x T C A R T S B A .
5 1 0 2 . a ti N i w D , it n a y ir b e
F The Study o fExpilcature i n t he Love Song Lyric so f d
l o f n e v e S d e g n e v
A .Yogyaka tra :Engl sih Language Studies ,Graduate Program , s
r e v i n U a m r a h D a t a n a
S ti y.
h c r a e s e r si h
T w as intended ot ifnd out t hetypes o fexpilcature processes , e
h
t charactersiitc sof t heexpilcatureprocesse sandaslot orevealthet hemeoft he g
n o
s s through the lyircs. The presen twrtie rchose the love song so fAvenged d
l o f n e v e
S sa the objec tof t he research because ti i sa big rock band and a rock d
n a
b sif amou swtih hardbea tofr hythm in mos tsongs ,evenl ove song . tI i sno t d
n a b s i h t o t e l b a c il p p
a andmakest hemdi fferent.I thass everall oves ongsi n lsow .
m h t y h r f o t a e
b
a d e h
T taof t her esearcha re thel yirc so fWarmnes son t heSoul ,Seize t he y
a
D ,Dea rGod ,Gunsilnger ,and So Fa raway .In collecitng the data o fthi s h
c r a e s e
r ,the wrtier conducted several tsep ssuch a s il tsening t o t he l ove songs , n
i k c e h c d n a s c ir y l e h t g n it t e
g g them wtih interne t source , identfiying the r o e t e l p m o c n i e h t g n it si l d n a , s c ir y l e h t m r o f s e c n a r e tt u l a c i g o ll i r o e t e l p m o c n i
.s e c n a r e tt u l a c i g o ll
i Fo ranalyzing the data ,the wrtie raslo took severa l tsep s h
s , m e l b o r p t s ri f e h t r o F . s m e l b o r p e h t n o d e s a
b e t ook t hese tseps t o analyzet he y
e h t ; a t a
d w ere determining the msi isng informaiton ,applying the approp irate it
si r e t c a r a h c e h t g n i d n if d n a , s s e c o r p e r u t a c il p x
e co feachexpilcatureprocess .A s fo rthe second problem ,she took these tsep ssuch a sidentfiying the observed
o t s e s s e c o r p e r u t a c il p x e f o c it si r e t c a r a h c e h t g n i y l p p a , e r u t a c il p x e f o c it si r e t c a r a h c
. e r u t a c il p x e h g u o r h t s c it si r e t c a r a h c g n o s e v o l e h t g n il li fl u f , c ir y l e h t
tl u s e r e h
T s o fthe research show tha t ifve processe so fexpilcature are d
n u o
f in t helove songs ,namely ( 1) f reeen irchmen,t ( 2 )saturaiton, ( 3)r eference )
5 ( d n a , n o it a u g i b m a si d ) 4 ( , n o it u l o s e
r Adhoc concept .Those ifveprocesse saslo e
v a
h thei rown charactersiitcs .T fhe ree en irchmen thas t he charactersiitc sa s(1 ) a
n o g n is u c o
f lexica l tiem , (2 ) providing conceptua l con tstiuent , and (3 ) r
o F . g n i n a e m s ’ c ir y l e h t g n i w o rr a n d n a g n i y fi c e p
s the saturaiton , ti s
e r a s c it si r e t c a r a h
c (1 ) involving lso t quesiton , and (2 ) producing futrhe r a
r a h c e h t s a h n o it u l o s e r e c n e r e f e r e h T . n o it a m r o f n
i c is ster it c a s (1 )doe sno t
) 3 ( d n a , e u l a v l a u t x e t n o c e h t n o d e s a b g n i k r o w ) 2 ( , m e ts y s c it si u g n il e v l o v n i
s s o r c g n i g d ir b ‘ a g n i d i v o r p y b s k r o
w -reference’ . A s fo r the d siambiguaiton n
i n a e m l a n o it p o o w t n a h t e r o m g n i v l o v n i ) 1 ( e r a s c it si r e t c a r a h c s ti , s s e c o r
p gs ,and
s c it si r e t c a r a h c e h t ,t p e c n o c c o h d a e h t r o F . t x e t n o c n o d e s a b g n i n a e m g n it c e l e s ) 2 (
, m e ti l a c i x e l e h t f o g n i n a e m e h t g n i w o rr a n ) 2 ( , m e ti l a c i x e l a n o g n i k r o w ) 1 ( e r a
.r o h p a t e m a n o g n i k r o w ) 3 ( d n a
si h
T researchaslo show stha tWarmness on t heSoul, Seize t heDay ,Dea r d
o
G ,Gunsilnger , da n SoFa rAwayhaveloveast hesongt heme . tIi sbecauset he s
c ir y
l o fthose ifve song scomplete and re lfec ta tleas tthree character siitc so f o w ’ t n e m ti m m o c ‘ g n is u , p i h s n o it a l e r t u o b a g n il l e t s a h c u s g n o s e v o l g n i e
b rds ,
n o it o m e g n i v l o v n
i -relaiton words ,u isngl ovingandbeautfiu lwords ,andshowing .
