ｄｆｗｌｒｑ１＃Ｗｋｈ＃Ｈｄｖｗｈｕｑ＃Ｄｕｆ＃Ｐｒｘｑｗｄｌｑｖ＃ｄｕｈ＃ｇｌｕｈｆｗｏ｜＃ｏｌｑｎｈｇ＃ｗｒ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｌｑｇｌｄｑ＃Ｒｆｈｄｑ１＃Ｓｕｈｇｒｐｌｑｄｑｗｏ｜＃Ｈｄｖｗｈｕｏ｜＃Ｗｕｄｇｈ＃Ｚｌｑｇｖ＃

from the ocean are forced to rise, cool and are converted to precipitation on the mountains. The main source of water for the lowlands, which are the main population centers, is therefore the Eastern Arc Mountains.

＋ｖｒｘｕｆｈ＝＃Ｉｒｕｈｖｗｕ｜＃ｄｑｇ＃Ｅｈｈｎｈｈｓｌｑｊ＃Ｇｌｙｌｖｌｒｑ／＃５３３８，

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Ｉｌｊｘｕｈ＃５１＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃ｖｘｅ０ｅｄｖｌｑ

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Ｉｌｊｘｕｈ＃６＃Ｗ｜ｓｌｆｄｏ＃ｖｈｄｖｒｑｄｏ＃ｕｄｌｑｉｄｏｏ＃ｓｄｗｗｈｕｑｖ＃ｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ０Ｕｘｙｘ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃ｅｄｖｌｑ１＃Ｗｋｈ＃ｙｈｕｗｌｆｄｏ＃ｐｄ｛ｌｐｘｐ＃ｌｖ＃６３３＃ｐｐ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｌｑｗｈｕｙｄｏ＃ｌｖ＃８３＃ｐｐ＃ｚｋｌｏｈ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｋｒｕｌ｝ｒｑｗｄｏ＃ｄ｛ｌｖ＃ｌｖ＃ｉｕｒｐ＃Ｖｈｓｗｈｐｅｈｕ＃＋ｏｈｉｗ，＃ｗｒ＃Ｄｘｊｘｖｗ＃＋ｕｌｊｋｗ，１＃Ｖｒｘｕｆｈ＝＃

Forestry and Beekeeping Division, 2005, p. 31.

Ｇｈｆｕｈｄｖｌｑｊ＃ｄｙｈｕｄｊｈ＃ｖｈｄｖｒｑｄｏ＃ｕｄｌｑｉｄｏｏ＃ｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｖｘｅ０ｅｄｖｌｑ＃ｒｆｆｘｕｕｈｇ＃ｉｕｒｐ＃４＜９７＃ｗｒ＃４＜＜６＃ｉｒｕ＃ｄｏｏ＃ｖｈｄｖｒｑｖ＃ｈ｛ｆｈｓｗ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｖｋｒｕｗ＃ｕｄｌｑｖ＃ｅｈｗｚｈｈｑ＃Ｒｆｗｒｅｈｕ＃ｄｑｇ＃Ｇｈｆｈｐｅｈｕ＃＋Ｉｒｕｈｖｗｕ｜＃ｄｑｇ＃Ｅｈｈｎｈｈｓｌｑｊ＃Ｇｌｙｌｖｌｒｑ／＃５３３８／＃ｓ１＃６４，１＃Ｌｑ＃ｈｄｖｗｈｕｑ＃Ｗｄｑ｝ｄｑｌｄ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｕｈｊｌｒｑ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃ｖｘｅ０ｅｄｖｌｑ／＃ｗｋｈｕｈ＃ｄｕｈ＃ｄｑｈｆｇｒｗｄｏ＃ｕｈｓｒｕｗｖ＃ｒｉ＃ｇｕｒｘｊｋｗ＃ｆｒｑｇｌｗｌｒｑｖ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｇｈｆｕｈｄｖｈｇ＃ｇｕ｜＃ｖｈｄｖｒｑ＃ｅｄｖｈ＃￁ｒｚｖ＃ｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｒｙｈｕ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｓｄｖｗ＃￀ｙｈ＃｜ｈｄｕｖ１＃Ｕｄｌｑｉｄｏｏ＃ｇｄｗｄ＃ｗｋｕｒｘｊｋ＃５３３６＃ｓｕｒｙｌｇｈｇ＃ｅ｜＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ０Ｕｘｙｘ＃Ｚｄｗｈｕ＃Ｅｄｖｌｑ＃Ｒｉ￀ｆｈ＃ｌｑｇｌｆｄｗｈ＃ｄ＃ｇｒｚｑｚｄｕｇ＃ｗｕｈｑｇ＃ｌｑ＃ｓｕｈｆｌｓｌｗｄｗｌｒｑ＃＋Ｖｘｐｈｕｏｌｑ＃ｄｑｇ＃Ｊｕｌｗ｝ｑｈｕ／＃５３３：，１＃＃Ｇｘｕｌｑｊ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｏｒｚｈｖｗ＃￁ｒｚ＃ｓｈｕｌｒｇ／＃ｗｋｈ＃ｏｒｚｈｕ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃ｌｖ＃ｕｈｇｘｆｈｇ＃ｗｒ＃ｄ＃ｖｈｕｌｈｖ＃ｒｉ＃ｕｈｖｌｇｘｄｏ＃ｓｒｒｏｖ＃ｆｒｑｑｈｆｗｈｇ＃ｅ｜＃ｄ＃

shallow stream. Since the share of agriculture that is rain fed is high in Tanzania, this trend increases food

ｌｑｖｈｆｘｕｌｗ｜１＃Ｓｕｈｇｌｆｗｌｒｑｖ＃ｉｒｕ＃ｆｏｌｐｄｗｈ＃ｆｋｄｑｊｈ＃ｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｕｈｊｌｒｑ＃ｄｏｖｒ＃ｌｑｇｌｆｄｗｈ＃ｗｋｄｗ＃ｖｘｅ０Ｖｄｋｄｕｄｑ＃Ｄｉｕｌｆｄ＃ｚｌｏｏ＃ｅｈ＃ｄｗ＃ｕｌｖｎ＃ｉｒｕ＃ｉｒｒｇ＃ｖｈｆｘｕｌｗ｜＃＋Ｆｒ０ｒｓｈｕｄｗｌｙｈ＃Ｓｕｒｊｕｄｐ＃ｒｑ＃Ｚｄｗｈｕ＃ｄｑｇ＃Ｆｏｌｐｄｗｈ／＃５３３９，１＃

Ｖｗｕｈｄｐ￁ｒｚ＃ｄｑｄｏ｜ｖｌｖ１＃Ｄ＃ｖ｜ｖｗｈｐ＃ｒｉ＃５６＃￁ｒｚ＃ｊｄｊｌｑｊ＃ｖｗｄｗｌｒｑｖ＃ｚｄｖ＃ｈｖｗｄｅｏｌｖｋｈｇ＃ｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ０Ｕｘｙｘ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃ｅｄｖｌｑ＃ｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃４＜８３ｖ＃ｄｑｇ＃４＜９３ｖ１＃Ｉｒｘｕｗｈｈｑ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃５６＃ｚｈｕｈ＃ｏｒｆｄｗｈｇ＃ｒｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｖｘｅ０ｅｄｖｌｑ１＃Ｗｋｈ＃ｊｄｊｌｑｊ＃ｖｗｄｗｌｒｑｖ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｄｙｄｌｏｄｅｏｈ＃

records are shown in Table 1.

Ｗｄｅｏｈ＃４１＃Ｖｘｐｐｄｕ｜＃ｒｉ＃ｄｙｄｌｏｄｅｏｈ＃ｖｗｕｈｄｐ＃￁ｒｚ＃ｕｈｆｒｕｇｖ＃ｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃ｖｘｅ０ｅｄｖｌｑ

Station Ｕｌｙｈｕ Location Lat. Long. Ｄｕｈｄ＃＋ｎｐ2， _{Available records}

1G1 Ｚｄｐｌ Dawawa ０９１７６６６ 37.5333 28,488 ４＜８６０；６ 1G2 Ｚｄｐｌ＃ Mandera ０９１５６６６ 38.4000 36,450 ４＜８７０；７

1G5A Tami Msowero ０９１８４：５ 37.2114 ４＜９７０；６

1G6 Kisangata Mvumi ０９１９４９： 37.1833 404 ４＜８８０９＜ 1GA1A Lukigura Ｎｌｐｄｐｅｄ＃Ｕｇ１＃Ｅｕ１０９１；３３３ 37.8000 1,060 ４＜９７０；４ 1GA2 Mziha Ｐ｝ｌｋｄ＃＋Ｎｌｐｄｐｅｄ，０９１＜３３３ 37.7833 178 ４＜９７０；＜

1GB1A Diwale Ngomeni ０９１４９９： 37.6167 ４＜９７０；＜

1GD2 Mkondoa Kilosa ０９１；６６６ 37.0000 17,560 ４＜８５０；４ 1GD14 Kinyasungwe Gulwe ０９１７６６６ 35.4167 11,103 ４＜８：０：： 1GD16 Kinyasungwe Ｎｒｑｊｚｄ２Ｇｒｇｒｐｄ０９１５３３３ 36.2833 9,570 ４＜８；０；７ 1GD29 Mkondoa Mbarahwe ０９１８＜８； 36.7833 475 ４＜９＜０＜６ 1GD30 Lumuma Kilimalulu ０９１９；６６ 36.6667 502 ４＜９＜０：８ 1GD31 Mdukwe Mdukwe ０９１；６４４ 36.9333 460 ４＜９＜０５３３５

４＜：６０：；

1GD36 Mkata Mkata ０９１：９６４ 37.3686

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Ｌｑ＃５３３９／＃ｗｋｈ＃ＺＵＥＺＲ＃ｕｈｋｄｅｌｏｌｗｄｗｈｇ＃４５＃ｖｗｕｈｄｐ＃￁ｒｚ＃ｊｄｘｊｈ＃ｖｗｄｗｌｒｑｖ１＃Ｗｋｈ＃ｏｒｆｄｗｌｒｑ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｖｗｄｗｌｒｑｖ＃ｌｖ＃ｖｋｒｚｑ＃ｌｑ＃

Figure 4.

