There are 3 Basic Design you need to know

ANTHROPOMETRY

AND

PRODUCT DESIGN

ANTHROPOMETRY

Terminologically, anthropometry comes from the word “anthropos” which means human and “metron” which means measurement (Bridger,1995).

According to Sanders & Mc Cormick (1987); Pheasant (1988), and Pulat (1992), anthropometry is body dimension measurement or other physical body characteristics that relevant with the design of something that used by people.

THERE ARE 3 BASIC DESIGN YOU NEED TO KNOW

1. Product design for individual with extreme dimension.

Example: determining the minimum width and height of emergency door.

2. Product design for the average measurement.

Example: public facility design, such as restroom, waiting chair, etc.

3. Product design that can be operated in certain range measurement.

APLICATION :

•

Work station design (

work station

, car interior,etc)

BASED ON HOW TO MEASURE,

ANTHROPOMETRY IS DIVIDED INTO

TWO;

(1) ANTHROPOMETRY STATICS

Anthropometry statics, where the measurements are taken to human body

FACTORS THAT CAUSE

VARIATION OF BODY

DIMENSION

a) Age

Human body dimension will be grown since born until around 20 years old for man and 17 years old for woman. And then it will decrease in age 60 years old.

b) Gender

Generally, man has bigger body dimension except for chest and hip. c) Ethnic

Dimension variation will be emerged, because of ethnic influence. d) Work

BODY POSITION WHILE WORKING

Pulat (1992) gave several considerations about the best type of work that can be done in sitting position:

1. A work that needs an accurate control on feet;

2. The main work is writing or needs an accuration on hands; 3. Do not need large force;

4. Do not need hands to work on more than 15 cm height work base while holding the object;

5. Need high level of body stability;

6. The work takes long time to be done.

THE GUIDANCE TO ARRANGE

THE HEIGHT OF

WORK BASE IN SITTING POSITION

AS FOLLOW:

1. If it is possible, provide a table that can be adjusted

upward and downward;

2. The work base should be possible for arm to hang in

relax position from shoulder, with forearm approach

to horizontal position or sloping down slightly; and

3. The height of work base does not need excessive

SEVERAL CONSIDERATIONS

FOR THE BEST

TYPE OF WORK

THAT CAN BE DONE IN

STANDING POSITION

:

1. No space for feet or knee rest;

2. Should hold object with more than 4,5 kg weight; 3. Often to reach upward, downward and sideward;

WORK STATION DESIGN AND

DYNAMICSWORK

POSTURE

 

While Das (1991) and Pulat (1992) stated that the

combination of sitting and standing position is the best position than only standing or sitting.

This is because the possibility of workers to change the work position to reduce muscle fatigue because unnatural or

CHOOSING WORK POSTURE

TOWARD VARIOUS TYPE OF WORK

PERCENTILE

Percentile is a value that shows certain percentage of

people that have the size in the percentage or below

the percentage.

For example, (95

th

percentile shows that 95% people

are in or below the value and can use the product).

To determine the anthropometry data in normal

distribution, it can be formulated from mean and

standard deviation of the data.

DESIGN METHOD USING

ANTHROPOMETRY

The steps of work system design by considering the anthropometry factor generally are as follows (Roevuck, 1995):

1. Determine the design needs (establish requirements) 2. Define and describe the users’ population.

3. Sample selection that will be taken the data.

4. Determine the required data (body dimension that will be used) 5. Determine the source of data (body dimension that will be

measured) and percentile that will be used.

6. Prepare the measurement tools that will be used 7. Data acquisition

8. Processing DataNormality Test Data

9. Design Visualization by consider:

• Normal body position

- Allowance (Clothes and clearance) - Motion variation

NORMALITY PROCESSING DATA AND

PERCENTILE USING SPSS:

1. Input data of dimension value in data view

2. Enter to variable view, change the collumn with

dimension name.

3. Data Processing :

a. Click analyze, choose descriptive statistics, then explore.

b. Input all variables as dependent variables.

c. Checklist both to toolbox display.

d. Choose statistic: checklist descriptive, percentiles, then continue.

e. Choose plots: checklist none to box plots, stem and leaf to

descriptive.

f. Checklist normality plots with test, then continue.

g. Choose options: checklist exclude cases listwise, then continue.

BIOMETRICS

the automatic identification of a person based on

his/her physiological or behavioral characteristics

Forensics: criminal identification and prison security

Prevention of unauthorized access to ATMs, cellular phones, smart cards, desktop PCs, workstations, and computer networks

Automobiles: replace keys with key-less entry and key-less ignition

Border control and national ID cards

2

BIOMETRICS

PROGRAMS

•Fingerprint Identification

•Hand Geometry: geometric shape of the hand for authenticating a user's identity

•Face Location: an arbitrary black and white, still image, find the location and size of every human face

•Multibiometrics: integrates face recognition, fingerprint verification, and speaker verification in making a personal identification

2

BIOMETRICS IN USE

2

4

BenGurion Airport: Hand Geometry INSPASS: Hand Geometry FacePass: Face Verifcation

Grocery Store Payment:

Fingerprint US- Visit _Program

CRANIAL ANTHROPOMETRY

Also known as Craniometry

measurement of the skull and face 3 ways to categorize the skull

• dolichocephalic: long and thin

• brachycephalic: short and broad

• mesocephalic: intermediate length and breadth

2

CRANIAL ANTHROPOMETRY: 16

FACIAL ZONES

1. en (endocanthion)

2. eu (eurion)

3. ex (exocanthion)

4. ft (frontotemporale)

5. fz (frontozygomaticus)

6. g (glabella)

7. gn (gnathion)

8. obi (otobasion inferius)

9. op

(opisthocranion)

10.

po (porion)

2

CRANIAL ANTHROPOMETRY: 16

FACIAL ZONES (CONT.)