e r a c d n a y c a m it n i
s d r o w y e
ix K A R T S B A . 5 1 0 2 . a ti N i w D , it n a y ir b e
F The Study o fExpilcature i n t he Love Song Lyric so f d l o f n e v e S d e g n e v
A .Yogyaka tra :Engl sih Language Studies ,Graduate Program , . y ti s r e v i n U a m r a h D a t a n a S k u t n u n a u j u tr e b i n i n a it il e n e
P menunjukkan jensi-jeni s prose s dar i e r u t a c il p x
e bese tra karaktersiitknya ,se tra untuk mengungkap tema l agu melalu i ri
l ki -il irknya .S ipenuil sdar ipeneilitan i n imemiilh Avenged Sevenfold sebaga i r e t d n a b a n e r a k n a it il e n e p k e j b
o sebu ttermasuk band rock besa rdan memiilk i .t u b m e l g n a y e m ti r m a l a d a t n i c u g a l a p a r e b e b u g a l k ir il h a l a d a i n i n a it il e n e p i r a d a t a
D dar iWarmnes sont heSoul ,Seize y
a D e h
t ,Dea rGod ,Gunsilnger ,dan So Fa raway .Dalam pengumpulan d ata , i n i n a it il l e n e p k u t n
u penuil smengambi lbeberapa l angkah sepe tr imendengarkan u
g a
l -lagu cintanya ,mencar i il irk l agu dan mencocokkannya dengan i nternet ,dan a tf a d n e
m rungkapan-ungkapan yang kurang kompil tatau itdak l ogic .Sedangkan il a n a g n e m m a l a
d is sdata ,s ipenuil smelaksanakan beberapa l angkah berdasarkan g n a li h g n a y i s a m r o f n i i a d n a n e m a i d ; a m a tr e p n a h a l a s a m r e p k u t n U . n a h a l a s a m r e p e s o r p n a k is a k il p a g n e m , c ir y l i r a
d s expilcature yang sesuai , dan menentukan g n is a m i r a d k it si r e t a r a
k -ma isng prose sexpilcature .Sedangkan untuk masalah h a k g n a l li b m a g n e m a i d , a u d e k g n a
y -langkah sepe tr imengidenit ifkas ikaratersiitk r a d k it si r e t k a r a k n a k is a k il p a g n e m , e r u t a c il p x e s e s o r p i r a
d iexp ilcature pada il irk
. e r u t a c il p x e i u l a l e m a t n i c u g a l ir a d k it si t e k a r a k i p a k g n e l e m n a d , u g a l a w h a b n a k k u j n u n e m i n i n a it il e n e p i r a d l is a
H ada ilma prose sexpilcature u g a l m a l a d i
d - ulag cinta Avenged Sevenfold , yatiu (1 ) rfee en irchment , (2 ) , n o it a r u t a
s (3 )reference resoluiton ,(4 )d siambiguaiton ,dan (5 )Ad hoc concept . k it si r e t k a r a k a p a r e b e b i k il i m e m a g u j t u b e s r e t e r u t a c il p x e s e s o r p a m i
L yang
a y n n i a l g n a y n a g n e d u t a s n a k a d e b m e
m . Untuk free en irchment ,karaktersi itknya n i a l a r a t n
a (1 ) focu s pada sebuah kata , (2 ) membeirkan komponen yang . k ir il i r a d a n k a m t i p m e s r e p m e m n a d i s a k if is e p s n e m ) 3 ( n a d , l a u t p e s n o k ) 1 ( h a l a d a a y n k it si r e t k a r a k , n o it a r u t a s k u t n u n a k g n a d e
S meilbatkan pe tranyaan
g n a
y sudah dtientukan ,(2 )menghaslikan informas iyang lebih komplti .Untuk n a k t a b il e m k a d it ) 1 ( n i a l a r a t n a a y n k it si r e t k a r a k , s e s o r p n o it u l o s e r e c n e r e f e r g n a y i c n u k n a k r a s a d r e b a jr e k e b ) 2 ( , c it si u g n il n a g n e d n a g n u b u h r e b g n a y m e ts y s n a t a b m e j‘ n u g n a b m e m a r a c n a g n e d a jr e k e b ) 3 ( n a d , s k e t n o k m a l a d t a p a d r e t U . ’i s n e r e f e r g n u b u h g n e
p ntuk dsiambiguation ,karaktersiitknya (1 )meilbatkan . s k e t n o k r a s a d r e b a t a k a n k a m h il i m e m ) 2 ( n a d , a n k a m n a h il i p a u d i r a d h i b e l , a t a k h a u b e s a d a p a jr e k e b ) 1 ( h a l a d a a y n k it si r e t a r a k , t p e c n o c c o h d a n a k g n a d e S r e k e b ) 3 ( n a d , a t a k h a u b e s a n k a m t i p m e s r e p m e m ) 2
( japadametafora .