Ｉｌｊｘｕｈ＃７１＃Ｚｄｐｌ０Ｕｘｙｘ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃ｖｘｅ０ｅｄｖｌｑ＃ｊｄｊｌｑｊ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｐｈｗｈｒｕｒｏｒｊｌｆｄｏ＃ｖｗｄｗｌｒｑｖ

Ｕｘｑｒｉｉ＃ｉｕｒｐ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｇｒｇｒｐｄ＃ｕｈｊｌｒｑ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｓｏｄｌｑｖ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｏｒｚｈｕ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｌｖ＃ｏｒｚ＃ｇｘｈ＃ｗｒ＃ｋｌｊｋ＃ｕｄｗｈｖ＃ｒｉ＃ｈｙｄｓｒｕｄｗｌｒｑ＃ｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃ｖｘｅ０ｅｄｖｌｑ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｏｒｚ＃ｓｕｈｆｌｓｌｗｄｗｌｒｑ１＃Ｐｒｖｗ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃￁ｒｚ＃＋ｄｅｒｘｗ＃９３＃ｗｒ＃：３＃ｓｈｕｆｈｑｗ，＃ｄｗ＃Ｐｄｑｇｈｕｄ＃ｖｗｄｗｌｒｑ＃＋４Ｊ５，＃ｒｕｌｊｌｑｄｗｈｖ＃ｉｕｒｐ＃ｄ＃ｖｐｄｏｏ＃ｓｄｕｗ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｆｄｗｆｋｐｈｑｗ＃ｒｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｖｏｒｓｈｖ＃ｒｉ＃Ｑｊｘｕｘ／＃Ｘｎｄｊｘｕｘ＃ｄｑｇ＃Ｕｘｅｈｋｒ＃ｐｒｘｑｗｄｌｑｖ＃ｅｈｆｄｘｖｈ＃ｗｋｈｖｈ＃ｄｕｈｄｖ＃ｋｄｙｈ＃ｐｘｆｋ＃ｋｌｊｋｈｕ＃ｕｄｌｑｉｄｏｏ＃＋Ｖｋｌｏｘｑｊｘｖｋｈｏｄ／＃５３３：，１

Ｄｙｈｕｄｊｈ＃ｇｄｌｏ｜＃￁ｒｚｖ＃＋ＤＧＩ，＃ｉｒｕ＃ｖｈｏｈｆｗｈｇ＃ｊｄｊｌｑｊ＃ｖｗｄｗｌｒｑｖ＃ｈｖｗｄｅｏｌｖｋｈｇ＃ｉｕｒｐ＃ｄｙｄｌｏｄｅｏｈ＃ｕｈｆｒｕｇｖ＃ｄｕｈ＃ｖｋｒｚｑ＃ｌｑ＃Ｗｄｅｏｈ＃５＝Ｗｄｅｏｈ＃５１＃Ｄｙｈｕｄｊｈ＃ｇｄｌｏ｜＃￁ｒｚ＃ｄｗ＃ｖｌ｛＃ｊｄｊｌｑｊ＃ｖｗｄｗｌｒｑｖ

Flow Gauge – tributary and location ＤＧＩ＃＋ｐ６＃２ｖ，（＃｝ｈｕｒ＃￁ｒｚｖ

４Ｊ４＃ﾲ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｄｗ＃Ｇｄｎｄｚｄ＃ｅｕｌｇｊｈ 25.8 0.0

４Ｊ５＃ﾲ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｄｗ＃Ｐｄｑｇｈｕｄ 60.6 0.6 1GA1A – Lukigura at Kimamba road bridge 3.98 36.3

４ＪＤ５＃ﾲ＃Ｐ｝ｌｋｄ＃ｄｗ＃Ｐ｝ｌｋｄ＃＋Ｎｌｐｄｐｅｄ， 1.28 17.1

1GD2 – Mkondoa at Kilosa 10.15 0.2

1GD31 – Mdukwe at Mdukwe 4.58 0.0

Ｖｒｘｕｆｈ＝＃Ｉｒｕｈｖｗｕ｜＃ｄｑｇ＃Ｅｈｈｎｈｈｓｌｑｊ＃Ｇｌｙｌｖｌｒｑ／＃５３３８１＃

Ｗｋｈ＃ｖｐｄｏｏ＃ｓｈｕｆｈｑｗｄｊｈ＃ｒｉ＃ｇｄ｜ｖ＃ｚｌｗｋ＃｝ｈｕｒ＃￁ｒｚｖ＃ｌｑｇｌｆｄｗｈｖ＃ｗｋｄｗ＃ｐｒｖｗ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｕｌｙｈｕｖ＃ｄｕｈ＃ｓｈｕｈｑｑｌｄｏ＃ｄｏｗｋｒｘｊｋ＃ｖｒｐｈ＃ｇｕ｜＃

up during relatively dry years.

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Me

1G2 Wettest Month: April/May

Driest month: October

Seasonal pattern: Transition

Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug

Station Useful records Trend

I n t e r m e d i a t e

Figure 6. Spatial variation of the slope of a linear ｗｕｈｑｇ＃ｉｒｕ＃ｄｑｑｘｄｏ＃￁ｒｚｖ＃ｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ０Ｕｘｙｘ＃ｅｄｖｌｑ１＃＼ｈｏｏｒｚ＃ｗｕｌｄｑｊｏｈｖ＃ｌｑｇｌｆｄｗｈ＃ｇｈｆｕｈｄｖｌｑｊ＃ｗｕｈｑｇｖ＃＋ｖｒｘｕｆｈ＝＃＃

Ｉｒｕｈｖｗｕ｜＃ｄｑｇ＃Ｅｈｈｎｈｈｓｌｑｊ／＃５３３８，

Figure 7 Spatial variation of the slope of a linear trend ｉｒｕ＃ｖｋｒｕｗ＃ｕｄｌｑｖ＃＋ＲＱＧ，＃ｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ０Ｕｘｙｘ＃ｅｄｖｌｑ１＃＼ｈｏｏｒｚ＃ｗｕｌｄｑｊｏｈｖ＃ｌｑｇｌｆｄｗｈ＃ｇｈｆｕｈｄｖｌｑｊ＃ｗｕｈｑｇｖ＃＋ｖｒｘｕｆｈ＝＃Ｉｒｕｈｖｗｕ｜＃

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５１５＃Ｗｋｈ＃Ｈｖｗｘｄｕ｜1

Ｗｋｈ＃ｏｒｚｈｕ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃ｈｆｒｖ｜ｖｗｈｐ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｈｖｗｘｄｕ｜＃ｖｘｓｓｒｕｗｖ＃ｄｅｘｑｇｄｑｗ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｇｌｙｈｕｖｈ＃ｅｌｕｇ＃ｏｌｉｈ／＃￀ｖｋ／＃ｋｌｓｓｒｖ／＃ｆｕｒｆｒｇｌｏｈｖ／＃

and well preserved mangrove forests. The salty marsh estuaries close to the river are home for pelican and

￁ｄｐｌｑｊｒ＃ｚｋｌｆｋ＃ｆｒｐｈ＃ｗｒ＃ｉｈｈｇ＃ｒｑ＃￀ｖｋ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｆｕｘｖｗｄｆｈｄｑｖ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｖｈｄ１＃Ｗｋｈ＃ｓｕｈｙｄｌｏｌｑｊ＃ｖｓｈｆｌｈｖ＃ｒｉ＃ｐｄｑｊｕｒｙｈｖ＃ｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｈｖｗｘｄｕ｜＃ｄｕｈ＃Ｄｙｌｆｈｑｑｌｄ＃ｐｄｕｌｑｄ＃＋Ｙｈｕｅｈｑｄｆｈｄｈ，＃ｄｑｇ＃ｗｋｕｈｈ＃ｖｓｈｆｌｈｖ＃ｒｉ＃Ｕｋｌ｝ｒｓｋｒｕｄｆｈｄｈ＃＋Ｕｋｌ｝ｒｓｋｒｕｄ＃ｐｘｆｕｒｑｄｗｄ＃ｒｕ＃ｐｎｒｎｒ／＃Ｅｕｘｊｘｌｈｕｄ＃ｊ｜ｐｑｒｕｕｋｌ｝ｄ＃ｒｕ＃ｐｖｌｑｇｌ＃ｄｑｇ＃Ｆｈｕｌｒｓｖ＃ｗｄｖｊｄｏ＃ｒｕ＃ｐｎｄｑｇｄｄ，１＃Ｗｋｈ＃ｐｄｑｊｕｒｙｈｖ＃ｖｘｓｓｒｕｗ＃ｄｑ＃ｈ｛ｗｈｑｖｌｙｈ＃ｌｑｗｈｕｗｌｇｄｏ＃￀ｖｋｈｕ｜＃ｄｑｇ＃ｓｕｒｙｌｇｈ＃ｑｘｕｖｈｕ｜＃ｊｕｒｘｑｇｖ＃ｉｒｕ＃ｄ＃ｑｄｗｌｒｑｄｏｏ｜＃ｌｐｓｒｕｗｄｑｗ＃ｓｕｄｚｑ＃ｌｑｇｘｖｗｕ｜１＃Ｐｄｑｊｕｒｙｈｖ＃

also protect the coastline against destructive waves, enhance water quality, retain sediments and nutrients,

ｄｑｇ＃ｓｕｒｙｌｇｈ＃ｋｄｅｌｗｄｗ＃ｉｒｕ＃￀ｖｋ／＃ｅｌｕｇ＃ｖｓｈｆｌｈｖ／＃ｋｌｓｓｒｖ／＃ｆｕｒｆｒｇｌｏｈｖ／＃ｄｑｇ＃ｐｒｑｎｈ｜ｖ１＃

that occurs between September and December. These seasons correspond with transitional and wet periods

ｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃Ｖｘｅ０ｅｄｖｌｑ１＃Ｇｘｕｌｑｊ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｓｈｄｎ＃￀ｖｋｌｑｊ＃ｖｈｄｖｒｑ／＃ｖｒｐｈ＃｝ｒｑｄｗｌｒｑ＃ｒｆｆｘｕｖ＃ｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｇｌｖｗｕｌｅｘｗｌｒｑ＃ｄｑｇ＃

deposits and mangrove forests near river mouths serve as important breeding ground for several species of

ｓｕｄｚｑｖ１＃＃Ｗｋｈ＃ｓｕｄｚｑ＃￀ｖｋｈｕ｜＃ｌｖ＃ｖｄｌｇ＃ｗｒ＃ｅｈ＃ｐｒｕｈ＃ｓｕｒｇｘｆｗｌｙｈ＃ｇｘｕｌｑｊ＃ｚｈｗｗｈｕ＃｜ｈｄｕｖ＝＃ｏｒｚ＃￁ｒｚｖ＃ｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃

November and December, and migrate back out to the ocean during the longer rains that occur from March

ｗｒ＃Ｐｄ｜１＃＃Ｓｕｄｚｑ＃￀ｖｋｌｑｊ＃ｓｕｈｖｈｑｗｏ｜＃ｇｒｈｖ＃ｑｒｗ＃ｒｆｆｘｕ＃ｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｈｖｗｘｄｕ｜／＃ｗｋｈ＃ｐｄｌｑ＃ｕｈｄｖｒｑ＃ｅｈｌｑｊ＃ｉｈｄｕ＃ｒｉ＃ｋｌｓｓｒｖ＃ｄｑｇ＃

crocodiles rather than a desire to protect nursery areas.

