Local Wisdom in the Construction of Place Identity for A Community-Based
Enterprise of Pandean Sidoarjo
Muchlisiniyati Safeyah*1, Eva Elviana1
1Department of Architecture, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jawa Timur, Jl. Raya
Rungkut Madya Gunung Anyar Surabaya Enterprise. Today, many Community Based Enterprises are managed to be tourist attractions. The tourist attractions which are growing and long lasting basically have a good place identity. As a Community Based Enterprise, Pandean runs a business in the field of metal craft. A place identity of Pandean has not been formed yet. This study seeks to explore the potentials and constraints based on local wisdom. Thus, it can be used to increase the potentials and minimize the obstacles as a former of a place identity. The method used in this study is descriptive-qualitative. Its potentials are typical building appearance of hometown, home space setup which is adaptive to the business activities, strategic and favorable location, specific business characteristics, and the way to manufacture the product manually. Existing constraints include the completion of the house which is not suitable with the tropical climate, high density, and noise pollution.
Keywords: local wisdom, place identity, Community-Based Enterprise, Pandean.
1. Introduction
Lately, the government aggressively addresses the issue of Community Based Enterprises in order to empower social and economic situation of society as well as to improve the welfare of society. The program is sought to train people to explore the whole economic potentials of the community or village optimally, including natural and human resources, geography, technology, and information. The main object of this Community Based Enterprise program is a community with potential rice fields, plantations, craft or industry, services and trade potentials, as well as the advanced human resources potentials.
Businesses conducted in residential houses are called as Home Based Enterprises (HBEs). HBEs can be interpreted as residential houses with businesses run inside it while a Community Based Enterprise is an area in which there are a group of Home Based Enterprises. The types of businesses run in the Community Based Enterprise are largely some businesses that have a same type. Safeyah (2008) states that the existence of Home Based Enterprises which are located in the area of Community Based Enterprise can ensure the sustainability of community living. This is because HBEs are able to provide income, increase income, provide employment opportunities, improve family welfare, and improve houses and neighborhood, even able to contribute employment in the surrounding area.
Nowadays, many Community Based Enterprises that grow well become domestic and foreign
tourists’ destination such as Community of Batik Laweyan in Surakarta, Community of Batik in
Kulonprogo tourist village with a variety of crafts, and much more. Community Based Enterprises basically have a good place identity, so they still survive until now such as Community of Batik Laweyan which has a place identity as a place of manufacture and sale of batik located in the area of ancient buildings.
The relationship between people and places visited, according to Martin; Storr (2009), consists of three forms. The first form is the place attachment: sense of belonging or bond perceived by someone toward somewhere. The second form is the place identity: part of the attached person's identity that describes the relationship of people with a place, and the third form is the place dependence: a feeling of satisfaction toward somewhere. A place identity can influence the good and the bad identity of a place. According Ginter and Silitonga (2012), a place identity is one thing that is very important in an area. A place identity is able to map the existence of a region in the mind of a person, even a very important element in generating space experience of a city (urban experience). Safariah, Rifiati, et al (2015) state that the identity of a city is influenced by the physical elements of the city, a place or a potential function, social significance concerning events and activities, as well as history.
Local wisdom, according to Antariksa (2009), is local ideas that are thoughtful, full of wisdom, good-value, which is embedded and followed by the community. Furthermore, it is also stated that the works of architecture, especially in urban areas, should be extracted from local sources, and it is shown in the face of Indonesian and will eventually have a major contribution to the creation of a new identity for the nation as a whole.
Pandean can be categorized as a Community Based Enterprise. Most groups of people in Pandean run metal craft business. This business is carried out inside or around their houses. Even though it is suspected that there is a decline in productivity, the businesses that have been carried out a long time are capable to provide a living for the community. The factor of productivity decline which partly occurs is caused by the place identity that has not been good yet or the place identity has not been formed yet. This study seeks to explore the existing constraints and potentials based on local wisdom. Thus, it can be used as a concept in improving the place identity of Pandean.
