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Borang P~nyerahan Tesis Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
R13a BORANG PENYERAHAN TESIS
ludul: NETWORKING FOR BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT (LANs)
SESI PENGAJlAN: i99811999
Saya ISMA WI BIN HAJJ BUJANG
(HURUF BESAR)
mengaku membenalkan tesis ini disimpan di Pusat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat--syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
l. Hakmilik kertas projek adalah di bawah nama penulis melainkan penulisan sebagai projek bersama dan dibiayai oleh UNIMAS, hakmiliknya adalah kepunyaan UNIMAS.
2. Naskhah salinan iii dalam bentuk tesis atau mikro hanya boleh dibuat dengan kebenaran bertulis daripada penulis.
3. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, UNIMAS dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk pengajian mereka~
4. Kertas projek hanya boleh diterbitkan dengan kebenaran bertulis. Bayaran royalti adalah mengikut kadar yang dipersetujui kelak.
5. • Saya'1'ft8lRbenarksmltidak membenarkao Perpustakaan membuat salinan kertas projek ini sebagai , pertukaran di antara institusi pengajian tinggi.
6. •• Sila ta~dakan (3)
I
SULlT (Menganduingi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang tennaktub di dalam AKT A RAHSIA RASMI 1972).L . - _...
,---,I
TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasilbadan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan).. j
Y 'TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh
r-;::::. •
(TANDATANGAN PENYELIA).
A1a!JUlt tetap: No. 41, Taman Pelabuban Mawar
Taniung Kidurong, 97008 Bintulu. Mr. AI-Khalid Otbman (Nama Penyelia)
Tarikh: 01 Mac: 2000 Tarikh: 01 Mac 2000
CAT A TAN * Potong yang tidak berkenaan
** Jika kertas projek ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/orgaoisasi berkenaan dengan menyertakan sekali tempoh kertas projek. Ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD.
P . KHIDMAT MAKLUMAT
u t Khid t . klumat Ak demi
1IIIIiiMjilili
UNrVER m MAL.W IA ARAWAK_ _O O00081674_~
NETWORKING
FOR
BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT (LANs)
ISMAWI BIN HAJ! BUJANG
Tesis Dikemukakan Kepada
Fakulti Kejuruteraan, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Sebagai Memenuhi Sebahagian Daripada Syarat
Penganugerahan Srujana Muda Pendidikan
Dengan Kepujian (Kejuruteraan Elektronik dan Telekomunikasi)
DEDICATION
Dedicated to my beloved wife
Norina bte Zaini
And
Both ofmy daughter
Nurazmina Sabira Nurbusnina Izzatul'ain
ABSTRACT
Local area network (LAN) was introduced in the early 80's in the corporate and business environment. The sending of information indirectly from one area to another area is part of the daily routine in the business world and also ordinary life.
Network system comprises of multifunction elements which vary greatly depend on its physical form and location. The function elements included transmission medium, network control and the installation of local area network (LAN).
The purpose of LAN is to provide the corporate environment and business world with the vocabulary and principals of local network systems. It provides information on the re evaluation system and introducing system to the office environment.
Finally, the corporate environment and business world will be able to plan for productive communication learning and the latest computer technology .
. ....,
ABSTRAK
Rangkaian Kawasan Setempat (LAN) mula diperkenalkan pada awal 80an kepada persekitaran korporat dan dunia perniagaan. Penghantaran maklumat secara tidak langsung dari satu kawasan ke satu kawasan yang lain adalah merupakan sebahagian daripada amalan harian dalam dunia pemiagaan mau pun dalam kehidupan seharian.
Sistem rangkaian terdiri daripada pelbagai fungsi dari segi flzikal dan lokasinya. Antara fungsi yang digunakan terrnasuklah kesederhanaan transmisi, rangkaian kawalan dan pemasangan rangkaian kawasan setempat (LAN). Tujuannya adalah untuk memberi kemudahan perbendaharaan kata dan prinsip-prinsip sistem rangkaian setempat kepada persekitaran korporat dan dunia pemiagaan amnya. Ia memberi penerangan inforrnasi dengan sistem penilaian semula dan sistem awalan kepada persekitaran pejabat.