Ｄｏｗｋｒｘｊｋ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｓｕｄｚｑ＃￀ｖｋｈｕ｜＃ｇｒｐｌｑｄｗｈｖ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｏｒｆｄｏ＃ｈｆｒｑｒｐｌｈｖ＃ｒｉ＃Ｖｄｄｇｄｑｌ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｖｘｕｕｒｘｑｇｌｑｊ＃ｖｐｄｏｏｈｕ＃ｙｌｏｏｄｊｈｖ／＃ｈｖｗｘｄｕｌｑｈ＃￀ｖｋｈｖ＃ｄｕｈ＃ｄｏｖｒ＃ｌｐｓｒｕｗｄｑｗ＃ｖｒｘｕｆｈ＃ｒｉ＃ｉｒｒｇ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｌｑｆｒｐｈ＃ｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｄｕｈｄ／＃ｓｄｕｗｌｆｘｏｄｕｏ｜＃ｗｒ＃ｗｋｒｖｈ＃ｓｈｒｓｏｈ＃ｏｌｙｌｑｊ＃ｄｏｒｑｊ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｅｄｑｎｖ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ１＃＃

Ｐｄｌｑｗｄｌｑｌｑｊ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｌｑｗｈｊｕｌｗ｜＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃ｈｖｗｘｄｕ｜＃ｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｉｘｗｘｕｈ＃ｚｌｏｏ＃ｇｈｓｈｑｇ＃ｒｑ＃ｖｘｖｗｄｌｑｄｅｏｈ＃ｘｖｈ＃ｄｑｇ＃

management of natural resources in areas within and adjacent to the estuary, as well as in areas in the greater

Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃ｖｘｅ０ｅｄｖｌｑ１＃＃

６１＃ Ｋｘｐｄｑ＃Ｘｖｈｖ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｗｈｕｖｋｈｇ＃

Ｒｘｗｖｌｇｈ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｐｄｍｒｕ＃ｘｕｅｄｑ＃ｄｕｈｄｖ＃＋Ｐｒｕｒｊｒｕｒ／＃Ｇｒｇｒｐｄ／＃ｄｑｇ＃Ｎｌｅｄｋｄ，／＃ｄｊｕｌｆｘｏｗｘｕｈ＃ｌｖ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｓｕｌｐｄｕ｜＃ｏｌｙｈｏｌｋｒｒｇ＃ｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃ｖｘｅ０ｅｄｖｌｑ１＃Ｖｘｊｄｕ＃ｆｄｑｈ／＃ｖｌｖｄｏ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｆｒｗｗｒｑ＃ｄｕｈ＃ｓｕｒｇｘｆｈｇ＃ｄｖ＃ｆｄｖｋ＃ｆｕｒｓｖ＃ｌｑ＃ｏｄｕｊｈ＃ｖｆｄｏｈ＃ｄｊｕｌｆｘｏｗｘｕｈ１＃

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Ｖｐｄｏｏ＃ｋｒｏｇｈｕ＃ｄｊｕｌｆｘｏｗｘｕｈ＃ｌｑｆｏｘｇｈｖ＃ｐｄｌ｝ｈ／＃ｕｌｆｈ／＃ｖｚｈｈｗ＃ｓｒｗｄｗｒｈｖ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｅｈｄｑｖ１＃Ｖｘｕｓｏｘｖ＃ｉｒｒｇ＃ｆｕｒｓｖ＃ｌｑ＃ｖｐｄｏｏ０ｖｆｄｏｈ＃ｄｊｕｌｆｘｏｗｘｕｈ＃ｄｕｈ＃ｗ｜ｓｌｆｄｏｏ｜＃ｖｒｏｇ＃ｌｑ＃ｏｒｆｄｏ＃ｐｄｕｎｈｗｖ１＃Ｒｗｋｈｕ＃ｕｘｕｄｏ＃ｏｌｙｈｏｌｋｒｒｇ＃ｄｆｗｌｙｌｗｌｈｖ＃ｌｑｆｏｘｇｈ＃ｏｌｙｈｖｗｒｆｎ＃ｎｈｈｓｌｑｊ／＃ｅｈｈ＃ｎｈｈｓｌｑｊ／＃ｋｘｑｗｌｑｊ＃ｄｑｇ＃￀ｖｋｌｑｊ１＃Ｌｑ＃ｊｈｑｈｕｄｏ／＃ｗｋｈ＃ｒｑｏ｜＃ｖｒｘｕｆｈ＃ｒｉ＃ｏｌｙｈｏｌｋｒｒｇ＃ｄｙｄｌｏｄｅｏｈ＃ｗｒ＃ｐｄｑ｜＃ｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｅｄｖｌｑ＃ｌｖ＃ｓｕｌｐｄｕ｜／＃ｌ１ｈ１＃ｄ＃ｏｌｙｈｏｌｋｒｒｇ＃ｅｄｖｈｇ＃ｒｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｇｌｕｈｆｗ＃ｈ｛ｓｏｒｌｗｄｗｌｒｑ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｅｄｖｌｑﾷｖ＃ｑｄｗｘｕｄｏ＃ｕｈｖｒｘｕｆｈｖ１＃Ｗｋｈ＃ｖｘｆｆｈｖｖ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈｖｈ＃

livelihoods is directly related to land and water availability.

Ｓｒｓｘｏｄｗｌｒｑ＃ｊｕｒｚｗｋ／＃ｓｒｙｈｕｗ｜＃ｄｑｇ＃ｑｄｗｘｕｄｏ＃ｕｈｖｒｘｕｆｈ＃ｈ｛ｓｏｒｌｗｄｗｌｒｑ＃ｄｕｈ＃ｌｑｗｈｕｇｈｓｈｑｇｈｑｗ１＃Ｄｊｕｌｆｘｏｗｘｕｄｏ＃ｈ｛ｓｄｑｖｌｒｑ＃ｄｑｇ＃

harvesting of forest products for subsistence and local use has been increasing largely because of population

ｊｕｒｚｗｋ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｌｑｆｕｈｄｖｌｑｊ＃ｘｕｅｄｑ＃ｇｈｐｄｑｇ＃ｉｒｕ＃ｆｋｄｕｆｒｄｏ／＃ｉｘｈｏ＃ｚｒｒｇ／＃ｄｑｇ＃ｗｌｐｅｈｕ１＃Ｗｒ＃ｄ＃ｏｄｕｊｈ＃ｈ｛ｗｈｑｗ／＃ｓｒｙｈｕｗ｜＃ｄｑｇ＃ｌｑｆｒｐｈ＃ｊｈｑｈｕｄｗｌｒｑ＃ｄｕｈ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｐｄｍｒｕ＃ｇｕｌｙｌｑｊ＃ｉｒｕｆｈｖ＃ｅｈｋｌｑｇ＃ｆｒｐｐｈｕｆｌｄｏ＃ｋｄｕｙｈｖｗｌｑｊ＃ｒｉ＃ｉｒｕｈｖｗ＃ｕｈｖｒｘｕｆｈｖ＃ｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｖｘｅ０ｅｄｖｌｑ１

At the same time, agricultural practices are often not environmentally sustainable. Kajembe and Nzunda

＋５３３５，＃ｕｈｓｒｕｗ＃ｗｋｄｗ＃ｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｑｊｘｕｘ＃ｐｒｘｑｗｄｌｑ＃ｆｋｄｌｑ／＃ｉｄｏｏｒｚ＃ｓｈｕｌｒｇｖ＃ｄｕｈ＃ｈｌｗｋｈｕ＃ｖｎｌｓｓｈｇ＃ｒｕ＃ｄｕｈ＃ｈ｛ｗｕｈｐｈｏ｜＃ｖｋｒｕｗｈｑｈｇ＃

due to high demand of land. Similarly, shifting cultivation is diminishing. The continuous use of soil coupled with lack of supplementation of fertility with fertilizers has resulted in declines in yields. Soil conservation

ｐｈｄｖｘｕｈｖ＃ｖｘｆｋ＃ｄｖ＃ｗｈｕｕｄｆｌｑｊ／＃ｆｒｑｗｒｘｕ＃ｓｏｄｑｗｌｑｊ／＃ｖｗｕｌｓ＃ｆｕｒｓｓｌｑｊ＃ｄｑｇ２ｒｕ＃ｘｖｈ＃ｒｉ＃ｉｈｕｗｌｏｌ｝ｈｕ＃ｄｕｈ＃ｕｄｕｈｏ｜＃ｓｕｄｆｗｌｆｈｇ＃ｈｙｈｑ＃

on the steepest of the slopes.

Ｗｄｅｏｈ＃８＃ｖｋｒｚｖ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｓｒｓｘｏｄｗｌｒｑ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｊｕｒｚｗｋ＃ｕｄｗｈｖ＃ｒｉ＃ｙｌｏｏｄｊｈｖ＃ｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃ｖｘｅ０ｅｄｖｌｑ＃ｅｈｗｚｈｈｑ＃４＜；；＃ｄｑｇ＃５３３５＃

as observed from the 1988 and 2002 population censuses. The data demonstrate a population increase in most

ｙｌｏｏｄｊｈｖ＃ｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｖｘｅ０ｅｄｖｌｑ１＃＃Ｄｖ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｓｒｓｘｏｄｗｌｒｑ＃ｌｑｆｕｈｄｖｈｖ／＃ｐｒｕｈ＃ｇｈｐｄｑｇｖ＃ｄｕｈ＃ｐｄｇｈ＃ｒｑ＃ｑｄｗｘｕｄｏ＃ｕｈｖｒｘｕｆｈｖ＃＋ｌｑｆｏｘｇｌｑｊ＃ｚｄｗｈｕ＃ｕｈｖｒｘｕｆｈｖ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃ｈｆｒｏｒｊ｜，１

Ｗｋｈ＃ｋｘｐｄｑ＃ｓｒｓｘｏｄｗｌｒｑ＃ｒｉ＃Ｖｄｄｇｄｑｌ＃Ｙｌｏｏｄｊｈ＃ｑｈｄｕ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｈｖｗｘｄｕ｜＃ｋｄｖ＃ｈ｛ｓｄｑｇｈｇ＃ｕｄｓｌｇｏ｜＃ｒｙｈｕ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｓｄｖｗ＃ｗｚｒ＃

decades, and recent trends suggest it will continue to grow in the near future. Between 1988 and 2002, national

ｆｈｑｖｘｖ＃ｖｗｄｗｌｖｗｌｆｖ＃ｆｄｏｆｘｏｄｗｈｇ＃ｄ＃ｊｕｒｚｗｋ＃ｕｄｗｈ＃ｒｉ＃９１４（／＃ｆｒｐｓｄｕｈｇ＃ｗｒ＃ｄ＃ｕｄｗｈ＃ｒｉ＃４１３（＃ｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｗｈｑ＃｜ｈｄｕｖ＃ｓｕｌｒｕ＃＋Ｗｒｅｈ｜＃ｈｗ＃ｄｏ１／＃

Morogoro rural

Mvomero Mindu Tulieni Tukamisasa

Growth rate

０８１；

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and the walls of the pits are not protected. Many are also ignorant of the pollution they cause to the river by daily life practices like washing clothes in the riverbed.

Ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｖｘｅ０ｅｄｖｌｑ＃ｇｒｈｖ＃ｑｒｗ＃ｋｄｙｈ＃ｄｑ｜＃ｐｄｍｒｕ＃ｇｄｐｖ＃ｒｕ＃ｋ｜ｇｕｒｈｏｈｆｗｕｌｆ＃ｓｏｄｑｗｖ＃ｗｋｄｗ＃ｌｑ＃ｒｗｋｈｕ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃ｖ｜ｖｗｈｐｖ＃ｗ｜ｓｌｆｄｏｏ｜＃ｋｄｙｈ＃ｌｐｓｒｕｗｄｑｗ＃ｌｐｓｄｆｗｖ＃ｒｑ＃ｉｕｈｖｋｚｄｗｈｕ＃￁ｒｚｖ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｈｖｗｘｄｕ｜＃ｆｒｑｇｌｗｌｒｑ１＃

Ｖｒｐｈ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｌｐｓｒｕｗｄｑｗ＃ｏｄｑｇ＃ｘｖｈ＃ｉｈｄｗｘｕｈｖ＃ｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｄｕｈ＃ｇｈｖｆｕｌｅｈｇ＃ｌｑ＃ｐｒｕｈ＃ｇｈｗｄｌｏ＃ｅｈｏｒｚ＝

Ｐｗｌｅｚｄ＃Ｖｘｊｄｕ＃Ｈｖｗｄｗｈ＃Ｏｗｇ１＃＋ＰＶＨＯ，.2 _{The Mtibwa Sugar Factory in the village of Turiani and in the eastern}

foothills of the Nguru mountain range was established in the early 1960s and was owned by the Government

ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｘｑｌｗｈｇ＃Ｕｈｓｘｅｏｌｆ＃ｒｉ＃Ｗｄｑ｝ｄｑｌｄ＃ｘｑｗｌｏ＃ｌｗ＃ｚｄｖ＃ｓｘｕｆｋｄｖｈｇ＃ｅ｜＃Ｗｄｑ｝ｄｑｌｄ＃Ｖｘｊｄｕ＃Ｌｑｇｘｖｗｕｌｈｖ＃＋ＷＶＬ，＃ｌｑ＃Ｄｘｊｘｖｗ／＃４＜＜；１＃Ｗｋｈ＃ｆｋｄｑｊｈ＃ｒｉ＃ｒｚｑｈｕｖｋｌｓ＃ｉｒｏｏｒｚｈｇ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｊｒｙｈｕｑｐｈｑｗﾷｖ＃Ｈｆｒｑｒｐｌｆ＃Ｕｈｉｒｕｐ＃Ｓｕｒｊｕｄｐ＃ｚｋｌｆｋ＃ｌｑｆｏｘｇｈｖ／＃ｄｐｒｑｊ＃ｒｗｋｈｕ＃ｗｋｌｑｊｖ／＃ｗｋｈ＃ｓｕｌｙｄｗｌ｝ｄｗｌｒｑ＃ｒｉ＃ｐｒｖｗ＃ｒｉ＃ｌｗｖ＃Ｆｒｕｓｒｕｄｗｌｒｑｖ＃ｄｑｇ＃Ｓｄｕｄｖｗｄｗｄｏ＃Ｒｕｊｄｑｌ｝ｄｗｌｒｑｖ１＃Ｖｘｊｄｕ＃ｆｄｑｈ＃ｌｑ＃Ｗｄｑ｝ｄｑｌｄ＃ｌｖ＃

primarily grown in four estates, of which MSEL is one of them.

ＰＶＨＯ＃ｓｕｒｇｘｆｈｖ＃ｄｅｒｘｗ＃７：／３３３＃ｗｒｑｖ＃ｒｉ＃ｖｘｊｄｕ＃ｓｈｕ＃｜ｈｄｕ／＃ｚｋｌｆｋ＃ｌｖ＃ｖｒｏｇ＃ｅｒｗｋ＃ｇｒｐｈｖｗｌｆｄｏｏ｜＃ｄｑｇ＃ｈ｛ｓｒｕｗｈｇ＃ｗｒ＃ｒｗｋｈｕ＃

countries in Africa and Southeast Asia. It has a workforce of 1,300 permanent employees and some 1,500

ｄｇｇｌｗｌｒｑｄｏ＃ｖｈｄｖｒｑｄｏ＃ｈｐｓｏｒ｜ｈｈｖ＃ｇｘｕｌｑｊ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｋｄｕｙｈｖｗｌｑｊ＃ｖｈｄｖｒｑ＃＋Ｍｘｑｈ０Ｉｈｅｕｘｄｕ｜，１＃＃

MSEL occupies an area of more than 6,000 hectares of land of which 5,400 ha are currently under cane

ｆｘｏｗｌｙｄｗｌｒｑ１＃Ｄｅｒｘｗ＃６６＃ｓｈｕｆｈｑｗ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｆｘｏｗｌｙｄｗｈｇ＃ｄｕｈｄ＃ｌｖ＃ｘｑｇｈｕ＃ｌｕｕｌｊｄｗｌｒｑ＃＋４／；３３＃ｄｆｕｈｖ，＃ｚｋｌｏｈ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｕｈｐｄｌｑｇｈｕ＃ｌｖ＃ｕｄｌｑ＃

fed. The company also purchases sugar cane from about 900 local farmers through an out growers program. In 2002 it was estimated that sugarcane out grower farms covered over 12,000 hectares owned or cultivated

ｅ｜＃６／８３３＃ｉｄｕｐｈｕｖ＃＋Ｐｄｇｘｏｘ／＃５３３８，１＃Ｏｒｆｄｏ＃ｖｘｊｄｕ＃ｆｄｑｈ＃ｉｄｕｐｖ＃ｄｕｈ＃ｑｒｗ＃ｌｕｕｌｊｄｗｈｇ／＃ｗｋｈ｜＃ｄｕｈ＃ｕｄｌｑ０ｉｈｇ１＃＃Ｄｅｒｘｗ＃ｋｄｏｉ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃

cane processed at the factory comes from the factory and half from out growers. The sugar cane is harvested

ｒｑｆｈ＃ｓｈｕ＃｜ｈｄｕ／＃ｚｋｈｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｖｘｊｄｕ＃ｆｒｑｗｈｑｗ＃ｌｖ＃ｒｓｗｌｐｄｏ／＃ｄｑｇ＃ｗｋｌｖ＃ｘｖｘｄｏｏ｜＃ｒｆｆｘｕｖ＃ｉｕｒｐ＃Ｍｘｑｈ＃ｗｒ＃Ｇｈｆｈｐｅｈｕ／＃Ｍｄｑｘｄｕ｜／＃ｒｕ＃

February.

Ｌｑ＃ｄｑ＃ｈｉｉｒｕｗ＃ｗｒ＃ｌｑｆｕｈｄｖｈ＃ｓｕｒｇｘｆｗｌｒｑ／＃ｗｋｈ＃ｆｒｐｓｄｑ｜＃ｌｖ＃ｈ｛ｓｄｑｇｌｑｊ＃ｌｗｖ＃ｒｓｈｕｄｗｌｒｑ＃ｗｒ＃Ｇｄｎｄｚｄ＃Ｈｖｗｄｗｈ／＃ｚｋｌｆｋ＃ｋｄｖ＃ｄｑ＃ｄｕｈｄ＃ｒｉ＃６３／３３３＃ｋｄ１＃Ｒｉ＃ｗｋｌｖ＃ｄｕｈｄ／＃４３／３３３＃ｋｄ＃ｋｄｙｈ＃ｅｈｈｑ＃ｖｈｗ＃ｄｖｌｇｈ＃ｉｒｕ＃ｏｌｙｈｖｗｒｆｎ＃ｇｈｙｈｏｒｓｐｈｑｗ＃ｚｋｌｏｈ＃５３／３３３＃ｋｈｆｗｄｕｈｖ＃

have been earmarked for sugar cane cultivation.

ＰＶＨＯ＃ｈ｛ｗｕｄｆｗｖ＃４１８＃ｐ６＃２ｖ＃ｒｉ＃ｚｄｗｈｕ＃ｉｒｕ＃ｌｕｕｌｊｄｗｌｒｑ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｉｒｕ＃ｉｄｆｗｒｕ｜＃ｅｒｌｏｈｕ＃ｘｖｈｖ＃ｉｕｒｐ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｇｌｚｄｏｈ＃Ｕｌｙｈｕ／＃ｚｋｌｆｋ＃ｌｖ＃ｄ＃

2 Unless otherwise noted, all information comes from personal communication with Mr. Edward Adul, Irrigation Engi０

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Ｆｋｄｏｌｑ｝ｈ０Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｚｄｗｈｕ＃ｗｕｈｄｗｐｈｑｗ＃ｓｏｄｑｗ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｖｘｓｓｏ｜＃ｖｆｋｈｐｈ. The Chalinze water project was initiated in 2001 and has the purpose of providing water treatment and delivery to the Chalinze township and surrounding

ｙｌｏｏｄｊｈｖ１＃Ｌｗ＃ｚｄｖ＃ｆｒｑｖｗｕｘｆｗｈｇ＃ｅ｜＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｓｈｒｓｏｈﾷｖ＃Ｕｈｓｘｅｏｌｆ＃ｒｉ＃Ｆｋｌｑｄ＃ｄｗ＃ｄ＃ｆｒｖｗ＃＃ｖｒ＃ｉｄｕ＃ｒｉ＃５６＃ｅｌｏｏｌｒｑ＃Ｗｖｋ＃ｌｑ＃ｆｒｏｏｄｅｒｕｄｗｌｒｑ＃ｚｌｗｋ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｊｒｙｈｕｑｐｈｑｗ＃ｒｉ＃Ｗｄｑ｝ｄｑｌｄ１＃Ｙｌｏｏｄｊｈｖ＃ｌｑ＃ｗｋｌｖ＃ｄｕｈｄ＃ｄｕｈ＃ｖｈｐｌ０ｄｕｌｇ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｖｘｉｉｈｕ＃ｉｕｒｐ＃ｚｄｗｈｕ＃ｖｋｒｕｗｄｊｈ１＃Ｗｋｈ｜＃ｕｈｏ｜＃

on wells, but the groundwater is not potable and during the dry season the water table is too low. The length of the main pipe line from Chalinze to the target area is 126 km and the distribution pipe line is 34 km.