This study uses descriptive qualitative approach. This approach is applied because it is a study which emphasizes the understanding of the problems in social life based on the reality of natural setting which is holistic, complex and detailed (Darjosanjoto, 2006). The data was collected through survey, interview techniques, questionnaire, and observations on several business communities and the object of study. By applying this method, it is expected that this study can describe what kind of potentials that can be used to form a better place identity and overcome or minimize the constraints.
2. Discussion
A Community Based Enterprise can be interpreted as a kampung or villages in the area which consists of HBEs. Home Based Enterprise in Indonesia is not new. This is in line with the statement of Santosa (2000) who revealed that the domestic industry in Indonesia, both in urban and rural areas, is a common and not a new thing. Home Based Enterprise is an activity of informal economy sector with some characteristics: small-scale activities with united businesses place in an area or a house, workers are homeowners and other workers have flexible working hours (Silas, 2000).
Home Based Enterprises, in which it initially involves family members, can be extended to contribute the employment in the vicinity. Besides, it can also improve the living standards of families and wider society. According to Septanti (2000), productive house is able to improve the living standard and the economic empowerment of the society. This statement is supported by the research conducted by Safeyah (2006), in which the result states that the Home Based Enterprise can accommodate all the activities and needs of the residents in meeting the needs of their life. The business in the household can improve the economy of the residents, wherein it can give a better living to all the family members and provide a better welfare to their society. According to Safeyah (2008), HBEs has an important role in the sustainability of the society living in the territory. This is due to the development of HBEs that has made the village into a strategic location, which is close to the workplaces, variety of educational facilities, markets, as well as religious and health facilities.
With its strategic location, the society has gained the benefits and ease of living. The benefits here mean that the residents are able to utilize that strategic location to increase the income. The strategic location is a potential source in obtaining job vacancies. The ease of life is the ease of reaching the various facilities so that there are no obstacles in the process of living and earning income. In addition, a productive house is a physical resources owned by the residents. The physical resources have been utilized as efficiently and as effectively as possible by the residents for productive activities to improve the quality of life.
The definition of local wisdom refers to the opinion of Antariksa (2009). Based on the meaning, local wisdom is the thoughtful, full of wisdom, and good in value local idea embedded and followed by the society. The values that are considered good and right in the local wisdom can survive for long time and even institutionalized. For instance, customs are tested naturally and undoubtedly have good value because those habits are social acts which have been repeated and strengthened. Furthermore, local wisdom needs to be explored more in order to be used as an identity.
Strengthening local potency as an attraction and excellence in urban design can balance and synergize the local globalization. According to Soedigdo Doddy, et al. (2014), there are two elements supporting the local wisdom, namely the human element along with their mindsets and
elements of nature along with the climates. Human’s mindset builds knowledge through a long and
complex process. That knowledge can be the expression to develop the civilization of a community, including the expression of the buildings to accommodate the needs. Nature and its climates are where the architecture presents. The elements supporting the formation of local wisdom are geographical conditions, humidity, wind movement, seasons, and the proneness to earthquakes.
Pandean village is located in the area of Ngingas, Waru Sub-district, Sidoarjo. Waru Sub-district is located in the western part of Sidoarjo, which is close to Surabaya. Considering its position from Waru Sub-district, the location of Pandean village is quite strategic and beneficial, for it is close to the sub-district administrative center (± 2 km). It is also located in the border area between Sidoarjo and Surabaya. Pandean village is approximately ± 3 km away from Brebek Industrial Area, which is close to Rungkut Industrial Area in Surabaya. There are many formal residential housing intended for the middle class and above. In addition, the infrastructure and adequate means of transport in this region are greatly supported as well.
always passed over to the next generation. There was a sugar factory in the area that is not far from Pandean village, which has become a soda factory now. The existence of a sugar factory in Pandean village was what made many people living there became iron craftsmen. Nowadays, the iron craftsmen in Pandean village open metal craft business in accordance with their expertise. They run their business in their home. The types of metal craft business in Pandean village are agricultural tools, construction tools, electrical components, telecommunication components, factory machinery parts, automobile parts, appropriate machinery, household appliances, and some other tools according to the customer orders. The production of all these metal crafts is done manually.
