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DAFTAR PUSTAKA

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physiology-of-pain/1860931

4. Thibault M, Girard F, Moumdjian R, et al. Craniotomy site influences postoperative pain following neurosurgical procedures: a retrospective study. Can J Anaesth [Internet] . 2007 [cited: 2013 Nov 30]; 54(7): 544-548. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17602040

5. Hyo-Seok Na,Sang-Bum An,Hee-Pyoung Park, et al. Intravenous Patient-Controlled Analgesia to Manage the Postoperative Pain in Patients Undergoing Craniotomy. Korean J Anesthesiology [Internet]. 2011[cited: 2013 Nov 30]; 60(1): 30-35. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3040429/

6. Soenarjo. Anestesiologi. Semarang: Perdatin; 2002.

7. Maund E, Mcdaid C, Rice S, et al. Paracetamol And Selective And Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs For The Reduction In Morphine-Related Side Effects After Major Surgery: A Systematyic Review. British Journal Of Anesthesia [Internet].2011 [cited 2013 Nov 30]; 106(3): 292-297. Available from: http://www.hta.ac.uk/fullmono/mon1417.pdf

8. Chouduri AH, Uppal R. A Comparison Between Intravenous Paracetamol plus Fentanyl and Intravenous Fentanyl Alone for Postoperative Analgesia During Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. Anesthesia Essays and Research

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[Internet]. 2011 [cited: 2013 Nov 29]; 5(2): 196-200. Available from:

http://www.aeronline.org/article.asp?issn=0259-1162;year=2011;volume =5;issue=2;spage=196;epage=200;aulast=Choudhuri.

9. Arici S, Gurbet A, Türker G, et al. Preemptif Analgesic Effects of Intravenous Paracetamol in Total Abdominal Hysterectomy. The Journal of The Turkish Society of Algology[Internet]. 2009[cited 2013 Nov 29]; 21(2):54-61. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

19562533 .

10. Arslan Mustafa , Bahadır Celep, Ramazan Çiçek, et al. Comparing the Efficacy of Preemptif Intravenous Paracetamol on the Reducing Effect of Opioid Usage in Cholecystectomy. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences[Internet]. 2013[cited 2013 Nov 29]; 18(3): 172–177.Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3732894/

11. E Verchère, Grenier B, Mesli A, et al. Postoperative Pain Management After Supratentorial Craniotomy. Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology[Internet]. 2002[cited 2013 Nov 29]. ;14(2):96-101. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11907388

12. IA, Savvina. Preemptif Analgesia with Paracetamol in Pediatric Neurosurgical Patients. Anesteziol Reanimatol[Internet]. 2010[cited 2013 Nov 29]; 1:4-6. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

20568329

13. CJ, Woolf. Pain: moving from symptom control towards mechanism-specific pharmacologic management. Annals of Internal Medicine [Internet]. 2004 [cited 2014 Jan 2]; 140(6):441. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15023710

14. Schulte Fried , Andreas Filis, Nikolaos Karageorgos, et al. Pain After Craniotomy-Really a Problem?. Arch Medical Science [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2014 Jan 2]; 6(6): 827-828. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3302690/

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15. Steeds, Charlotte E. Anatomy and Physiology of Pain. Surgery [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2014 Jan 2]; 27(12): 507-511. Available from: http://www.surgeryjournal.co.uk/article/S0263-9319%2809%2900253-1/abstract

16. Wuhrman Elsa, Maureen F, Cooney, et al. Acute Pain: Assessment and Treatment. Topics in Advanced Practice Nursing Ejournal[Internet]. 2011[cited 2014 Jan 30]. Available from: http://www.medscape.com/ viewarticle/735034_3

17. NB Patel. Physiology of Pain. In: Guide to Pain Management in Low Resources Setting. IASP 2010.[cited 2014 Jan 2]; 13-7. Available from:

https://www.uonbi.ac.ke/npatel/files/chapter_3_physiology_of_pain_.pdf

18. GG Graham, Scott KF. Mechanism of Action of Paracetamol. Am J Ther [Internet]. 2005[cited 2014 jan 30]; 12(1): 46-55. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15662292

19. MP Jensen, Chen C, Brugger AM. Interpretation of Visual Analog Scale Ratings and Change Scores: a Reanalysis of Two Clinical Trials of Postoperative Pain. J Pain [Internet]. 2003.[cited 2014 Jan 30]; 4(7): 407-414. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14622683

20. De Benedittis G , Lorenzetti A, Migliore M, Spagnoli D, Tiberio F, Villani RM. Postoperative Pain In Neurosurgery: A Pilot Study In Brain Surgery. Neurosurgery[Internet].1996.[cited 2014 Jan 2]; 38(3): 469-470. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8837797