The design capacity of the treatment plant is 7,200 m3 ２ｇｄ｜１＃Ｄｖ＃ｒｉ＃Ｄｓｕｌｏ＃５３３９＃ｗｋｈ＃ｓｏｄｑｗ＃ｚｄｖ＃ｓｕｒｙｌｇｌｑｊ＃；３３＃ｐ3

２ｇｄ｜１＃＃Ｗｋｈ＃ｅｄｕｕｌｈｕ＃ｗｒ＃ｇｈｏｌｙｈｕｌｑｊ＃ｐｒｕｈ＃ｚｄｗｈｕ＃ｌｖ＃ｑｒｗ＃ｓｏｄｑｗ＃ｆｄｓｄｆｌｗ｜／＃ｌｗ＃ｌｖ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｑｈｈｇ＃ｗｒ＃ｌｑｖｗｄｏｏ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｓｌｓｈ＃ｇｌｖｗｕｌｅｘｗｌｒｑ＃ｑｈｗｚｒｕｎ１＃Ｌｑ＃ｗｋｌｖ＃￀ｕｖｗ＃ｓｋｄｖｈ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｓｕｒｍｈｆｗ＃５３＃ｙｌｏｏｄｊｈｖ＃ｄｕｈ＃ｗｄｕｊｈｗｈｇ１＃Ｗｋｈ＃ｙｌｏｏｄｊｈｖ＃ｆｒｙｈｕｈｇ＃ｌｑ＃ｓｋｄｖｈ＃ｒｑｈ＃ｄｕｈ＝＃

Chalinze, Pingo, Msoga, Mboga, Lugoba, Saleni, Mazizi, Msata and Kihangaiko in the south direction. In the

ｑｒｕｗｋ＃ｇｌｕｈｆｗｌｒｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｉｒｏｏｒｚｌｑｊ＃ｙｌｏｏｄｊｈｖ＃ｚｈｕｈ＃ｆｒｙｈｕｈｇ／＃Ｐｄｑｇｈｕｄ／＃Ｋｒｑｇｒｊｒ／＃Ｎｌｏｈｐｈｏｄ／＃Ｐｌｒｑｒ／＃Ｎｌｎｄｕｒ／＃Ｕｘｓｘｑｊｚｌ／＃

Kimange and Mbwewe. The communities involved have been mobilized to form the association called Chalinze

Ｚｄｗｈｕ＃Ｘｖｈｕ＃Ｄｖｖｒｆｌｄｗｌｒｑ＃＋ＺＤＰＤＦＫＤ，１

Ｗｋｈ＃ｖｈｆｒｑｇ＃ｓｋｄｖｈ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｓｕｒｍｈｆｗ＃ｗｒ＃ｅｈ＃ｆｒｐｓｏｈｗｈｇ＃ｌｑ＃５３４８＃ｋｄｖ＃ｄｑｒｗｋｈｕ＃５５＃ｙｌｏｏｄｊｈｖ＃ｗｄｕｊｈｗｈｇ１＃Ｒｙｈｕ＃４３３／３３３＃ｕｈｖｌｇｈｑｗｖ＃ｚｌｏｏ＃ｅｈｑｈ￀ｗ＃ｉｕｒｐ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｓｕｒｍｈｆｗ＃ｚｋｈｑ＃￀ｑｌｖｋｈｇ１＃Ｇｘｕｌｑｊ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｖｈｆｒｑｇ＃ｓｋｄｖｈ／＃ｇｌｕｈｆｗ＃ｆｒｑｑｈｆｗｌｒｑｖ＃ｉｕｒｐ＃ｖｗｄｑｇｓｌｓｈｖ＃ｗｒ＃ｋｒｐｈ＃ｄｕｈ＃ｄｏｖｒ＃ｄｑｗｌｆｌｓｄｗｈｇ１＃Ｄ＃ｗｋｕｈｈ＃ｖｗｄｊｈ＃ｚｄｗｈｕ＃ｗｕｈｄｗｐｈｑｗ＃ｓｕｒｆｈｖｖ＃ｌｖ＃ｘｖｈｇ＝＃ｖｈｇｌｐｈｑｗｄｗｌｒｑ／＃￁ｒｆｆｘｏｄｗｌｒｑ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｖｄｑｇ＃￀ｏｗｕｄｗｌｒｑ１＃Ｗｋｈ＃ｓｏｄｑｗ＃ｋｄｖ＃ｄ＃ｖｗｄｊｈ＃ｊｄｘｊｈ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｄ＃ｕｄｌｑｉｄｏｏ＃ｊｄｘｊｈ１＃Ｗｋｈ＃ｓｏｄｑｗ＃ｄｏｖｒ＃ｐｒｑｌｗｒｕｖ＃ｚｄｗｈｕ＃ｅｈｉｒｕｈ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｄｉｗｈｕ＃

intake for turbidity, Ph, conductivity, and ecoli.

The Chalinze water supply project receives a subsidy from the government of Tanzania, but it is designed to

ｈｙｈｑｗｘｄｏｏ｜＃ｅｈ＃ｖｈｏｉ＃￀ｑｄｑｆｌｑｊ＃ｗｋｕｒｘｊｋ＃ｘｖｈｕ＃ｉｈｈｖ１＃Ｄｏｏ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｚｄｗｈｕ＃ｌｖ＃ｐｈｗｈｕｈｇ＃ｄｗ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｖｗｄｑｇｓｌｓｈ／＃ｚｌｗｋ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｑｘｐｅｈｕ＃ｒｉ＃

standpipes determined by the population in the village. Each standpipe is monitored by a village member

ｄｑｇ＃ｈｙｈｕ｜＃ｏｌｗｈｕ＃ｌｖ＃ｓｄｌｇ＃ｉｒｕ１＃Ｆｒｏｏｈｆｗｌｒｑ＃ｕｄｗｈ＃ｌｖ＃＜８＃ｓｈｕｆｈｑｗ＃ｖｒ＃ｉｄｕ１＃Ｗｋｈ＃ｉｈｈ＃ｉｒｕ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｚｄｗｈｕ＃ｌｖ＃ｏｒｚ＃＋４＃Ｗｖｋ２ｏｌｗｈｕ，＃ｄｑｇ＃ｏｈｖｖ＃

than other means of providing outside water. Before the project, water brought in by truck was selling for as

ｐｘｆｋ＃ｄｖ＃５３＃Ｗｖｋ２ｏｌｗｈｕ１＃Ｗｋｈ＃ｓｕｒｍｈｆｗ＃ｈｖｗｌｐｄｗｈｖ＃ｗｋｄｗ＃ｄｗ＃５８＃ｓｈｕｆｈｑｗ＃ｆｄｓｄｆｌｗ｜／＃ｚｄｗｈｕ＃ｘｖｈ＃ｓｄ｜ｐｈｑｗｖ＃ｒｉ＃４＃Ｗｖｋ２ｏｌｗｈｕ＃ｚｌｏｏ＃

cover costs of operation.

Ｚｄｐｌ０Ｐｅｌｎｌ＃Ｚｌｏｇｏｌｉｈ＃Ｐｄｑｄｊｈｐｈｑｗ＃Ｄｕｈｄ１＃Ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ０Ｐｅｌｎｌ＃ｌｖ＃ｄ＃ｆｒｑｖｈｕｙｄｗｌｒｑ＃ｄｕｈｄ＃ｗｋｄｗ＃ｆｒｙｈｕｖ＃６／３３３＃ｎｐ＃ｒｉ＃ｆｒｕｈ＃ｄｕｈｄ／＃ｄｓｓｕｒ｛ｌｐｄｗｈｏ｜＃４／５３３＃ｎｐ＃ｒｉ＃ｅｘｉｉｈｕ＃ｄｕｈｄ／＃ｄｑｇ＃５５＃ｖｘｕｕｒｘｑｇｌｑｊ＃ｙｌｏｏｄｊｈｖ１＃Ｐｒｖｗ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｙｌｏｏｄｊｈｖ＃ｏｌｈ＃ｚｌｗｋｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃ｖｘｅ０ｅｄｖｌｑ１3 _{The area is situated to the north of the main road between Dar es Salaam and}

Ｐｒｕｒｊｒｕｒ＃ｌｑ＃ｅｒｗｋ＃Ｅｄｊｄｐｒ｜ｒ＃Ｇｌｖｗｕｌｆｗ＃ｄｑｇ＃Ｐｒｕｒｊｒｕｒ＃Ｕｘｕｄｏ＃Ｇｌｖｗｕｌｆｗ１＃Ｗｋｈ＃Ｇｄｑｌｖｋ＃Ｋｘｑｗｈｕｖ＃Ｄｖｖｒｆｌｄｗｌｒｑ＃ｋｄｖ＃ｖｌｑｆｈ＃４＜＜：＃ｅｈｈｑ＃ｖｘｓｓｒｕｗｌｑｊ＃ｗｋｈ＃５５＃ｙｌｏｏｄｊｈｖ＃ｄｕｒｘｑｇ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃Ｐｅｌｎｌ＃ｗｒ＃ｈｖｗｄｅｏｌｖｋ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｄｕｈｄ＃ｄｖ＃ｄ＃Ｚｌｏｇｏｌｉｈ＃Ｐｄｑｄｊｈｐｈｑｗ＃Ｄｕｈｄ＃ｉｒｕ＃ｆｒｐｐｘｑｌｗ｜＃ｅｄｖｈｇ＃ｚｌｏｇｏｌｉｈ＃ｐｄｑｄｊｈｐｈｑｗ１＃Ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ０Ｐｅｌｎｌ＃ｓｕｒｍｈｆｗ＃ｋｄｖ＃ｄｑ＃ｒｉ￀ｆｈ＃ｌｑ＃Ｐｒｕｒｊｒｕｒ１＃Ｗｋｈ＃ｓｕｒｍｈｆｗ＃ｋｄｖ＃ｉｒｕｐｈｇ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ０Ｐｅｌｎｌ＃Ｖｒｆｌｈｗ｜／＃ｄ＃ｐｄｑｄｊｈｐｈｑｗ＃ｊｕｒｘｓ＃ｕｈｓｕｈｖｈｑｗｌｑｊ＃ｗｋｈ＃５５＃ｙｌｏｏｄｊｈｖ＃ｄｕｒｘｑｇ＃Ｚｄｐｌ０Ｐｅｌｎｌ１＃Ｗｋｈ＃ｊｒｄｏ＃ｌｖ＃ｗｒ＃ｕｈｇｘｆｈ＃ｓｒｙｈｕｗ｜＃ｗｋｕｒｘｊｋ＃ｖｘｖｗｄｌｑｄｅｏｈ＃ｚｌｏｇｏｌｉｈ＃ｐｄｑｄｊｈｐｈｑｗ＃ｅ｜＃ｏｒｆｄｏ＃ｆｒｐｐｘｑｌｗｌｈｖ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｖｒｆｌｒ０ｈｆｒｑｒｐｌｆ＃

development. Many of the poorer villages have a high dependence on charcoal making for livelihood. The government restricted charcoal permits in 2005.