11.

n (nasion)

12.

sn (subnasale)

13.

t (tragion)

14.

tr (trichion)

15.

v (vertex)

CRANIAL ANTHROPOMETRY

FACIAL ZONES

2

8

Maximal cranial breadth

3- D

ANTHROPOMETRY

3D anthropometry, the measure of humans, can be greatly

aided by the use of accurate digital humans. We'll take a look

at how to create these types of accurate digital humans and

how they can be used for the measurement of entire

populations

Programs:

•

Cyberware

• DigiSize

• CySlice

• Ear Impression 3-D Scanner

•

SizeUSA: 3D measurement system, a body scanner feeding data

into measurement extraction software.

•

CAESAR:

generate a database of human physical dimensions for men and women of various weights, between the ages of 18 and 65

•

Virtual Models: virtually try on clothes, makeup etc.

2

FUTURE ENDEAVORS OF

ANTHROPOMETRY?

3

HUMAN ANATOMY

1. Study of the structure of the human body (anatomy = to cut apart, to dissect)

2. Biomechanically, one can describe the human body as a basic skeleton whose parts are linked in joints; the members have volumes and mass properties and are moved by muscles.

3. Understanding the properties, capabilities, and limitations of the body allow us to design equipment and tools that use and enhance human strengths.

3

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

1. Study of the functions of the human body, of all activities characteristic of living matter

(physi-o-logy = study of nature).

2. Living organisms made up of cells; Cell is composed of protoplasm, the physical basis of our life.

3

(BODILY) SYSTEM

Group of organs acting together to accomplish some overall bodily function:

BODY MEASUREMENT

Body measurements are usually defined by the two endpoints of the distance measured.

Example

starts at the floor on which the subject stands and extends to the highest point on the skull.

1. Height: Vertical point-to-point, straight-line

2. Breadth: Horizontal point-to-point, straight-line

3. Distance: Straight-line, point-to-point measurement between landmarks on the body

4. Curvature: Point-to-point measurement following a contour

3

3

3

STANDARDIZATION

OF BODY

MEASUREMENT:

•ISO began to standardize anthropometric measures and measuring

•technique in the 1980s.

•ISO/DIS 7250-1,2,3 (www.iso.org)

•ISO/DIS 7250-1 Basic human body measurements for

technological design -- Part 1: Body measurement definitions and landmarks

•ISO/NP 7250-2 Basic human body measurements for

technological design -- Part 2: Statistical summaries of body measurements from individual ISO populations

•ISO/NP 7250-3 Basic human body measurements for technological design -- Part 3: Worldwide and regional

3

MEASUREMENT

TECHNIQUE:

1. Classical technique:

Shortcoming: Simple but time consuming;

1. Many bony landmarks cannot be projected easily onto grids

2. Contact measurements cannot be made on certain sensitive parts

3. Body dimensions unrelated to each other, not a 3-D picture

3

MEASUREMENT

TECHNIQUE:

2. New technique:

Photograph, video, laser-based anthropometry

Laser: distance-measuring device to determine the shape of irregularbodies. Markers: be placed on points of surface so that the laser can recognize

them.

* V-scope analysis

Tool for measurement and recording the motion of bodies in 1-D,2-D, and 3-D

Tracking technology: Emit infrared signal → trigger ultrasonic Response signal

Components: Towers, Buttons, Micro computer

The principle of measurement: each tower sends an infrared signal, a button activated the button beeps; Given the speed of sound, the time it takes for the “beep” can be converted into distance.

3

ANTHROPOMETRIC

MEASUREMENT

• Standing /sitting (static) posture • Reaches – “functional” data

Body postures at work

Such data are used for engineering design (e.g., workstation, equipment design…)

4

STATIC ANTHROPOMETRY

4

4

FUNCTIONAL / DYNAMIC

ANTHROPOMETRY

4

3

4

4

ANTHROPOMETRIC

DATA VARIABILITY

Sources of variability:

• Measurement(e.g., population samples selected)

• Intra-individual (e.g., longitudinal study on statue from young to old)

• Inter-individual (e.g., cross-sectional study, people of different ages, sizes… included in the sample set)

• Secular: (e.g., statue, weight increases, contemporizes bigger than ancestors)

4

4

4

5

5

ATHROPOMETRIC

STATISTICS

5

ATHROPOMETRIC

STATISTICS

5

5

5

5

5

5

5

6

DIGITAL STADIOMETER

DIGITAL WEIGHING and MEASURING STATION

Finger Circumference Gauge GPM ANTHROPOLOGICAL

INSTRUMENTS for SOMATOLOGIES and OESTEOLOGY

6

HARPENDEN ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS

HARPENDEN SITTING HEIGHT TABLE

HARPENDEN SKINFOLD CALIPER

6

LAFAYETTE ANTHROPOMETER SET

LAFAYETTE SKIN FOLD CALIPER

6