n a it il e n e
P ini j uga menunjukkan bahwa Warmnes son t he Soul ,Seize t he y
a
D ,Dea rGod ,Gunsilnger ,dan So Fa rAway memiilk i tema cinta d i lagu . a k e r e
m Ha lin i karena il irk lagu pada keilma lagu tersebu tmelengkap idan n a k n i m r e c n e
m pailng tidak itga karaktersiitk untuk menjad ilagu cinta sepe tr i a t a k n a k a n u g g n e m , n a g n u b u h h a u b e s g n a t n e t n a k a ti r e c n e
m -kata ‘komtimen’ ,
a t a k n a k t a b il e
m -kata yang berhubungan dengan emos i dan perasaan , a t a k n a k a n u g g n e
m -kata cinta dan indah , se tra menunjukkan kedekatan dan . n a it a h r e p s d r o w y e
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M A R G O R P E T A U D A R G E H
T O FENGLISHLANGUAGESTUDIES Y
T I S R E V I N U A M R A H D A T A N A S
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i v
S T N E M G D E L W O N K C A
i g s y a w l a r o f h a ll A o t k n a h t o t e k il d l u o w
I vingmet hes rtength, t heheatlh
n
a d the mercy .My huge thanks ea r aslo addressed to my the is sadvsio rand
r e r u t c e l h c r a e s e R e g a u g n a
L Dr .Fr .Ailp ,M.Pd ,M.A. ,fo ralway sgiving me
, tr o p p u
s enilghtenmentand i nput sdu irng ifnsihingt heresearch . Iwouldalso ilke
i g s y a w l a r o f . A . M , o k o m t a ji w D . B . B . r D k n a h t o
t ving me suggesiton sand
tr o p p u
s ina rranging t het he is sef ifcienlty . Iaslo want t oexpres smyappreciaiton
o m r a d e o s o j d e o P o m o p e o S . r D . f o r P o
t , who improves my knowledge i n Englsih
h t y M . s c it si u g n
il ank sareasloaddressedt oDr .NovtiaDewi ,D .rJ .Bsimoko ,and
. D . h P , o tr a k u M . X .
F fo rsha irng a l o to fknowledge du irng my tsudy i n Englsih
.r o j a M s e i d u t S e g a u g n a
L I ma aslot hankf oult M k lba Lely’ shelpinKB.I
k n a h t ts e g g i b y
M s ea r addressed t o my parent sJaiman & Sr iWidait rf o
s y a w l
a giving me suppo tr ,prayer ,and care du irng conducitng the research. I
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w aslo addres smy thank sto both my is tse rKurnia A Wr i jiayanit and my
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b Gailh Faja rT irwibowo fo ralway sgiving me motivaiton to ifnsih the
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t Iaslo want t oaddress myt hanks ot myclosef irendFa ird Ghofa rItsnaen,i
o h
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d e s s e r d d
a t o myf irend sb othin KB Ia nnd i my boardinghouse who alway sgave
tr o p p u s e
m andpraye rdu irngconducitngt her esearch. Thsit he is swouldno thave
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b ifnsihed wtihou tany prayer ,suppo tr ,guidance ,help ,and c iritcsims rfom
ii v
S T N E T N O C F O E L B A T
E G A P E L T I
T ……….… i
E G A P L A V O R P P A S ’ R O S I V D
A ……….… ii
E G A P L A V O R P P A E C N E F E
D ……….… ii… i
M E T A T
S ENTOFORIGINALITY……….… v... i I
S A K I L B U P N A A T A A Y N R E P R A B M E
L ……….. v
S T N E M G D E L W O N K C
A ………..…….. iv
S T N E T N O C F O E L B A
T ……….… ii…v
N O I T A I V E R B B A F O T S I
L S ………..… xi
T C A R T S B
A ……….… x …
A R T S B
A K ……….… .. xi
I R E T P A H
C :I NTRODUCTION
.
A Background……….… ... 1 … .
B ProblemFormulati on…….………..… ... ..… 5 .
C Objecitve soft heStudy………. …… …. 6 .
D Bene ifstoft heStudy………..… ... 7 ..
II R E T P A H
C :THEORETICALREVIEW
.
A Theoreitca lReview .
1 Sentence……… …… 8
.
2 Pragmaitcs……… 9 . .
3 Expilcature .
a Kind so fExpilcatureProcesse s………..……. 21 .
b Charactersiitc sofExpilcatureProcesses …… ………. 61 .
4 Song .
a LoveSong……….… …… 9… 1
.
b SongLy ircs……… . 0. 2 .
5 AvengedSevenfold .
a Member so fAvengedSevenfold……….……… . 4… 2 .
b AvengedSevenfold’ sLoveSongs …… .………...… 82 .
B RelatedStudie s……….………….…... 92 .
C Theoreitca lFramework……… 1.. 3
Y G O L O D O H T E M H C R A E S E R : II I R E T P A H C
.
A Dataoft heStudyandDataSource……….… .…….… 4. 3 .
B Approach……….………. ..… 63 .
C Methodoft heStudy .
1 DataColleciton………...…. .. 73 .
2 DataAnalyssi………...… 8. 3
: V I R E T P A H
C RESEARCHFINDINGSANDDISCUSSION .
A Type so fExpilcatureFoundi nt heSong s .
1 eF re En irchmen t………..…………. 04 .
2 Saturaiton……… 64 .
ii i v
.
4 Dsiambiguaiton……….………… 25 .
5 AdhocConcep t……….……… 45 .
B T heCharactersiitc so fExpilcature .