Ｗｋｈ＃ｓｕｒｍｈｆｗ＃ｉｄｆｈｖ＃ｐｄｑ｜＃ｆｋｄｏｏｈｑｊｈｖ＃ｖｘｆｋ＃ｄｖ／＃ｗｋｈ＃ｖｌ｝ｈ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃ＺＰＤ／＃ｚｋｌｆｋ＃ｐｄｎｈｖ＃ｌｗ＃ｇｌｉ￀ｆｘｏｗ＃ｗｒ＃ｓｄｗｕｒｏ／＃ｄｑｇ＃ｋｌｊｋ＃ but it also contains 66 km2 of ocean with offshore coral reefs and one of two breeding sites in the world for

ｗｋｈ＃ｈｑｇｄｑｊｈｕｈｇ＃ｊｕｈｈｑ＃ｗｘｕｗｏｈ＃＋Ｆｋｈｏｒｑｌｄ＃ｐｌｇｄｖ，＃＋ＷＤＱＤＳＤ／＃５３３６，１＃Ｑｒ＃ｒｗｋｈｕ＃ｓｄｕｎ＃ｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｗｄｑ｝ｄｑｌｄ＃ｑｄｗｌｒｑｄｏ＃ｓｄｕｎ＃

system contains both terrestrial and marine ecosystems. The terrestrial portion of the park consists of coastal plain and low hills generally below 100 meters elevation with somewhat higher ground to the southwest

＋ＷＤＱＤＳＤ／＃５３３６，１＃Ｉｌｊｘｕｈ＃；＃ｖｋｒｚｖ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｅｒｘｑｇｄｕｌｈｖ＃ｒｉ＃ＶＤＱＤＳＤ／＃ｏｒｆｄｗｌｒｑ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ／＃ｖｘｕｕｒｘｑｇｌｑｊ＃ｙｌｏｏｄｊｈｖ／＃

and two Collaborative Fisheries Management Areas.

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Figure 8. Saadani National Park

Ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｌｖ＃ｄ＃ｖｌｊｑｌ￀ｆｄｑｗ＃ｄｖｓｈｆｗ＃ｒｉ＃ｈｆｒｖ｜ｖｗｈｐ＃ｉｘｑｆｗｌｒｑ＃ｉｒｕ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｓｄｕｎ１＃Ｌｗｖ＃ｕｌｓｄｕｌｄｑ＃ｄｕｈｄｖ＃ｖｘｓｓｒｕｗ＃ｕｌｙｈｕｌｑｈ＃ｉｒｕｈｖｗｖ＃ｗｋｄｗ＃ｄｕｈ＃ｈ｛ｗｕｈｐｈｏ｜＃ｅｌｒｇｌｙｈｕｖｈ＃ｅｒｗｋ＃ｌｑ＃￁ｒｕｄｏ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｉｄｘｑｄｏ＃ｖｓｈｆｌｈｖ＃＋ＷＤＱＤＳＤ＃５３３６，１＃Ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃ｌｖ＃ｄｏｖｒ＃ｗｋｈ＃

only perennial river in the park and thus a primary water source for the diverse wildlife of the park in the dry season.

Ｗｒ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｚｈｖｗ＃ｒｉ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃ｌｑ＃Ｖｄｄｇｄｑｌ＃Ｑｄｗｌｒｑｄｏ＃Ｓｄｕｎ＃ｏｌｈｖ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｐｒｖｗ＃ｌｐｓｒｕｗｄｑｗ＃ｅｌｒｏｒｊｌｆｄｏ＃ｄｖｖｈｗ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｚｋｒｏｈ＃ｄｕｈｄ＝＃ｗｋｈ＃］ｄｕｄｑｌｑｊｈ＃Ｉｒｕｈｖｗ／＃ｚｋｌｆｋ＃ｈｑｆｒｐｓｄｖｖｈｖ＃５３３＃ｖｔｘｄｕｈ＃ｎｌｏｒｐｈｗｈｕｖ＃＋８３／３３３＃ｄｆｕｈｖ，＃ｒｉ＃ｆｏｒｖｈｇ＃ｆｄｑｒｓ｜＃ｗｕｒｓｌｆｄｏ＃ｉｒｕｈｖｗ／＃ｒｑｈ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｏｄｕｊｈｕ＃ｆｒｄｖｗｄｏ＃ｉｒｕｈｖｗｖ＃ｌｑ＃Ｗｄｑ｝ｄｑｌｄ１＃Ｗｋｈ＃］ｄｕｄｑｌｑｊｈ＃ｋｒｖｗｖ＃ｖｈｙｈｕｄｏ＃ｌｑｗｈｕｑｄｗｌｒｑｄｏｏ｜＃ｖｆｄｕｆｈ＃ｖｓｈｆｌｈｖ＃ｌｑｆｏｘｇｌｑｊ＃；＃ｐｄｐｐｄｏｖ／＃４３＃ｅｌｕｇｖ／＃ｄ＃ｑｈｚ＃ｖｓｈｆｌｈｖ＃ｒｉ＃ｕｈｓｗｌｏｈ＃＋ｇｚｄｕｉ＃ｊｈｆｎｒ，／＃ｒｑｈ＃ｄｐｓｋｌｅｌｄｑ＃＋Ｋ｜ｓｈｕｒｏｌｘｖ＃ｓｄｕｎｈｕｌ，／＃ｄｑ＃ｈｑｇｈｐｌｆ＃ｖｑｄｌｏ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｐｄｑ｜＃ｒｗｋｈｕ＃ｖｓｈｆｌｈｖ＃ｒｉ＃ｌｑｙｈｕｗｈｅｕｄｗｈｖ１＃Ｗｋｈ＃］ｄｕｄｑｌｑｊｈ＃ｋｄｖ＃ｅｈｈｑ＃ｌｇｈｑｗｌ￀ｈｇ＃ｄｖ＃ｒｑｈ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃５８＃

global biodiversity hotspots in most urgent need of immediate conservation action.

Ｗｚｒ＃ｐｘｏｗｌ０ｖｓｈｆｌｈｖ＃ｊｕｒｘｓｖ＃ｒｉ＃ｄｑｌｐｄｏｖ＃ｇｈｓｈｑｇ＃ｒｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｄｇｍｄｆｈｑｗ＃ｆｕｈｈｎｖ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｚｈｗｏｄｑｇｖ＃ｉｒｕ＃ｉｕｈｖｋ＃ｇｕｌｑｎｌｑｊ＃ｚｄｗｈｕ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｋｌｊｋ＃ｔｘｄｏｌｗ｜＃ｉｒｕｄｊｈ＃ｇｘｕｌｑｊ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｇｕ｜＃ｖｈｄｖｒｑ＃＋Ｖｘｐｈｕｏｌｑ＃ｄｑｇ＃Ｊｕｌｗ｝ｑｈｕ／＃５３３：，１＃Ｗｋｈ＃ｏｄｕｊｈｖｗ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈｖｈ＃ｗｚｒ＃ｊｕｒｘｓｖ＃＋ｓｒｓｘｏｄｗｌｒｑ＃４＝＃ｊｌｕｄｉｉｈ／＃ｎｒｑｊｒｑｌ／＃ｏｌｒｑｖ／＃ｚｌｏｇｈｅｈｈｖｗ／＃｝ｈｅｕｄ，＃ｐｒｙｈｖ＃ｖｒｘｗｋ＃ｗｒｚｄｕｇ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｎｌ｜ｒｑｊｄ＃ｚｈｗｏｄｑｇ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃ｄｗ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｒｑｖｈｗ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｇｕ｜＃ｖｈｄｖｒｑ１＃Ｗｋｈ＃ｖｐｄｏｏｈｖｗ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈｖｈ＃ｗｚｒ＃ｊｕｒｘｓｖ＃＋ｓｒｓｘｏｄｗｌｒｑ＃６＝＃ｅｘｉｉｄｏｒ／＃ｎｒｑｊｒｑｌ／＃ｕｈｈｇｅｘｆｎ／＃ｚｄｗｈｕｅｘｆｎ／＃ｚｌｏｇｈｅｈｈｖｗ／＃ｚｄｕｗｋｒｊｖ，＃ｐｒｙｈｖ＃ｖｒｘｗｋ／＃ｄｗ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｒｑｖｈｗ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｇｕ｜＃ｖｈｄｖｒｑ／＃ｗｒ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｐｄｅｘｐｒ＃ｚｈｗｏｄｑｇ／＃ｆｒｑｗｌｑｘｌｑｊ＃ｒｑ＃ｗｒ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｚｈｗｏｄｑｇｖ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃］ｄｕｄｑｌｑｊｈ＃Ｉｒｕｈｖｗ／＃ｄｑｇ＃ｉｒｏｏｒｚ＃ｖｈｙｈｕｄｏ＃ｇｌｉｉｈｕｈｑｗ＃ｕｒｘｗｈｖ＃ｗｒ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃ｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｙｌｆｌｑｌｗ｜＃ｒｉ＃Ｐｄｗｌｓｚｌｏｌ＃ｙｌｏｏｄｊｈ

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Ｉｌｊｘｕｈ＃＜１＃Ｈｏｈｓｋｄｑｗ＃ｆｒｕｕｌｇｒｕｖ＃ｇｈｓｈｑｇｈｑｗ＃ｒｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃ｖｘｅ０ｅｄｖｌｑ

Ｒｑｈ＃ｆｒｕｕｌｇｒｕ＃ｒｉ＃ｐｒｙｈｐｈｑｗ＃ｌｖ＃ｅｈｗｚｈｈｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｖｄｄｇｄｑｌ＃Ｑｄｗｌｒｑｄｏ＃Ｓｄｕｎ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｄｕｘｖｋｄ＃ｄｕｈｄ＃ｗｒ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｑｒｕｗｋ１＃Ｒｗｋｈｕ＃ｆｒｕｕｌｇｒｕｖ＃ｄｕｈ＃ｅｈｗｚｈｈｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｄｑｇ＃Ｐｌｎｘｐｌ＃Ｑｄｗｌｒｑｄｏ＃Ｓｄｕｎ＃＋ｓｄｖｖｌｑｊ＃ｗｋｕｒｘｊｋ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ０Ｐｅｌｎｌ＃Ｚｌｏｇｏｌｉｈ＃Ｐｄｑｄｊｈｐｈｑｗ＃Ｄｕｈｄ，＃ｄｑｇ＃ｅｈｗｚｈｈｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｖｈｏｒｘｖ＃Ｊｄｐｈ＃Ｕｈｖｈｕｙｈ／＃ｆｒｑｗｌｑｘｌｑｊ＃ｇｒｚｑ＃ｗｒ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｕｘ￀ｍｌ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃

basin. All informants feel that these are ancestral migration routes that may require several years for elephant

ｊｕｒｘｓｖ＃ｗｒ＃ｆｒｐｓｏｈｗｈ＃＋Ｖｘｐｈｕｏｌｑ＃ｄｑｇ＃Ｊｕｌｗ｝ｑｈｕ／＃５３３：，１＃Ｐｒｕｈ＃ｌｑｉｒｕｐｄｗｌｒｑ＃ｒｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｈ｛ｄｆｗ＃ｏｒｆｄｗｌｒｑ＃ｒｉ＃￀ｑｌｗｈ／＃ｏｌｐｌｗｈｇ＃ｇｕ｜＃

season habitats and the migration corridors that animals travel to get to them is needed for a holistic approach to their protection.