Akhir sekali, persekitaran korporat dan dunia pemlagaan akan dapat merancang produktiviti pembelajaran komunikasi dan teknologi komputer yang terkini.
Pu t Khidmat MakJumat Akld~mi
UNTVERSfTJ MALAYSJA ~ARAWAK
TABLE OF CONTENTS III Acknowledgements IV Abstract Abstrak V Lists of table Xlll Lists of figure XlV Table of contents VI Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Thesis overview 1 1.2 Thesis objective 1 1.3 Thesis outline 1 Chapter 2
Local Area Network (LANs) 3
2.1 Introduction ... 3
2.2 What is LAN? 3
5 2.3 What is Network?
6 2.4 Working definition of LAN
7 2.5 Types of LAN s
7 2.5.1 Need for standard protocols
2.5.2 Space Division Multiplexing
2.6 Sharing the Network cable
2.6.1 LAN topologies
2.6.1.1 Bus topology
2.6.1.2 Tree topology
2.6.1.3 Star topology
2.6.1.4 Ring topology
2.6.2 Access method, deferring procedure and collision
2.7 Central controller 2.7.1 Modulation 2.7.2 Bandwidth 2.8 LAN component 2.9 Cable 2.10 LAN layers
2.10.1 Review of the ISO seven layers model
2.11 LAN requirements 2.12 LAN characteristics 2.13 Summary Chapter 3 Application of LANs 3.1 Introduction
3.2 Direct Point to Point Communication
9 10 12 15 15 15 16 17 18 19 19 21 24 25 26 29 30 31 32 32 34 vii
3.3 Shared communication channels 3.4 Personal conferencing 3.5 Video conferencing 3.6 Document sharing 3.7 Video systems Chapter 4
Local Area Network on business 4.1 Seberang Jaya switch unit 4.2 Network
4.2.1 Network system 4.2.2 Devices for LAN 4.2.3 Hardware and Software 4.2.4 Network operating system
4.2.4.1 Windows NT 4.2.4.2 Protocol Chapter 5 Network plan Chapter 6 6.l Invention of Ethernet 6.2 Ethernet definitions 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 42 43 52 56 57 58 60 61 62 viii
6.3 The Ethernet system 63
6.4 Elements of the Ethernet system 64
6.5 Ethernet Frame and Ethernet Addresses 64
6.5.1 High-level protocols and Ethernet addresses 65
6.6 Development of Ethernet standards 66
6.7 Operation of Ethernet 67
6.8 Extending Ethernet with Hubs 68
6.9 Summary 70
Chapter 7
7.1 Overview 72
7.1.1 What is leased line? 72
7.l.2 How it works? 73
7.1 .3 Leased line connection and tools 74
7.2 Leased lines tools 74
7.2.1 Tools to connect network 74
7.3 Advantages/Disadvantages of leased line 75
7.4 Leased line solutions
....
767.4.1 Worldwide direct PLUS 77
7.5 Example of Leased line diagram 78
Chapter 8 Conclusion 8.1 Summary
79
8.2 Conclusion80
Bibliography 81 xAppendix A 83 AppendixB 84 AppendixC 85 AppendixD
86
Appendix E 87 Appendix F 88 Appendix G89
Appendix H90
Appendix I 91 Appendix J 92 AppendixK 93 Appendix L94
xi95
AppendixM
...
