Konsep Sistem Informasi
Pertemuan 6
Decision Support Systems
©2008,The McGraw-Hill Companies, All Rights Reserved
Information required at different management levels
Konsep
Sistem
Levels of Management Decision
Making
• Strategic management
–eksekutif mengembangkan tujuan, strategi,
kebijakan dan sasaran organisasi
–Sebagai bagian dari strategic planning process
• Tactical management
–manajer dan profesional bisnis dalam tim yang
bekerja sendiri
–Membangun rencana jangka pendek dan
menengah, jadwal kerja dan anggaran
–menentukan prosedur, kebijakan dan tujuan
bisnis untuk subunit mereka
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Levels of Management Decision
Making
•
Operational management
–manajer atau anggota tim bekerja sendiri
–Membuat rencana jangka pendek seperti jadwal produksi mingguan
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Konsep
Sistem
Information Quality
•
Produk dari informasi yang mempunyai
karakteristik, atribut atau kualitas Yng
memnjadikan informsi lebih berarti
•
Informasi mempunyai tiga dimensi, yaitu:
–Time / waktu–Content / isi
–Form / bentuk
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Attributes of Information Quality
Konsep
Sistem
Decision Structure
• Structured – situasi di mana prosedur yang harus diikuti pada saat keputusan sangat dibutuhkan dapat ditentukan terlebih dahulu
• Unstructured – situasi dimana tidak mungkin untuk menentukan terlebih dahulu prosedur pengambilan keputusan untuk menentukan keputusan
• Semi structured - prosedur pengambilan keputusan yang dapat ditentukan terlebih dahulu, tetapi tidak cukup untuk menghasilkan keputusan yang direkomendasikan
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Information Systems to support decisions
Management
Information Systems
Decision Support Systems
Decision support provided
Provide information about the performance of the
organization
Provide information and techniques to analyze specific problems
Information form and frequency
Periodic, exception, demand, and push reports and responses
Interactive inquiries and responses
Information format
Prespecified, fixed format Ad hoc, flexible, and
adaptable format
Information processing methodology
Information produced by extraction and manipulation of business data
Information produced by analytical modeling of business data
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Konsep
Sistem
Decision Support Trends
•
Personalisasi analisis keputusan secara
proaktif
•
Web-Based applications
•
Keputusan di tingkat lebih rendah dari
manajemen dan oleh tim dan perorangan
•
Business intelligence applications
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Business Intelligence Applications
Konsep
Sistem
Decision Support Systems
• DSS
–Memberikan dukungan informasi interaktif untuk
manajer dan profesional bisnis selama proses pengambilan keputusan
–Menggunakan :
• Analytical models • Specialized databases
• A decision maker’s own insights and judgments • Interactive computer-based modeling
–Mendukung semi structured business decisions
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Decision Support Systems
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Konsep
Sistem
DSS components
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DSS Model base
•
Model base
–Sebuah komponen perangkat lunak yang terdiri dari model yang digunakan dalam rutinitas komputasi dan analisis matematis mengungkapkan hubungan antar variabel
–Examples:
• Linear programming models,
• Multiple regression forecasting models
• Capital budgeting present value models
Konsep
Sistem
Management Information
Systems
•
MIS
–Menghasilkan produk informasi yang
mendukung kebutuhan pengambilan
keputusan setiap hari oleh manajer dan profesional bisnis
–Laporan yang ditetapkan sebelumnya, menampilkan informasi dan tanggapan dari informasi
–Mendukung structured decisions
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http://www.prism-world.com/Shared/Media/Images/ContentImages/KPI%20Dashboard%20Screen%20Shot.JPG
Konsep
Sistem
MIS Reporting Alternatives
• Periodic Scheduled Reports
–Pre specified format on a regular basis
• Exception Reports
–Reports about exceptional conditions
–May be produced regularly or when exception
occurs
• Demand Reports and Responses
–Information available when demanded
• Push Reporting
–Information pushed to manager
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Online Analytical Processing
•
OLAP
–Memungkinkan para manager and analysts untuk meneliti dan memanipulasi banyak data detail dan penggabungan dari berbagai sudut pandang
–dilakukan secara interaktif secara real time dengan respon cepat
Konsep
Sistem
Online Analytical Processing
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http://www.files32.com/images/radarcube_asp_net_olap_control_for_ms_analysis-1731-scr.jpeg
OLAP Analytical Operations
•
Consolidation
–Aggregation of data
•
Drill-down
–Display detail data that comprise consolidated data
•
Slicing and Dicing
–Ability to look at the database from different viewpoints
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Konsep
Sistem
OLAP Technology
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Geographic Information Systems
•
GIS
–DSS yang menggunakan geographic databases untuk menyusun dan
menampilkan peta dan tampilan gambar lainnya
–Mendukung keputusan yang berpengaruh pada distribusi geografis orang-orang dan sumber daya lainnya
–Biasa disebut dengan Global Position Systems (GPS) devices
Konsep
Sistem
Geographic Information Systems
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http://proceedings.esri.com/library/userconf/proc96/TO150 /PAP150/DS-APP.GIF
Data Visualization Systems
•
DVS
–DSS yang mewakili data kompleks dengan menggunakan bentuk grafis interaktif tiga dimensi seperti bagan, grafik, dan peta
–Peralatan DVS membantu pengguna untuk secara interaktif menyortir, membagi,
menggabungkan, dan mengatur data sementara itu dalam bentuk grafik nya.