1 FreeEn irchment .
a Focu isngonal exica ltiem……….… 6…. 5 .
b Providingaconceptua lcon ts tiuen t……….… 9… 5 …
… … … … m e ti l a c i x e l a g n i w o rr a n d n a g n i y fi c e p S .
c ……….… 16
.
2 Saturaiton
… … … … … … … … … … … n o it s e u q t o ls g n i v l o v n I .
a ……….… 5… 6
… … … … … … … … n o it a m r o f n i r e h tr u f g n i c u d o r P .
b ……….… 8… 6
.
3 ReferenceResoluiton t
o n s e o D .
a involveany ilngusiitcs y tsem……… 27 …
… … … … … e u l a v l a u t x e t n o c e h t n o d e s a b g n i k r o W .
b ……...… 57
g n i g d ir b ‘ a g n i d i v o r P .
c -crossr eference ’………...… 7. 7 .
4 Dsiambiguaiton a h t e r o m g n i v l o v n I .
a nt woopitona lmeaning s……… 1…8 e
m g n it c e l e S .
b aningbasedoncontex t……… 28 .
5 AdhocConcept o g n i k r o W .
a nal exica l tiem……… 58 …
… … … … … … … … m e ti l a c i x e l e h t g n i w o rr a N .
b ……….. 86
g n i k r o W .
c onametapho r………... 78 .
C ThemePresentaiton .
1 Telilngaboutr elaitonship………..………… 09 .
2 U isng‘ commtiment ’word(s )……….. 39 .
3 Involvingemo ito -nrelatedword(s )……….………. 59 .
4 U isngl ovingandbeautfiu lword s……… 9… 9 .
5 Showingi ntimacyandcare……… 2…. 1 0
: V R E T P A H
C CONCLUSIONANDSUGGESTION
.
A Conclu ison……… 1 07
.
B Suggesiton……….. 11 1
… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … S E C N E R R E F E
R ………. 31 1
C I D N E P P
A ES
: 1 x i d n e p p
A TheLyirc soft heLoveSong s………..………... 61 1 :
2 x i d n e p p
A TheProces so fExpilcature……..…….……… ... 11 2 p
A pendix3 :Type sandt heCharactersiitc so fExpilcature……….…. 41 2 h
T e h T : 4 x i d n e p p
xi
S N O I T A I V E R B B A F O T S I L
S
W Warmnes sont heSoul D
S Seizet heDay G
D Dea rGod S
G Gunsilnger A
F
S SoFa rAway L L ine
1
S Song1 2
S Son g2 3
S Song3 4
S Song4 5
x
T C A R T S B A
. 5 1 0 2 . a ti N i w D , it n a y ir b e
F The Study o fExpilcature i n t he Love Song Lyric so f d
l o f n e v e S d e g n e v
A .Yogyaka tra :Engl sih Language Studies ,Graduate Program , s
r e v i n U a m r a h D a t a n a
S ti y.
h c r a e s e r si h
T w as intended ot ifnd out t hetypes o fexpilcature processes , e
h
t charactersiitc sof t heexpilcatureprocesse sandaslot orevealthet hemeoft he g
n o
s s through the lyircs. The presen twrtie rchose the love song so fAvenged d
l o f n e v e
S sa the objec tof t he research because ti i sa big rock band and a rock d
n a
b sif amou swtih hardbea tofr hythm in mos tsongs ,evenl ove song . tI i sno t d
n a b s i h t o t e l b a c il p p
a andmakest hemdi fferent.I thass everall oves ongsi n lsow .
m h t y h r f o t a e
b
a d e h
T taof t her esearcha re thel yirc so fWarmnes son t heSoul ,Seize t he y
a
D ,Dea rGod ,Gunsilnger ,and So Fa raway .In collecitng the data o fthi s h
c r a e s e
r ,the wrtier conducted several tsep ssuch a s il tsening t o t he l ove songs , n
i k c e h c d n a s c ir y l e h t g n it t e
g g them wtih interne t source , identfiying the
r o e t e l p m o c n i e h t g n it si l d n a , s c ir y l e h t m r o f s e c n a r e tt u l a c i g o ll i r o e t e l p m o c n i
.s e c n a r e tt u l a c i g o ll
i Fo ranalyzing the data ,the wrtie raslo took severa l tsep s h
s , m e l b o r p t s ri f e h t r o F . s m e l b o r p e h t n o d e s a
b e t ook t hese tseps t o analyzet he
y e h t ; a t a
d w ere determining the msi isng informaiton ,applying the approp irate it
si r e t c a r a h c e h t g n i d n if d n a , s s e c o r p e r u t a c il p x
e co feachexpilcatureprocess .A s
fo rthe second problem ,she took these tsep ssuch a sidentfiying the observed o t s e s s e c o r p e r u t a c il p x e f o c it si r e t c a r a h c e h t g n i y l p p a , e r u t a c il p x e f o c it si r e t c a r a h c
. e r u t a c il p x e h g u o r h t s c it si r e t c a r a h c g n o s e v o l e h t g n il li fl u f , c ir y l e h t
tl u s e r e h
T s o fthe research show tha t ifve processe so fexpilcature are d
n u o
f in t helove songs ,namely ( 1) f reeen irchmen,t ( 2 )saturaiton, ( 3)r eference )