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
2.1 LAN topologies 12
2.2 Local area network requirements as originally
stated by the developers ofEthemet 30
4.1 TCP/lP 58
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
2.1 Space division-multiplexing 9
2.2 Sharing the cable, bus topology 11
2.3 Sharing the cable, star topology 11
2.4 Bus topology 12
2.5 Tree topology 13
2.6 Star topology 13
2.7 Star topology- snowflake configuration 14
2.8 Ring topology 14
2.9 Interconnected rings 16
2.10 The main components of a local area network are network
stations and cabling system that links them together 23
2.11 The use of repeaters allow cable lengths to be longer 24
2.12 The principle of fiber optics transmission 25
2.13 ISO Seven layers model 27
3.1 A telephone and a.l,llodem can share one phone line 35
3.2 Sharing the cable, star topology 36
4.1 Central Hub, star topology 42
4.2 Placement of Hub for 10BASE-T 44
4.3 Hub for a star topology 44
4.4 Internal modem card 45
4.5
External modem showing panel lights46
4
.
6
A simple client server networks46
4
.
7
UTPIIP47
4.8
Leased line48
4
.
9
Router49
4
.
10
Personal computer50
6
.
1
The Ethernet topology63
6.2
Nonnal Ethernet operation68
6.3
Ethernet chasis hub69
6.4
Adding additional Ethernet segments69
7.1
Example of leased line diagram78
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Thesis overview
This research on LANs is basically undertaken through a lot of references which are found at CAIS and other sources such as Telekom, Celcom, etc. Its main purpose is to introduce and detennine in detail how LANs are used and are involved directly in the business environment.
1.2. Thesis objective
The objectives of this research is aimed at giving infonnation and exposure to interested personnel in leaming infonnation technology especially in the field of networking - the definition, application and how LANs can be utilized fuBy in the business environment.
Another purpose is to fulfill the course requirements for the completion of a degree in
Education (Electronics and Telecommunication engineering).
1.3. Thesis outline
In chapter 2, some basic data of LANs concept such as 'What is a LAN?', 'What is a network?', working definition of LAN and other useful infonnation to fulfill some basic
theory will be discussed in this chapter. \
In chapter 3, the application of Local Area Network and their theories will be presented.
In chapter 4, a more detailed discussion on Local Area Network m the business environment will be discussed.
In chapter 5, the network plan will be presented.
Chapter 6 will encompass discussions in the Ethernet system in Local Area Network.
In chapter 7, the focus will be on Leased line.
Chapter 8 will provide the overall conclusion of the thesis/project.
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CHAPTER 2
LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LANs)
2.1. Introduction
The evolution of LAN s continues to challenge in the business environments. In the few short years since the early 1990s, the industry was still struggling for a consistent definition of what constituted a LAN. Then, a few years later LANs that operate at speed 10 times what was once considered fast are beginning to become commonplace. Many other changes, equally profound, continue to take place as well.
The first local networks were introduced into the academic world in the mid-1970s and, as the technology developed, the major computer manufacturers adopted them. By early 1980s, most major hardware companies were offering LAN based products and the lower level aspects ofLANs are starting to stabilize. Of the many approaches advocated by the researchers, a select few are becoming international standards and are being adopted by computer users.
2.2. Wbat is a LAN?
Local area networks also called LAN, it is confined to relatively small areas such as a
building or a group of building, for example a university campus. LANs growth up in parallel with the growth of wide area networks, there has been another area of expansion
in the use of computer facilities. Personal computers have spread rapidly and widely throughout organizations.
Regarding to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), LANs IS
defined as follows:
A Datacomm system allowing a number of independent devices to communicate directly with each other within a moderately sized geographic area over a physical communications channel ofmoderate data rates.
LANs are widely used to connect personal computers and workstations in company offices and factories to share resources and exchange information. LANs are distinguished from other kinds of networks by three characteristics:
a. size
b. transmission technology
c. topology
LANs are restricted in size that means the worst~case transmission time is bounded and
known in advance. By knowing this bound, it wiU make it possible to use certain kinds
of designs. It also simplifies network management.
LANs often use a transmission technology consisting of a single cable to which all the machines are attached such as the telephone company party lines once used in rural
areas. Traditional LANs run at speeds of 10 to 100 Mbps, have low delay (10 of microseconds) and make very few errors. However, the newer LANs will operate at the higher speeds up to 100 Megabits/sec.