21. De Gray L.C., B.F. Matta. Acute and Chronic Pain Following Craniotomy: a Review. Anaesthesia[Internet]. 2005. [cited 2014 Jan 2]; 60(7): 693-704. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15960721

22. Pubchem Choumpound. Fentanyl. [cited 2014 Jan 31]. Available from: http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=3345

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23. Hartono Ruddi, Wiwi Jaya, Djudjuk Rahmad Basuki. Pengaruh Pemberian Fentanyl 1µg/Kgbb Sebagai Ajuvan pada Bupivacain 0,5% Terhadap Onset Blok Motorik dan Sensorik Pasie yang Dilakukan Anestesi Epidural. Jurnal Anestesi Indonesia. 2013.[cited 2014 Jan 2] ;5(1). Available from: www.janesti.com/journal/view/article/87

24. Tan I. Farmakologi dan Terapi.Jakarta: Balai Penerbit FKUI, 2007.

25. Chahl, Loris A. Opioid-mechanism of action. Australian Prescriber. 1996 [cited 2014 Jan 25]; 19: 63-65.Available from: http://www. australianprescriber.com/magazine/19/3/63/5

26. Katzung Bertram G. Farmakologi Dasar & Klinik, 10th ed. Jakarta: EGC; 2007.

27. Gupta Anuj, Kirtipal Kaur, Sheeshpal Sharma, Shubham Goyal, Saahil Arora, R.S.R Murthy. Clinical Aspect of Acute Post-Operative Pain Management & Its Assesment. Journal of Advance Pharmacology Technology and Research. 2010.[cited 2014 Jan 2]; 1(2): 102. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3255434/

28. Viscusi, Eugene R. IV Acetaminophen Improves Pain Management and Reduces Opioid Requirements in Surgical Patients: A review of the clinical Data and Case-based Presentation. Anesthesiology News. 2012. [cited 2014 Jan 20]; Available from : http://www. painmedicinenews.com /download/SR122_WM.pdf

29. DE, Feierman. The effect of paracetamol (acetaminophen) on fentanyl metabolism in vitro. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2000.[cited 2014 Jan 29]; 44(5):560-563. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

10786743

30. DJ Kehlet H. Anesthesia for Caesarean Delivery. Anesth Anelg. 1993. [cited 2014 Jan 30]; 77:1048-1056. Available from: http://

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31. William. Effect of Intravenous Parecoxib on Post-craniotomy Pain. Br J Anaesth. 2011. [cited 2014 June 14]; 107(3):398-403. Available from: http ://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21841050

32. C, Edward. Pain Management After Craniotomy. Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology. 2007. [cited 2014 June 15]; 21(4):557-73. Available from: http://ac.els-cdn.com/S1521689607000614/1-s2.0-S1521689607000614-main.pdf

33. SY, Rahimi. Postoperative Pain Management with Tramadol After Craniotomy: Evaluation and Cost Analysis. 2010.[cited 2014 June 15]; 112(2):268-72. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pubmed/ 19630495

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LAMPIRAN

Lampiran 1. Informed consent

JUDUL PENELITIAN : Pengaruh Pemberian Parasetamol 1000 MG Intravena Perioperatif Terhadap Penggunaan

Fentanyl pada Pasien Kraniotomi di RSUP Dr.

Kariadi Semarang

INSTANSI PELAKSANA : Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro

PENELITI : Irma Amalia

Persetujuan Setelah Penjelasan

(INFORMED CONSENT)

Berikut ini naskah yang akan dibacakan pada Responden / Ibu Responden Penelitian :

(a.I. berisi penjelasan apa yang akan dialami oleh responden diwawancarai) Yth Bapak/Ibu :

Peneliti yang tersebut diatas adalah Mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Diponegoro yang bermaksud ingin menggunakan data rekam medik dalam peneitian ini dengan tujuan mengetahui pengaruh pemberianm parasetamol 1000 mg intravena perioperatif terhadap penggunaan fentanyl pada pasien kraniotomi di RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang. Peneliti akan mengambil data identitas, kebutuhan fentanyl yang diperlukan selama operasi, skor visual analog scale, serta kejadian mual muntah yang terjadi pada pasien tersebut. Peneliti menjamin kerahasiaan identitas dan informasi yang diberikan. Informasi tersebut hanya digunakan untuk kepentingan penelitian. Bapak/ Ibu berhak menolak dan keluardari penelitian sesuai dengan keinginan.

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Setelah mendengar dan memahami penjelasan penelitian, dengan ini saya menyatakan

SETUJU / TIDAK SETUJU

Untuk ikut sebagai responden / sampel penelitian.