5 ( d n a , n o it a u g i b m a si d ) 4 ( , n o it u l o s e
r Adhoc concept .Those ifveprocesse saslo
e v a
h thei rown charactersiitcs .T fhe ree en irchmen thas t he charactersiitc sa s(1 ) a
n o g n is u c o
f lexica l tiem , (2 ) providing conceptua l con tstiuent , and (3 ) r
o F . g n i n a e m s ’ c ir y l e h t g n i w o rr a n d n a g n i y fi c e p
s the saturaiton , ti s
e r a s c it si r e t c a r a h
c (1 ) involving lso t quesiton , and (2 ) producing futrhe r a
r a h c e h t s a h n o it u l o s e r e c n e r e f e r e h T . n o it a m r o f n
i c is ster it c a s (1 )doe sno t
) 3 ( d n a , e u l a v l a u t x e t n o c e h t n o d e s a b g n i k r o w ) 2 ( , m e ts y s c it si u g n il e v l o v n i
s s o r c g n i g d ir b ‘ a g n i d i v o r p y b s k r o
w -reference’ . A s fo r the d siambiguaiton
n i n a e m l a n o it p o o w t n a h t e r o m g n i v l o v n i ) 1 ( e r a s c it si r e t c a r a h c s ti , s s e c o r
p gs ,and
s c it si r e t c a r a h c e h t ,t p e c n o c c o h d a e h t r o F . t x e t n o c n o d e s a b g n i n a e m g n it c e l e s ) 2 (
, m e ti l a c i x e l e h t f o g n i n a e m e h t g n i w o rr a n ) 2 ( , m e ti l a c i x e l a n o g n i k r o w ) 1 ( e r a
.r o h p a t e m a n o g n i k r o w ) 3 ( d n a
si h
T researchaslo show stha tWarmness on t heSoul, Seize t heDay ,Dea r d
o
G ,Gunsilnger , da n SoFa rAwayhaveloveast hesongt heme . tIi sbecauset he s
c ir y
l o fthose ifve song scomplete and re lfec ta tleas tthree character siitc so f o w ’ t n e m ti m m o c ‘ g n is u , p i h s n o it a l e r t u o b a g n il l e t s a h c u s g n o s e v o l g n i e
b rds ,
n o it o m e g n i v l o v n
i -relaiton words ,u isngl ovingandbeautfiu lwords ,andshowing .
e r a c d n a y c a m it n i
s d r o w y e
ix K A R T S B A . 5 1 0 2 . a ti N i w D , it n a y ir b e
F The Study o fExpilcature i n t he Love Song Lyric so f d l o f n e v e S d e g n e v
A .Yogyaka tra :Engl sih Language Studies ,Graduate Program , . y ti s r e v i n U a m r a h D a t a n a S k u t n u n a u j u tr e b i n i n a it il e n e
P menunjukkan jensi-jeni s prose s dar i
e r u t a c il p x
e bese tra karaktersiitknya ,se tra untuk mengungkap tema l agu melalu i ri
l ki -il irknya .S ipenuil sdar ipeneilitan i n imemiilh Avenged Sevenfold sebaga i r e t d n a b a n e r a k n a it il e n e p k e j b
o sebu ttermasuk band rock besa rdan memiilk i
.t u b m e l g n a y e m ti r m a l a d a t n i c u g a l a p a r e b e b u g a l k ir il h a l a d a i n i n a it il e n e p i r a d a t a
D dar iWarmnes sont heSoul ,Seize
y a D e h
t ,Dea rGod ,Gunsilnger ,dan So Fa raway .Dalam pengumpulan d ata , i n i n a it il l e n e p k u t n
u penuil smengambi lbeberapa l angkah sepe tr imendengarkan u
g a
l -lagu cintanya ,mencar i il irk l agu dan mencocokkannya dengan i nternet ,dan a tf a d n e
m rungkapan-ungkapan yang kurang kompil tatau itdak l ogic .Sedangkan il a n a g n e m m a l a
d is sdata ,s ipenuil smelaksanakan beberapa l angkah berdasarkan g n a li h g n a y i s a m r o f n i i a d n a n e m a i d ; a m a tr e p n a h a l a s a m r e p k u t n U . n a h a l a s a m r e p e s o r p n a k is a k il p a g n e m , c ir y l i r a
d s expilcature yang sesuai , dan menentukan
g n is a m i r a d k it si r e t a r a
k -ma isng prose sexpilcature .Sedangkan untuk masalah h a k g n a l li b m a g n e m a i d , a u d e k g n a
y -langkah sepe tr imengidenit ifkas ikaratersiitk r a d k it si r e t k a r a k n a k is a k il p a g n e m , e r u t a c il p x e s e s o r p i r a
d iexp ilcature pada il irk
. e r u t a c il p x e i u l a l e m a t n i c u g a l ir a d k it si t e k a r a k i p a k g n e l e m n a d , u g a l a w h a b n a k k u j n u n e m i n i n a it il e n e p i r a d l is a
H ada ilma prose sexpilcature
u g a l m a l a d i
d - ulag cinta Avenged Sevenfold , yatiu (1 ) rfee en irchment , (2 ) , n o it a r u t a