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Konsep
Sistem
BioCichlid
BioCichlid 3D hierarchical visualization of an RNAPII-related network of yeast. Blue nodes indicate proteins while red nodes indicate genes. Blue edges indicate physical interactions, red edges indicate genetic interactions and yellow edges indicate transcriptional regulations from transcription factors to genes.
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http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/content/25/4/543/F1.expansion.html
Using DSS
•
What-if Analysis
–End user makes changes to variables, or relationships among variables, and observes the resulting changes in the values of other variables
•
Sensitivity Analysis
–Value of only one variable is changed repeatedly and the resulting changes in other variables are observed
Konsep
Sistem
Using DSS
• Goal-Seeking
–Set a target value for a variable and then
repeatedly change other variables until the target value is achieved
–How can analysis
• Optimization
–Goal is to find the optimum value for one or
more target variables given certain constraints
–One or more other variables are changed
repeatedly until the best values for the target variables are discovered
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Data Mining
• Tujuan utama adalah untuk memberikan dukungan keputusan pada manajer dan
profesional bisnis melalui knowledge discovery • Analyzes vast store of historical business data
• Tries to discover patterns, trends, and
correlations hidden in the data that can help a company improve its business performance
• Use regression, decision tree, neural network, cluster analysis, or market basket analysis
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Konsep
Sistem
Market Basket Analysis
•
One of most common data mining for
marketing
•
The purpose is to determine what
products customers purchase together
with other products
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Executive Information Systems
•
EIS
–Combine many features of MIS and DSS
–Provide top executives with immediate and easy access to information
–About the factors that are critical to
accomplishing an organization’s strategic
objectives (Critical success factors)
–So popular, expanded to managers, analysts and other knowledge workers
Konsep
Sistem
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http://www.accurasoft.com/comp_executive_information_system.htm
Features of an EIS
•
Information presented in forms tailored to
the preferences of the executives using
the system
–Customizable graphical user interfaces
–Exception reporting
–Trend analysis
–Drill down capability
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Konsep
Sistem
Enterprise Interface Portals
• EIP
–Web-based interface
–Integration of MIS, DSS, EIS, and other
technologies
–Gives all intranet users and selected extranet
users access
–To a variety of internal and external business
applications and services
• Typically tailored to the user giving them a personalized digital dashboard
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Konsep
Sistem
Enterprise Information Portal
Components
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Knowledge Management Systems
•
The use of information technology to
help gather, organize, and share
business knowledge within an
organization
•
Enterprise Knowledge Portals
–EIPs that are the entry to corporateintranets that serve as knowledge management systems
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Konsep
Sistem
Enterprise Knowledge Portals
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Artificial Intelligence (AI)
•
A field of science and technology based
on disciplines such as computer science,
biology, psychology, linguistics,
mathematics, and engineering
•
Goal is to develop computers that can
simulate the ability to think, as well as
see, hear, walk, talk, and feel
Konsep
Sistem
Attributes of Intelligent
Behavior
• Think and reason
• Use reason to solve problems
• Learn or understand from experience • Acquire and apply knowledge
• Exhibit creativity and imagination
• Deal with complex or perplexing situations • Respond quickly and successfully to new
situations
• Recognize the relative importance of elements in a situation
• Handle ambiguous, incomplete, or erroneous information
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Domains of Artificial Intelligence
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Konsep
Sistem
Cognitive Science
•
Based in biology, neurology, psychology,
etc.
•
Focuses on researching how the human
brain works and how humans think and
learn
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Robotics
•
Based in AI, engineering and physiology
•
Robot machines with computer
intelligence and computer controlled,
humanlike physical capabilities
Konsep
Sistem
Natural Interfaces
• Based in linguistics, psychology, computer science, etc.