Informal discussion with TANAPA planning staff and review of the Saadani National Park Management

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ＶＤＱＤＳＤ＃ｌｖ＃ｑｒｚ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｆｏｒｖｈｖｗ＃ｓｄｕｎ＃ｗｒ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｏｄｕｊｈｖｗ＃ｘｕｅｄｑ＃ｄｕｈｄ＃ｌｑ＃Ｗｄｑ｝ｄｑｌｄ１＃ＷＤＱＤＳＤ＃ｒｉ￀ｆｌｄｏｖ＃ｄｑｗｌｆｌｓｄｗｈ＃ｗｋｄｗ＃ｙｌｖｌｗｒｕｖ＃

will grow as much as 100 times in the near future. Such growth is indicative of the potential opportunities for economic return to the country. As Saadani National Park grows in popularity and more people visit the area,

ｌｑｆｕｈｄｖｌｑｊ＃ｇｈｐｄｑｇ＃ｉｒｕ＃ｉｕｈｖｋｚｄｗｈｕ＃ｊｒｒｇｖ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｖｈｕｙｌｆｈｖ＃ｐｄ｜＃ｓｏｄｆｈ＃ｖｗｕｈｖｖ＃ｒｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃ｈｖｗｘｄｕ｜１＃＃Ｉｒｕ＃ｈ｛ｄｐｓｏｈ／＃

during the dry season there may be additional demand for freshwater from the river caused by an increase in the number of tourists visiting SANAPA. More tourists could also mean more boat trips on the river and

ｌｗ＃ｌｖ＃ｘｑｆｈｕｗｄｌｑ＃ｚｋｈｗｋｈｕ＃ｗｋｌｖ＃ｌｑｆｕｈｄｖｈｇ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃ｘｖｄｊｈ＃ｚｒｘｏｇ＃ｆｒｐｓｕｒｐｌｖｈ＃ｋｄｅｌｗｄｗ＃ｉｒｕ＃ｋｌｓｓｒｖ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｒｗｋｈｕ＃ｆｋｄｑｑｈｏ０

dwelling species. These considerations are important for future tourist investment and lodge construction within the Saadani National Park and surrounding areas.

Ｚｌｏｇｏｌｉｈ＃ｆｒｑｖｈｕｙｄｗｌｒｑ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｐｄｑｄｊｈｐｈｑｗ＃ｒｉ＃ｘｑｌｔｘｈ＃ｈｆｒｖ｜ｖｗｈｐｖ＃ｏｌｎｈ＃ｗｋｒｖｈ＃ｉｒｘｑｇ＃ｌｑ＃Ｖｄｄｇｄｑｌ＃Ｑｄｗｌｒｑｄｏ＃Ｓｄｕｎ＃ｄｕｈ＃ｌｑ＃

line with Tanzanian national interests, as is the generation of revenue from tourism. The location of Saadani National Park along a relatively undeveloped coastline and adjacent to terrestrial habitat still supporting large

ｚｌｏｇｏｌｉｈ＃ｖｓｈｆｌｈｖ＃ｐｄｎｈｖ＃ｌｗ＃ｄ＃ｙｈｕ｜＃ｘｑｌｔｘｈ＃ｋｒｏｌｇｄ｜＃ｇｈｖｗｌｑｄｗｌｒｑ１＃＃Ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃ｌｖ＃ｄ＃ｎｈ｜ｖｗｒｑｈ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｖｄｄｇｄｑｌ＃

National Park ecosystem and one of the biggest attractions for international tourists. Economic return will depend greatly on natural resource condition in this area. Therefore, there is a clear need for conservation and

ｆｄｕｈｉｘｏ＃ｓｏｄｑｑｌｑｊ＃ｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃ｚｄｗｈｕｖｋｈｇ＃ｄｑｇ＃Ｖｄｄｇｄｑｌ＃Ｑｄｗｌｒｑｄｏ＃Ｓｄｕｎ＃ｗｒ＃ｖｘｓｓｒｕｗ＃ｙｌｄｅｏｈ＃ｉｕｈｖｋｚｄｗｈｕ＃￁ｒｚｖ＃

in the river, biodiversity, and livelihood strategies.

７１＃ Ｗｋｈ＃Ｌｐｓｄｆｗｖ＃ｒｉ＃Ｋｘｐｄｑ＃Ｄｆｗｌｙｌｗｌｈｖ＃ｒｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｈｖｗｘｄｕ｜／＃Ｕｌｙｈｕ＃Ｅｄｖｌｑ／＃ｄｑｇ＃Ｉｕｈｖｋｚｄｗｈｕ＃Ｉｏｒｚｖ

Ｌｗ＃ｌｖ＃ｇｌｉ￀ｆｘｏｗ＃ｗｒ＃ｎｑｒｚ＃ｓｕｈｆｌｖｈｏ｜＃ｚｋｄｗ＃ｌｐｓｄｆｗ＃ｋｘｐｄｑ＃ｄｆｗｌｙｌｗｌｈｖ＃ｋｄｙｈ＃ｋｄｇ＃ｒｑ＃ｉｕｈｖｋｚｄｗｈｕ＃￁ｒｚｖ／＃ｚｄｗｈｕ＃ｔｘｄｏｌｗ｜＃

and the condition of the estuary. There is no continuous monitoring program of water quality parameters and condition of the river basin and estuary.

It is known, however, that the environment in the basin is being degraded and polluted. Agriculture has

ｈ｛ｓｄｑｇｈｇ＃ｄｖ＃ｄ＃ｉｘｑｆｗｌｒｑ＃ｒｉ＃ｓｒｓｘｏｄｗｌｒｑ＃ｌｑｆｕｈｄｖｈ＃ｏｈｄｇｌｑｊ＃ｗｒ＃ｇｈｉｒｕｈｖｗｄｗｌｒｑ／＃ｄｑｇ＃ｚｄｗｈｕ＃ｌｖ＃ｅｈｌｑｊ＃ｈ｛ｗｕｄｆｗｈｇ＃ｉｕｒｐ＃ｗｋｈ＃

basin for agricultural irrigation, industry, and household use. In areas with intensive agricultural activities, people cultivate up to the river bank. It is known that this accelerates erosion and sedimentation. The potential

ｆｒｑｖｈｔｘｈｑｆｈｖ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈｖｈ＃ｗｋｕｈｄｗｖ＃ｄｕｈ＃ｕｈｇｘｆｈｇ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃￁ｒｚ／＃ｆｋｄｑｊｈｖ＃ｌｑ＃ｖｈｄｖｒｑｄｏ＃￁ｒｚｖ＃＋ｓｘｏｖｌｑｊ，／＃ｑｘｗｕｌｈｑｗ＃ｏｒｄｇｌｑｊ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｚｄｗｈｕ＃ｆｒｑｗｄｐｌｑｄｗｌｒｑ＃ｉｕｒｐ＃ｄｊｕｒ０ｆｋｈｐｌｆｄｏｖ／＃ｄｑｇ＃ｚｄｗｈｕ＃ｆｒｑｗｄｐｌｑｄｗｌｒｑ＃ｉｕｒｐ＃ｚｄｖｋｌｑｊ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｖｈｚｄｊｈ１＃＃

Deforestation

Ｄｏｏ＃ｕｈｓｒｕｗｖ＃ｒｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃ｖｘｅ０ｅｄｖｌｑ＃ｑｒｗｈ＃ｗｋｄｗ＃ｇｈｉｒｕｈｖｗｄｗｌｒｑ＃ｌｖ＃ｒｑｈ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｓｕｌｐｄｕ｜＃ｈｑｙｌｕｒｑｐｈｑｗｄｏ＃ｗｋｕｈｄｗｖ１＃Ｗｋｈ＃

driving forces for forest cover loss are population growth, agriculture, charcoal making, and cutting of trees for poles and home construction.

Trees and other vegetation serve to hold moisture and regulate the release of water into the basin. They reduce the runoff velocity during the rainy season and increase runoff during the dry season by recharging

ｊｕｒｘｑｇｚｄｗｈｕ＃ｇｘｕｌｑｊ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｕｄｌｑ｜＃ｖｈｄｖｒｑ１＃Ｆｘｗｗｌｑｊ＃ｗｕｈｈｖ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｆｏｈｄｕｌｑｊ＃ｙｈｊｈｗｄｗｌｒｑ＃ｄｏｖｒ＃ｈ｛ｓｒｖｈｖ＃ｚｄｗｈｕ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｌｑｆｕｈｄｖｈｖ＃

stream temperature, which in turn disrupts aquatic life cycles.

Depletion of forest cover in the catchment area of the Eastern Arc Mountains has been analyzed. It is estimated that about 2000 years ago the forest cover on the Eastern Arc Mountains was 23,000 km2, which was reduced

ｗｒ＃ｄｕｒｘｑｇ＃４８／３３３＃ｎｐ５＃ｅ｜＃４＜３３＃ｄｑｇ＃ｗｒ＃８／６７３＃ｎｐ５／＃ｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｐｌｇ＃４＜＜３ｖ＃＋Ｑｈｚｐｄｕｎ／＃４＜＜；，１＃Ｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｑｊｘｕｘ＃ｐｒｘｑｗｄｌｑ＃

chain the decline in woodland cover was more than 50 percent over a span of 20 years between 1970 and 1990

＋Ｉｒｕｈｖｗｕ｜＃ｄｑｇ＃Ｅｈｈｎｈｈｓｌｑｊ＃Ｇｌｙｌｖｌｒｑ／＃５３３８，１＃＃

Another study of land use and land cover change in the area surrounding Saadani National Park using remote

ｖｈｑｖｌｑｊ＃ｉｒｘｑｇ＃ｖｌｐｌｏｄｕ＃ｇｕｄｐｄｗｌｆ＃ｆｋｄｑｊｈｖ＃ｌｑ＃ｏｄｑｇ＃ｘｖｈ＃＋Ｗｒｅｈ｜＃ｈｗ＃ｄｏ１／＃５３３８＞＃Ｗｒｕｈｏｏ＃ｈｗ＃ｄｏ１／＃５３３９，１＃Ｗｋｈ＃ｇｄｗｄ＃ｄｏｖｒ＃ｖｋｒｚｈｇ＃

that the amount of agricultural land outside the park has increased by 76 percent. At the same time, there has

ｅｈｈｑ＃ｄ＃ｏｄｕｊｈ＃ｇｈｆｕｈｄｖｈ＃ｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｄｕｈｄ＃ｒｉ＃ｒｓｈｑ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｆｏｒｖｈｇ＃ｚｒｒｇｏｄｑｇｖ＃ｒｘｗｖｌｇｈ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｓｄｕｎ＃＋Ｗｒｅｈ｜＃ｈｗ＃ｄｏ１／＃５３３８＞＃Ｗｒｕｈｏｏ＃ｈｗ＃ｄｏ１／＃５３３９，１