s (3 )reference resoluiton ,(4 )d siambiguaiton ,dan (5 )Ad hoc concept . k it si r e t k a r a k a p a r e b e b i k il i m e m a g u j t u b e s r e t e r u t a c il p x e s e s o r p a m i
L yang
a y n n i a l g n a y n a g n e d u t a s n a k a d e b m e
m . Untuk free en irchment ,karaktersi itknya
n i a l a r a t n
a (1 ) focu s pada sebuah kata , (2 ) membeirkan komponen yang . k ir il i r a d a n k a m t i p m e s r e p m e m n a d i s a k if is e p s n e m ) 3 ( n a d , l a u t p e s n o k ) 1 ( h a l a d a a y n k it si r e t k a r a k , n o it a r u t a s k u t n u n a k g n a d e
S meilbatkan pe tranyaan
g n a
y sudah dtientukan ,(2 )menghaslikan informas iyang lebih komplti .Untuk n a k t a b il e m k a d it ) 1 ( n i a l a r a t n a a y n k it si r e t k a r a k , s e s o r p n o it u l o s e r e c n e r e f e r g n a y i c n u k n a k r a s a d r e b a jr e k e b ) 2 ( , c it si u g n il n a g n e d n a g n u b u h r e b g n a y m e ts y s n a t a b m e j‘ n u g n a b m e m a r a c n a g n e d a jr e k e b ) 3 ( n a d , s k e t n o k m a l a d t a p a d r e t U . ’i s n e r e f e r g n u b u h g n e
p ntuk dsiambiguation ,karaktersiitknya (1 )meilbatkan . s k e t n o k r a s a d r e b a t a k a n k a m h il i m e m ) 2 ( n a d , a n k a m n a h il i p a u d i r a d h i b e l , a t a k h a u b e s a d a p a jr e k e b ) 1 ( h a l a d a a y n k it si r e t a r a k , t p e c n o c c o h d a n a k g n a d e S r e k e b ) 3 ( n a d , a t a k h a u b e s a n k a m t i p m e s r e p m e m ) 2
( japadametafora .
n a it il e n e
P ini j uga menunjukkan bahwa Warmnes son t he Soul ,Seize t he y
a
D ,Dea rGod ,Gunsilnger ,dan So Fa rAway memiilk i tema cinta d i lagu . a k e r e
m Ha lin i karena il irk lagu pada keilma lagu tersebu tmelengkap idan n a k n i m r e c n e
m pailng tidak itga karaktersiitk untuk menjad ilagu cinta sepe tr i a t a k n a k a n u g g n e m , n a g n u b u h h a u b e s g n a t n e t n a k a ti r e c n e
m -kata ‘komtimen’ ,
a t a k n a k t a b il e
m -kata yang berhubungan dengan emos i dan perasaan , a t a k n a k a n u g g n e
m -kata cinta dan indah , se tra menunjukkan kedekatan dan . n a it a h r e p s d r o w y e
1 I R E T P A H C
N O I T C U D O R T N I
, n o it c u d o rt n i e r a y e h t ; s tr a p r u o f o t n i r e t p a h c s i h t s e d i v i d r e ti r w e h T
y d u ts e h t f o s e v it c e j b o , n o it a l u m r o f m e l b o r
p , isgni ifcance o f the tsudy, and
.s m r e t f o n o it i n if e d
.
A Background
’ e l p o e p n i t n e m e l e l a it n e s s e n a s e t u ti ts n o c e g a u g n a
L s lfie . I t i s an
s i tI . y l e si c e r p s a e d i ri e h t g n is s e r p x e d n a g n i y e v n o c e l p o e p r o f e c i v e d t n a tr o p m i
h ti w e n
il Whtiney( 1867:22), whode ifne sa l anguage a sa group o fspoken isgn s o sl a ) 8 4 : c 6 9 9 1 ( y k s m o h C , r e v o e r o M . ) 7 1 : 5 0 0 2 s w e h tt a M n i d e ti c ( s a e d i r o f
t a
ts est hatl anguagecon ts tiutest hewell-formedexpres isonsi nwhichi sts emanitc s s t n e n o p m o c d n a s n o is s e r p x e f o s t n e m e l e e h t n e e w t e b p i h s n o it a l e r e h t n o d e s a b s i
o t e c i v e d r e p o r p a s i e g a u g n a l s a g n o l s A . ) 1 4 1 : 5 0 0 2 s a lt A n i d e ti c ( d lr o w e h t n i
s n o i n i p o e r a h
s and ideas ,i tcan aslo create ambigutiy among the hearers .The e
s u a c e b e b n a c s n o s a e
r o f mi isnterpretaiton by the hearer s o r incomplete
. s r e k a e p s e h t y b s e c n a r e tt u
e v l o s o
T the mi isnterpretaiton which happen samong the hearer so rthe ,s
r e k a e p
s etihe rt he speaker so rhearer scannot t ake t he i nterpretaiton f o rgranted t e g o t s e c n a ts m u c ri c e h t r e d is n o c d l u o h s y e h t t u b , d r o w h c a e f o g n i n a e m e h t m o rf
d n a s g n i n a e m n e e w t e b p i h s n o it a l e r t a h t s r e v o c s c it a m g a r P . e g a s s e m d e d n e t n i e h t