• Includes natural language and speech recognition
• Development of multisensory devices that use a variety of body movements to operate
computers • Virtual reality
– Using multisensory human-computer interfaces that
enable human users to experience
computer-simulated objects, spaces and “worlds” as if they
actually exist
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Expert Systems
•
ES
–A knowledge-based information system
(KBIS) that uses its knowledge about a specific, complex application to act as an expert consultant to end users
–KBIS is a system that adds a knowledge base to the other components on an IS
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Konsep
Sistem
Expert System Components
• Knowledge Base
– Facts about specific subject area
– Heuristics that express the reasoning procedures of
an expert (rules of thumb)
• Software Resources
– Inference engine processes the knowledge and makes inferences to make recommend course of action
– User interface programs to communicate with end
user
– Explanation programs to explain the reasoning
process to end user
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Expert System Components
Konsep
Sistem
Methods of Knowledge Representation
•
Case-Based
–
knowledge organized in
form of cases
–Cases: examples of past performance, occurrences and experiences
•
Frame-Based
–
knowledge organized in
a hierarchy or network of frames
–Frames: entities consisting of a complex package of data values
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Methods of Knowledge Representation
•
Object-Based
–
knowledge organized in
network of objects
–Objects: data elements and the methods or processes that act on those data
•
Rule-Based
–
knowledge represented in
rules and statements of fact
–Rules: statements that typically take the form of a premise and a conclusion
–Such as, If (condition) then (conclusion)
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Konsep
Sistem
Expert System Benefits
•
Faster and more consistent than an
expert
•
Can have the knowledge of several
experts
•
Does not get tired or distracted by
overwork or stress
•
Helps preserve and reproduce the
knowledge of experts
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Expert System Limitations
•
Limited focus
•
Inability to learn
•
Maintenance problems
•
Developmental costs
•
Can only solve specific types of
problems in a limited domain of
knowledge
Konsep
Sistem
Suitability Criteria for Expert
Systems
• Domain: subject area relatively small and limited to well-defined area
• Expertise: solutions require the efforts of an expert
• Complexity: solution of the problem is a complex task that requires logical inference processing (not possible in conventional information processing)
• Structure: solution process must be able to cope with ill-structured, uncertain, missing and conflicting data
• Availability: an expert exists who is articulate and cooperative
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Development Tool
•
Expert System Shell
–Software package consisting of an expert system without its knowledge base
–Has inference engine and user interface programs
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Konsep
Sistem
Knowledge Engineer
•
A professional who works with experts to
capture the knowledge they possess
•
Builds the knowledge base using an
iterative, prototyping process
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Neural Networks
•
Computing systems modeled after the
brain’s mesh
-like network of
interconnected processing elements,
called neurons
•
Interconnected processors operate in
parallel and interact with each other
•
Allows network to learn from data it
processes
Konsep
Sistem
Fuzzy Logic
•
Method of reasoning that resembles
human reasoning
•
Allows for approximate values and
inferences and incomplete or ambiguous
data instead of relying only on crisp data
• Uses terms such as “very high” rather
than precise measures
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Genetic Algorithms
•
Software that uses
–Darwinian (survival of the fittest), randomizing, and other mathematical functions
–To simulate an evolutionary process that can yield increasingly better solutions to a problem
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Konsep
Sistem
Virtual Reality (VR)
• Computer-simulated reality
• Relies on multisensory input/output devices such as
–a tracking headset with video goggles and
stereo earphones,
–a data glove or jumpsuit with fiber-optic sensors
that track your body movements, and
–a walker that monitors the movement of your
feet
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Intelligent Agents
•
A software surrogate for an end user or a
process that fulfills a stated need or
activity
•
Uses its built-in and learned knowledge
base
•
To make decisions and accomplish tasks
in a way that fulfills the intentions of a
user
•
Also called
software robots
or
bots
Konsep
Sistem
User Interface Agents
• Interface Tutors– observe user computer operations, correct user mistakes, and provide hints and advice on efficient software use • Presentation– show information in a variety of
forms and media based on user preferences • NetworkNavigation– discover paths to
information and provide ways to view information based on user preferences • Role-Playing – play what-if games and other
roles to help users understand information and make better decisions
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Information Management Agents
• Search Agents – help users find files and databases, search for desired information, and suggest and find new types of
information products, media, and resources
• Information Brokers – provide commercial services to discover and develop information resources that fit the business or personal needs of a user
• Information Filters – receive, find, filter, discard, save, forward, and notify users about products received or desired
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