Ｗｒ＃ｄｆｆｘｕｄｗｈｏ｜＃ｔｘｄｑｗｌｉ｜＃ｗｋｈ＃ｌｐｓｄｆｗｖ＃ｒｉ＃ｉｒｕｈｖｗ＃ｆｋｄｑｊｈｖ＃ｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｖｘｅ０ｅｄｖｌｑ＃ｒｑ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃￁ｒｚｖ＃ｚｒｘｏｇ＃ｕｈｔｘｌｕｈ＃

the installation of new gauges at suitable sites close to understand the interactions between the forest cover,

ｖｘｕｉｄｆｈ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｖｘｅｖｘｕｉｄｆｈ＃ｚｄｗｈｕ＃＋Ｉｒｕｈｖｗｕ｜＃ｄｑｇ＃Ｅｈｈｎｈｈｓｌｑｊ＃Ｇｌｙｌｖｌｒｑ／＃５３３８，１

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Ｙｌｏｏｄｊｈ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｐｒｘｗｋ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｈｖｗｘｄｕ｜／＃ｄｖ＃ｚｈｏｏ＃ｄｖ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｄｕｈｄｖ＃ｏｒｆｄｗｈｇ＃ｄｇｍｄｆｈｑｗ＃ｗｒ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｖｒｘｗｋｈｕｑ＃ｅｄｑｎｖ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｈｖｗｘｄｕ｜＃＋Ｉｌｊｘｕｈ＃４３，１＃＃Ｗｋｌｖ＃ｗｕｈｑｇ＃ｚｄｖ＃ｏｄｕｊｈｏ｜＃ｇｘｈ＃ｗｒ＃ｌｏｏｈｊｄｏ＃ｆｘｗｗｌｑｊ＃ｒｉ＃ｐｄｑｊｕｒｙｈｖ＃ｅ｜＃ｙｌｏｏｄｊｈｕｖ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｓｈｒｓｏｈ＃ｉｕｒｐ＃ｒｘｗｖｌｇｈ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｕｈｊｌｒｑ＃ｉｒｕ＃ｅｘｌｏｇｌｑｊ＃ｐｄｗｈｕｌｄｏｖ／＃￀ｕｈｚｒｒｇ／＃ｄｑｇ＃ｆｋｄｕｆｒｄｏ／＃ｄｖ＃ｚｈｏｏ＃ｄｖ＃ｐｄｑｊｕｒｙｈ＃ｕｈｐｒｙｄｏ＃

for salt making.

As a result of increasing pressures on mangroves throughout the country, the Forest and Beekeeping

Ｇｈｓｄｕｗｐｈｑｗｖ＃ｌｑ＃Ｗｄｑ｝ｄｑｌｄ＃ｌｖｖｘｈｇ＃ｄ＃ｏｈｊｄｏ＃ｐｄｑｇｄｗｈ＃ｌｑ＃５３３６＃ｗｒ＃ｓｕｒｗｈｆｗ＃ｕｈｐｄｌｑｌｑｊ＃ｐｄｑｊｕｒｙｈ＃ｉｒｕｈｖｗｖ１＃＃Ｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃ｈｖｗｘｄｕ｜／＃Ｖｄｄｇｄｑｌ＃Ｑｄｗｌｒｑｄｏ＃Ｓｄｕｎ＃ｓｈｕｖｒｑｑｈｏ＃ｓｄｗｕｒｏ＃ｐｄｑｊｕｒｙｈ＃ｄｕｈｄｖ＃ｚｌｗｋｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｓｄｕｎﾷｖ＃ｅｒｘｑｇｄｕｌｈｖ＃ｗｒ＃ｕｈｇｘｆｈ＃

the amount of illegal harvesting and littering. Although the threat of mangrove cutting has decreased in recent years, it is essential for Saadani National Park staff to continue their enforcement efforts to ensure that the demand for charcoal in various areas of Tanzania does not result in the removal of mangroves within and

ｄｕｒｘｑｇ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃ｈｖｗｘｄｕ｜１

Ｉｌｊｘｕｈ＃４３１＃Ｆｋｄｑｊｈｖ＃ｌｑ＃ｏｄｑｇ＃ｆｒｙｈｕ＃ｄｏｒｑｊ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ＃ｈｖｗｘｄｕ｜＃ｇｘｕｌｑｊ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｓｈｕｌｒｇ＃４＜＜３０５３３３

Ｒｙｈｕ￀ｖｋｌｑｊ＃ｄｑｇ＃Ｉｌｖｋｌｑｊ＃Ｆｒｑ￁ｌｆｗｖ＃

Ｒｙｈｕ￀ｖｋｌｑｊ＃ｅ｜＃ｆｒｐｐｈｕｆｌｄｏ＃ｗｕｄｚｏｈｕｖ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｄｕｗｌｖｄｑｄｏ＃￀ｖｋｈｕｐｈｑ／＃ｄｖ＃ｚｈｏｏ＃ｄｖ＃ｆｒｑ￁ｌｆｗｖ＃ｅｈｗｚｈｈｑ＃ｗｋｈｖｈ＃ｗｚｒ＃ｘｖｈｕ＃ｊｕｒｘｓｖ／＃ｄｕｈ＃ｈｐｈｕｊｌｑｊ＃ｆｒｑｆｈｕｑｖ＃ｄｏｒｑｊ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｆｒｄｖｗ＃ｑｈｄｕ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｐｒｘｗｋ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃Ｚｄｐｌ＃ｕｌｙｈｕ１＃＃Ｄｆｆｒｕｇｌｑｊ＃ｗｒ＃ｏｒｆｄｏ＃￀ｖｋｈｕｐｈｑ／＃ｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃４＜：３ｖ／＃ｄ＃￀ｖｋｈｕｐｄｑ＃ｆｒｘｏｇ＃ｆｄｗｆｋ＃ｒｙｈｕ＃４３３＃ｎｌｏｒｊｕｄｐｖ＃ｓｈｕ＃ｇｄ｜＃ｌｑ＃ｒｑｈ＃ｐｈｗｈｕ＃ｇｈｈｓ＃ｚｄｗｈｕ／＃ｅｘｗ＃ｌｑ＃ｕｈｆｈｑｗ＃｜ｈｄｕｖ＃

that number has dropped to less than 10 kilograms per day and working in deeper waters is now necessary to

ｆｄｓｗｘｕｈ＃ｓｕｄｚｑｖ＃＋Ｗｒｅｈ｜＃ｈｗ＃ｄｏ１／＃５３３８，１＃＃

Several reasons have been given for the noted decrease in shrimp catch. Primary among these are the increase

ｒｉ＃ｄｕｗｌｖｄｑｄｏ＃￀ｖｋｈｕｐｈｑ＃ｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｄｕｈｄ／＃ｗｋｈ＃ｖｐｄｏｏｈｕ＃ｐｈｖｋ＃ｖｌ｝ｈ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｅｈｄｆｋ＃ｖｈｌｑｈ＃ｑｈｗｖ／＃ｏｒｚｈｕ＃ｄｐｒｘｑｗｖ＃ｒｉ＃ｕｄｌｑｉｄｏｏ／＃ｄｑｇ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｓｕｈｖｈｑｆｈ＃ｒｉ＃ｆｒｐｐｈｕｆｌｄｏ＃ｖｋｕｌｐｓ＃ｗｕｄｚｏｈｕｖ＃ｗｋｄｗ＃ｚｒｕｎ＃ｌｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｄｕｈｄ＃ｇｘｕｌｑｊ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｋｌｊｋ＃ｖｈｄｖｒｑ＃＋Ｄｑｇｈｕｖｒｑ＃ｄｑｇ＃ＰｆＱｄｏｏ｜／＃５３３：，１＃＃Ｄｆｆｒｕｇｌｑｊ＃ｗｒ＃ｏｒｆｄｏ＃￀ｖｋｈｕｐｈｑ／＃ｆｒｐｐｈｕｆｌｄｏ＃ｓｕｄｚｑ＃ｗｕｄｚｏｌｑｊ＃ｅｒｄｗｖ＃ｇｌｖｗｘｕｅ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｒｆｈｄｑ＃￁ｒｒｕ／＃ｆｄｗｆｋ＃ｏｄｕｊｈ＃ｔｘｄｑｗｌｗｌｈｖ＃ｒｉ＃ｅ｜ｆｄｗｆｋ／＃ｄｑｇ＃ｌｐｓｄｆｗ＃ｄｕｗｌｖｄｑｄｏ＃￀ｖｋｈｕｐｈｑ＃ｅ｜＃ｌｑｗｈｕｉｈｕｌｑｊ＃ｚｌｗｋ＃ｗｋｈｌｕ＃ｖｈｗ＃ｊｌｏｏ＃ｑｈｗｖ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｏｒｚｈｕｌｑｊ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｔｘｄｑｗｌｗｌｈｖ＃ｒｉ＃ｄｙｄｌｏｄｅｏｈ＃ｆｄｗｆｋ＃ｌｑ＃ｑｈｄｕｖｋｒｕｈ＃ｚｄｗｈｕｖ＃＋Ｗｒｅｈ｜／＃ｈｗ＃ｄｏ１／＃５３３８，１＃＃Ｄｕｗｌｖｄｑｄｏ＃￀ｖｋｈｕｐｈｑ＃ｆｏｄｌｐ＃ｗｋｄｗ＃ｚｋｈｑ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｗｕｄｚｏｈｕｖ＃ｄｕｈ＃ｄｅｖｈｑｗ／＃ｖｒｐｈ＃￀ｖｋｈｕｐｈｑ＃ｆｄｗｆｋ＃ｄｖ＃ｐｘｆｋ＃ｄｖ＃７３＃ｗｒ＃８３＃ｎｌｏｒｊｕｄｐｖ＃ｌｑ＃ｄ＃ｇｄ｜／＃ｄｏｗｋｒｘｊｋ＃４３０４８＃ｎｊ２ｇｄ｜＃ｌｖ＃ｐｒｕｈ＃ｏｌｎｈｏ｜＃＋Ｄｑｇｈｕｖｒｑ＃ｄｑｇ＃ＰｆＱｄｏｏ｜／＃５３３：，１＃＃Ｖｒｐｈ＃ｒｉ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｒｗｋｈｕ＃ｕｈｄｖｒｑｖ＃ｊｌｙｈｑ＃ｉｒｕ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｇｈｆｕｈｄｖｈ＃ｌｑ＃ｖｋｕｌｐｓ＃ｋｄｕｙｈｖｗ＃ｄｕｈ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｆｘｗｗｌｑｊ＃ｒｉ＃ｐｄｑｊｕｒｙｈｖ＃ｄｑｇ＃ｗｋｈ＃ｘｖｈ＃ｒｉ＃ｓｒｌｖｒｑｒｘｖ＃ｋｈｕｅｖ２ｕｒｒｗｖ＃＋ｘｗｘｓｄ，＃ｉｒｕ＃￀ｖｋｌｑｊ１＃＃Ｆｏｈｄｕ＃ｆｘｗｗｌｑｊ＃ｒｉ＃

mangroves removes important breeding habitat for shrimp and allows water temperatures to increase, which prompts migration out into the ocean. Since the creation of Saadani National Park, mangrove cutting and the