t s p l e h t i t a h t o s s e c n a ts m u c ri
c he reader sge ta prope rmeaning based on the
r P . t x e t n o
c agmaitcs i sa branch o f ilngusiitc swhich i sengaged wtih meaning .I t s d n i k r a l u c it r a p n o d e s a b s g n i n a e m g n i v ir e d n i y ti li b a p a c s ’ n o s r e p e h t n o s e s u c o f
8 1 : 9 9 9 1 , r e l d i e r K ( n o it a u ti s h c e e p s f
d n
I e irvingmeanings ,apersonasloneeds t oknowt hekind so fcontextua l o sl a s c it a m g a r P . g n i n a e m t i c il p x e r o t i c il p m i n a s i t i r e h t e h w s g n i n a e m
e t a c i n u m m o c s r e k a e p s n e h W . s g n i n a e m l a u t x e t n o c f o s d n i k e s o h t s e h si u g n it si d
, g n i y a s r i e h t d n o y e b s a e d i ri e h
t i t si called a n imp ilci tmeaning .What i s i mpiled
s w o h
s that t he speake rand heare rare t aking pa tr i n the conversaiton (Akmaijan a
.t
e l , 2001:399) . Futrhermore , Levinson (1983 ) tsate s tha t “The noiton o f p
s i t i w o h f o t n u o c c a t i c il p x e e m o s s e d i v o r p e r u t a c il p m
i os isble to mean more
c it si u g n il e h t f o e s n e s l a n o it n e v n o c e h t n i d e s s e r p x e y ll a r e ti l s i t a h w n a h t
o w t t u o b a s k l a t ) 7 6 9 1 ( e c ir G . ) 5 3 : 0 1 0 2 , a f a ts u M n i d e ti c ( ” d e r e tt u n o is s e r p x e
l a n o it n e v n o c d n a e r u t a c il p m i l a n o it a s r e v n o c e r a y e h t ; e r u t a c il p m i f o s d n i k
il p m
i cature .Conversaitona limpilcature appear swhen a speake rviolate sone o f n a g n ir e tt u e li h w ) n o it a l e r d n a , r e n n a m , y ti t n a u q , y ti l a u q ( s m i x a m r u o f s i h
. e c n a r e tt
u On t he othe rhand, convenitonal i mpilcature come sup convenitonally n
i n a e m e h t t a h t s n a e m h c i h
w g come s rfom t he words i n t he utterance (ctied i n
.) 6 3 : 0 1 0 2 , a f a ts u M
On t he oppostie ,an exp ilci tmeaning i sa meaning which i sgained from r e p o r p e h t o t s s e c c a y lt c e ri d n a c s r e r a e h e h T . fl e st i e c n e t n e s f o s t n e n o p m o c e h t
s t n e n o p m o c e h t g n it a l e r y b g n i n a e
m o fsentence t o the cu rren tcricum tsances .
d n a r e b r e p
S Wislon (1995:182 ) tsate tha texpilcature i san assumpiton which i s c it n a m e S “ t a h t s e t a ts o sl a ) 9 5 : 2 9 9 1 ( e r o m e k a l B . d e t a c i n u m m o c y lt i c il p x e
e h t o t s a e u l c l a t e l e k s y r e v a y l n o s e d i v o r p n o it a t n e s e r p e
r pex ilcaturet heheareri s
e h t g n i p o l e v e d f o s s e c o r p e h t d n a , r e v o c e r o t d e d n e t n
i semanitc representaiton
l a u t x e t n o c n o y li v a e h s d n e p e d e r u t a c il p x e n a o t n
i informaiton”. Moreover ,G irce
) 5 7 9 1
d i a s s i t a h
w ;t heyare ( )i t he operaitve meaningof t he expres ison uttered , i()i t he n
i e d a m ) s ( e c n e r e f e r e h t )i ii ( d n a e c n a r e tt u f o e m
it a nutterance( ctiedi nAkmaijan
8 9 3 : 1 0 0 2 l l a .t
e -399 .) I tmeans t hat t he propo isiton o fwhat i ssaid can be gained d n a , n o is s e r p x e e h t g n ir e tt u f o e m it e h t , e m it n i a tr e c e h t n i g n i n a e m e h t h g u o r h t
d e s s u c si d e c n e r e f e r e h
t i ntheutterance.
e l o r g i b a s y a l p e r u t a c il p x e , n o it a c i n u m m o c n
I in minimizing the
il p x e f o e r u t a n e h t s A . s e c n a r e tt u e h t r e v o g n i d n a ts r e d n u si
m cature t ha tbroaden s
e h t y fi r a l c d n a t u o h s e lf o t s k r o w y ll a c is a b t i , e c n a r e tt u n a f o g n i n a e m l a r e ti l e h t
. d e d i v o r p e b n a c n o it a m r o f n i r e p e e d d n a r e h tr u f t a h t o s g n i n a e m l a r e ti l
e m o s g n i d i v o r p y b e g a u g n a l n e k o p s r o n e tt ir w n i h t o b s k r o w e r u t a c il p x E
o it i d d
a na lwordst ha tcanen irchandmaket hemeaningo fanutterancea sclea ra s .