Most of LANs services are structured around the client/server model. The server is a LAN station offering a special service on the LAN and means of accessing and controlling that service. Server controlled resources include disk space, fax machines, printers, etc.
The client stations send requests/asking the server to perform the action. The server must recognized the authorize clients and handle their request for services.
Printing is a commonly used service under the control of a server. The printer doesn't have to be directly attached to the print server. However, the "print jobs" from the clients will still be directed through the print server.
The print server hold or spool the print request in its buffer, check the printer for availability, and when the printer i,s ready, send the print request to the printer's buffer.
2.3. What is a network?
Tanenbaum defines a network as "an interconnected collection of autonomous computers". Two computers are said to be interconnected if they are capable of exchanging information. Central to this definition is the fact that the computers are
autonomous. This means that no computer on the network can start, stop or control another. This excludes from the definition that any system where terminals or other peripheral devices are connected to a central host. For example, an IBM 370 configured
with multiple 3270 terminals connected to it.
Another types of system that exclude is where two or more processors are connected together via either a common bus or an area of share memory.
2.4. Working definition of LAN
LANs are different in the following important respects when compare to W ANs.
• The distance between the nodes is limited. There is an upper limit of approx 10 krn
and a lower limit of 1 m.
• WANs usually operate at speeds of less than 1 mbps, LANs nonnally operate
,
between at 1 and 10 mbps. Using optical fiber technology, it is possible to achievespeeds of the order of hundreds of mbps.
• Because of short distances involved, the error rates in LANs are much lower than in WANs. This extra reliability has an impact on both the protocols used in their operation and the range·of applications that they can support.
• The distance limitations involved in LANs normally mean that the entire network is under the ownership and control of a single organization. This is in sharp contrast to W ANs. where the network typically spans national boundaries. In this case, the network is normally operated by the country post and telecommunications authorities rather than by its user.
\
This fact has no bearing on the perfonnance of the LAN, although it does have a major impact on the way in which it is administered. The localized control of the facility greatly increases flexibility.
LANs differ from the other types of network in that the area they cover is limited. Means that, they can operate at high speeds and with very low error rates. These two properties are the main distinguishing features of LAN s.
2.5. Types of LANs
There are many types of LANs, each suitable for a particular type of application. Some LANs are oriented toward noisy environments. In these LANs, the environment to able to establish communication despite the large noise generates the prime concern. Such LANs are used, for example, in manufacturing environments. In other LAN applications, the ability to transfer as fast as possible is the prime concern. Yet in other applications, the prime concern is the cost of the LAN.
2.5.1. Need for standard protocols
Various industries realized the need of establishing standard protocols for LANs as the demand for LAN s increased.
Gurewich, N. (1992, P.2), defines, "A standard protocols is a set of rules and specifications that fully defines and specifIeS the LAN. A standard LAN is one
that is built from several components, where each component is assumed to comply with the specifications mentioned in the standtlrd protocol".
By having a standard protocol, the end user is able to construct a LAN by purchasing different components of the LAN from different vendor based on cost, service and
product reliability. The network should not experience any problem when using
components from different vendors as long as the LAN components were designed in
strict compliance with the protocoL It is therefore important to design the LAN
equipment in accordance with the protocol.
Another important advantage of having standard protocols for LANs is that once a standard protocol is accepted and recognized, there is a large demand by LAN designers for chips that are capable of implementing portions of the hardware and software task dictated by the protocol. As the demand for these chips increases, chip manufacturers
have the incentive to invest in the design, manufacturing, and marketing of these chips,
since the expected sales justify the investment. The availability of inexpensive LAN chips to the LAN designers reduces development time and yields more reliable products.
In many cases, the chip manufacturers are the major contributors for drafting the
specifications of the standard protocols. Of course, having the integrated circuit (Ie) .
manufacturers contribute their ideas to the standard protocols makes sense, since they are the ones who know best what can and cannot be integrated on silicon chips.