Semarang,………... 2014

Saksi : Nama Terang :

Nama Terang : Alamat :

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Lampiran 6. Data SPSS Crosstabs

Jenis kelamin * Kelompok Crosstabulation

7 6 13 6.5 6.5 13.0 35.0% 30.0% 32.5% 17.5% 15.0% 32.5% 13 14 27 13.5 13.5 27.0 65.0% 70.0% 67.5% 32.5% 35.0% 67.5% 20 20 40 20.0 20.0 40.0 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 50.0% 50.0% 100.0% Count Expected Count % within Kelompok % of Total Count Expected Count % within Kelompok % of Total Count Expected Count % within Kelompok % of Total Laki-laki Perempuan Jenis kelamin Total Kontrol Perlakuan Kelompok Total Chi-Square Tests .114b 1 .736 .000 1 1.000 .114 1 .736 1.000 .500 .111 1 .739 40 Pearson Chi-Square Continuity Correctiona Likelihood Ratio Fisher's Exact Test Linear-by-Linear Association N of Valid Cases Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (2-sided) Exact Sig. (1-sided)

Computed only for a 2x2 table a.

0 cells (.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 6. 50.

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72 Umur Case Summaries Umur 20 38.90 12.208 35.00 18 57 20 43.20 12.792 44.50 15 72 40 41.05 12.533 41.00 15 72 Kelompok Kontrol Perlakuan Total

N Mean Std. Deviation Median Minimum Maximum

Tests of Normality .156 20 .200* .924 20 .120 .113 20 .200* .980 20 .931 Kelompok Kontrol Perlakuan Umur

Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig. Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-W ilk

This is a lower bound of the true significance. *.

Lilliefors Significance Correction a. Kelompok Perlakuan Kontrol Um ur 80 60 40 20 25 35

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73 T-Test Group Statistics 20 38.90 12.208 2.730 20 43.20 12.792 2.860 Kelompok Kontrol Perlakuan Umur N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

Independent Samples Test

.227 .636 -1.088 -1.088 38 37.917 .284 .284 -4.300 -4.300 3.954 3.954 -12.304 -12.305 3.704 3.705 F Sig. Levene's Test for

Equality of Variances t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference Lower Upper 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference t-test for Equality of

Means Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Umur

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74 Lama operasi Case Summaries Lama operasi 20 279.00 75.457 285.00 150 420 20 300.00 97.939 300.00 165 480 40 289.50 86.948 300.00 150 480 Kelompok Kontrol Perlakuan Total

N Mean Std. Deviation Median Minimum Maximum

Tests of Normality .158 20 .200* .940 20 .236 .180 20 .089 .919 20 .095 Kelompok Kontrol Perlakuan Lama operasi

Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.

Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk

This is a lower bound of the true significance. *.

Lilliefors Significance Correction a. Kelompok Perlakuan Kontrol Lama operasi 500 400 300 200 100

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75 T-Test Group Statistics 20 279.00 75.457 16.873 20 300.00 97.939 21.900 Kelompok Kontrol Perlakuan Lama operasi N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

Independent Samples Test

2.396 .130 -.760 -.760 38 35.679 .452 .452 -21.000 -21.000 27.646 27.646 -76.966 -77.086 34.966 35.086 F Sig. Levene's Test for

Equality of Variances t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference Lower Upper 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference t-test for Equality of

Means Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed Lama operasi

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76 Kelompok Case Summaries 20 20 2.50 1.90 1.051 .553 2.00 2.00 1 1 4 3 20 20 1.25 1.00 1.372 .973 1.00 1.00 0 0 4 3 40 40 1.88 1.45 1.362 .904 2.00 2.00 0 0 4 3 N Mean Std. Deviation Median Minimum Maximum N Mean Std. Deviation Median Minimum Maximum N Mean Std. Deviation Median Minimum Maximum Kelompok Kontrol Perlakuan Total VAS.1 VAS.24 Tests of Normality .283 20 .000 .845 20 .004 .269 20 .001 .815 20 .001 .372 20 .000 .728 20 .000 .250 20 .002 .839 20 .003 Kelompok Kontrol Perlakuan Kontrol Perlakuan VAS.1 VAS.24

Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig. Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk

Lilliefors Significance Correction a.

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77 VAS.1 Kelompok Perlakuan Kontrol VAS.1 4 3 2 1 0 VAS.24 Kelompok Perlakuan Kontrol VA S. 24 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 11 16 1 3 4 10

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Kontrol

NPar Tests

Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test

Ranks 9a 6.94 62.50 3b 5.17 15.50 8c 20 Negative Ranks Positive Ranks Ties Total VAS.24 - VAS.1

N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks

VAS.24 < VAS.1 a. VAS.24 > VAS.1 b. VAS.24 = VAS.1 c. Test Statisticsb -1.877a .061 Z

Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)

VAS.24 -VAS.1

Based on positive ranks. a.

Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test b.