This business has been running for a long time. Based on the research conducted by Safeyah (2013), 90% of the respondents in Pandean said that their business had been running more than 11 years, as shown in Table 1 below:
Table 1.Business Run-Time
No. Business Period (Year) Number of Craftsmen Total (%)
1 ≤ 10 4 10 Sidoarjo in 2013, which was as much as Rp. 1.72 billion. The income of the respondents was more than 2,000,000 IDR, and some of the respondents even gained more than 5,000,000 IDR. From that review, the houses in Pandean village are mostly Home Based Enterprises. A house plays a role as a place for household and business activity. Pandean village can be considered as a Community-Based Enterprise with a good level of income.
With the presence of existing business activities, it does not affect much on the interior and exterior of the house. Safeyah (2013) noticed that the completeness of the house space for the household activities is categorized as complete (33%) and very complete (67%). Complete spaces consist of a terrace, living room, bedroom, kitchen, and bathroom. In addition, very complete spaces have dining room or family room, even musholla.
The spatial structure only has a setup of a simple room. The layout starts with a terrace-living room-bedroom set in line with the living room, or not in line but next to the living room. There is a middle room or a hallway functioning as a dining room, family room, or study room. At the back of the house, there are a kitchen and a bathroom. The placement of business space mixed with residences is about 80%, while the separate one is about 20%.
Figure 1. Working area placement in the former house.
Figure 2. Working area placement in the house yard.
From the field observations, the look of the house can be classified into three parts, namely the house which has colonial type, kampung type, and modern type. The design of colonial house type has several characteristics such as ornamental-looking building, carefully completed details, high doors and windows, and the arrangement of elements and components tends to be symmetrical (Figure 3). The basic foundation of kampung type is square, in which the house is a square-shaped building from the rooftop shown on the front look of the building (Figure 4). On the other hand, the appearance is included in the type of terrace characterized by the addition of good terrace top with or without pillars, often seen with the presence of terraces and ledges (often called badugan, which is the low wall that allows people to sit on) simultaneously.
Figure 4. Kampung Type.
A house of modern type, according to Tanudjaja (1998), belongs to mixed style in which it mixes various elements such as classic pillars with modern element by using glass windows etc. (Figure 5). Once again, the presence of business does not influence the appearance of the house.
Figure 5. Modern Type.
In order to make a comfortable house, referring to local wisdom and tropical climate, Karyono (2010) argues that it has to look at tropical architecture. Tropical architecture is a work of architecture that attempts to solve tropical climate problems such as heavy rain, scorching sun, high air temperature, high humidity and low wind velocity so that the inhabitants of the house are comfortable. Tropical architecture is not limited to the shape and aesthetic of a building, but also the physical quality of the room, low room temperature, sufficiently low humidity, sufficient natural light, adequate wind movement, safe from rain, and scorching sun. The next step of making a fresh house is to optimally reduce solar radiation to the house, make ventilations between the roof and ceiling as those apertures enable cross ventilation in the house, avoid placing the main rooms at the western side, and minimize the use of solid materials as covered without any shelter.
In Pandean village, lighting and air system condition in the respondents’ houses are averagely not
Figure 6. A crowded house.
The high level of house or building density in an area can result to the limited open space for public so that there is a lack of wind or air circulation which leads to the limited sun light coming into the
rooms. This condition results to the room’s high level of humidity. Pandean village has limited open
spaces, besides they are used as working or business ar ea (Figure 7).
Figure 7. Public open space that is used as working area.
Looking at the circulation pattern that makes a Community-Based Enterprise order, Pandean village has a pattern of grid and linear pattern combination. It is reasonable because the order pattern of the houses follows the unplanned street circulation pattern. The Pandean area was at first an agricultural land that later on developed into settlement so that the street pattern follows the ownership borders of the lands or the streets. Each grid has different size and Pandean area has small size for each grid. Moreover, the streets are also narrow with the width of ± 3 m for the main street and ± 1 m – 2 m for the supporting streets, also with narrow alleys. This situation causes car access difficulties, especially for the cars that carry production materials or products.
The building orientation of Pandean is mostly to North - South direction. This is advantageous from the sun light orientation point of view. The buildings do not direct to East – West which tend to be hotter especially at noon.
3. Conclusion
owner. It is necessary to have building arrangement and environmental governance oriented to local wisdom so that thermal and visual comfort can be attained in building the territory image.
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