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Perlakuan

NPar Tests

Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test

Ranks 6a 6.17 37.00 4b 4.50 18.00 10c 20 Negative Ranks Positive Ranks Ties Total VAS.24 - VAS.1

N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks

VAS.24 < VAS.1 a. VAS.24 > VAS.1 b. VAS.24 = VAS.1 c. Test Statisticsb -1.026a .305 Z

Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)

VAS.24 -VAS.1

Based on positive ranks. a.

Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test b.

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80 NPar Tests Mann-Whitney Test Ranks 20 25.68 513.50 20 15.33 306.50 40 20 26.15 523.00 20 14.85 297.00 40 Kelompok Kontrol Perlakuan Total Kontrol Perlakuan Total VAS.1 VAS.24

N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks

Test Statisticsb 96.500 87.000 306.500 297.000 -2.906 -3.239 .004 .001 .004a .002a Mann-W hitney U Wilcoxon W Z

Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)]

VAS.1 VAS.24

Not corrected for ties. a.

Grouping Variable: Kelompok b.

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81 Kelompok Case Summaries Delta VAS 20 -.60 1.314 .00 -3 2 20 -.25 1.020 .00 -3 1 40 -.43 1.174 .00 -3 2 Kelompok Kontrol Perlakuan Total

N Mean Std. Deviation Median Minimum Maximum

Tests of Normality .226 20 .009 .930 20 .155 .297 20 .000 .847 20 .005 Kelompok Kontrol Perlakuan Delta VAS

Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.

Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk

Lilliefors Significance Correction a. Delta VAS Kelompok Perlakuan Kontrol Delt a VA S 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 27

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82 NPar Tests Mann-Whitney Test Ranks 20 18.78 375.50 20 22.23 444.50 40 Kelompok Kontrol Perlakuan Total Delta VAS

N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks

Test Statisticsb 165.500 375.500 -.986 .324 .355a Mann-W hitney U Wilcoxon W Z

Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)]

Delta VAS

Not corrected for ties. a.

Grouping Variable: Kelompok b. Fentanyl Case Summaries Fentanyl 20 201.25 67.119 200.00 100 350 20 185.00 96.108 175.00 100 400 40 193.13 82.234 200.00 100 400 Kelompok Kontrol Perlakuan Total

N Mean Std. Deviation Median Minimum Maximum

Tests of Normality .207 20 .024 .926 20 .129 .212 20 .019 .821 20 .002 Kelompok Kontrol Perlakuan Fentanyl

Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig. Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk

Lilliefors Significance Correction a.

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83 Kelompok Perlakuan Kontrol Fentanyl 400 350 300 250 200 150 100

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84 NPar Tests Mann-Whitney Test Ranks 20 22.45 449.00 20 18.55 371.00 40 Kelompok Kontrol Perlakuan Total Fentanyl

N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks

Test Statisticsb 161.000 371.000 -1.087 .277 .301a Mann-W hitney U Wilcoxon W Z

Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)]

Fentanyl

Not corrected for ties. a.

Grouping Variable: Kelompok b.

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85 Mual muntah Case Summaries Mual muntah 20 .30 .657 .00 0 2 20 .00 .000 .00 0 0 40 .15 .483 .00 0 2 Kelompok Kontrol Perlakuan Total

N Mean Std. Deviation Median Minimum Maximum

Tests of Normalityb

.476 20 .000 .515 20 .000

Kelompok Kontrol Mual muntah

Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.

Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk

Lilliefors Significance Correction a.

Mual muntah is constant when Kelompok = Perlakuan. It has been omitted. b. Kelompok Perlakuan Kontrol Mual m unt ah 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 2 16 6 7

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86 NPar Tests Mann-Whitney Test Ranks 20 22.50 450.00 20 18.50 370.00 40 Kelompok Kontrol Perlakuan Total Mual muntah

N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks

Test Statisticsb 160.000 370.000 -2.079 .038 .289a Mann-W hitney U Wilcoxon W Z

Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) Exact Sig. [2*(1-tailed Sig.)]

Mual muntah

Not corrected for ties. a.

Grouping Variable: Kelompok b.

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Lampiran 8. Biodata mahasiswa

BIODATA MAHASISWA

Nama : Irma Amalia

NIM : 22010110120005

Tempat/tanggal lahir : Jakarta 14 Januari 1993 Jenis Kelamin : Perempuan

Alamat : Jl. Cipinang Jaya GG No. 12 C Jakarta Nomor Telepon : 082133353592

e-mail : irmamalia@gmail.com

Riwayat Pendidikan Formal

1. SD : SD BPS&K III Lulus tahun: 2004

2. SMP : SMP N 52 Jakarta Lulus tahun: 2007 3. SMA : SMA N 54 Jakarta Lulus tahun: 2010 4. FK UNDIP : Masuk tahun: 2010

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