e l b is s o p
e h t s s u c si d o t d e ts e r e t n i si r e ti r w e h t , n o it a n a l p x e s u o i v e r p e h t o t g n ir r e f e R
n i m r e t l a c i n h c e t a s i e r u t a c il p x E . s e s r u o c si d n i n o n e m o n e h p e r u t a c il p x e
t e r e h w s c it a m g a r
p he hearers i nterpret t he meaning o fa sentence expilcilty . tI i s e
n
il by Huang (2007:189) ,who point sout t ha t“An expilcature i san i nferenita l s m r o f l a c i g o l r o s n o it a t n e s e r p e r l a u t p e c n o c e t e l p m o c n i e h t f o e n o f o t n e m p o l e v e d
n a u H . ” e c n a r e tt u n a y b d e d o c n
e gaslomenitonst hef uncitono fanexpilcaturetha t
e c u d o r p o t , e c n a r e tt u f o m r o f l a c i g o ll i n a f o s t n e m e l e c it si u g n il e h t e t e l p m o c o t si
. t n e t n o c c i g o l y ll u f e h t
a s a e r u t a c il p x e s e n if e d r e ti r w t n e s e r p e h t , tr o h s n
I developmen t o f
n o it is o p o r p c it n a m e
s . tI i sbased on the semanitc propo isiton isnce i twork s ,
y ll a r e ti
c it a m g a r p o t s g n o l e b h c i h
w proces ,s t hat i sconnecitng t hel tiera lmeaningt o t he s
e c n a ts m u c ri
c .
s g n o s r o f s
A ,Long (2007:533 ) tsates tha t“Popula rmu isc arit ts shave d e w e i v s g n o s r i e h t o t s c ir y l e h t g n i v a h t u o b a t n e l a v i b m a t a h w e m o s n e e b s y a w l a
f l e s f o s n a e m a n a h t r e h t o g n i h t y n a s a r o , e g n a h c l a i c o s r o f s l o o t , y rt e o p s a
s i tI . ” n o is s e r p x
e aslo ilnewtihRosová( 2007:14 )whoasserstt ha t“Song scontain , st r a e h r u o s e h c u o t c is u m e li h W . s c ir y l f o r e w o p e h t s a l l e w s a c is u m f o r e w o p e h t
n w o r i e h t o t n i s u w a r d y e h t o s d n a s d n i m r u o o t n i w o lf s d r o w r i e h t d n a s c ir y l e h t
d lr o
w ” .
r e ti r w e h t , e s a c s i h t n
I t ired to analyze the phenomenon o fexp ilcature
s g n o s e v o l f o s c ir y l s g n o s e h t e d is n
i tha tAvenged Sevenfold has i n ti salbums .
g n is o o h c f o n o s a e r e h
T i stloves ong sw asbecauseAvengedSevenfold si aspecia l n
a b k c o
r d .Sincemo ftso rockband saref amou sfo rhavinghardbea tofr hythmi n s
g n o
s even for et h love songs , ti i sno tappilcable t o t hi sband . tI i sproven by . m h t y h r f o t a e b w o ls e h t n i e r a d l o f n e v e S d e g n e v A y b d a h s g n o s e v o l l a r e v e s
r e ti r w e h t e r o f e r e h
T w ascu irou saboutt hei rwayi nexpres isngt heril ovest hrough s
r i e h
t ongs which are i n lsow beat . eT h wrtie rconducted t he research over t he w
o h w o n k n a c e l p o e p t a h t e p o h n i s c ir y l g n o
s ar ock band expresse sa f eeilngo f
. e v o
l Moreover ,people wli lbe able to maximize the informaiton tha tthey ge t y
ll a i c e p s e , s g n o s m o
rf t heloves ongthroughexpilcatureprocesses. e
h t n
I love song sly irc so fAvenged Sevenfold ,the wrtie rfound many f
o s c it si r e t c a r a h
c eachexpilcatureprocess ni thewayt heyr evealt helovet heme in s
g n o s e h
t .Tha twas the r eason f or t hewrtie rtakingthei rlove songsl yirc sa she r .
s e c r u o s a t a
l u o
S rfom Soundingt he Seventh TrumpetAlbum ,Seize t heDayform Ctiyo fEvli ,
m u b l
A Dea rGod rfom S -efl Tilted Album ,Gunsilnger rfom S -efl Tilted Album , n
a dSoFa rAway rfomNightmareAlbum. .
B ProblemFormula iton
e h t s e s u t I . s c it a m g a r p n i s e ir o e h t e c n a v e l e r e h t f o e n o s i e r u t a c il p x E
e h t g n it c e n n o c y b y lt i c il p x e e c n e t n e s a f o g n i n a e m e h t t e r p r e t n i o t y ti li b a ’ s r e r a e h
t c a f n I . t x e t n o c e h t h ti w e c n e t n e s d e r e tt
u ,under tsanding expilcature in song s
d n a e u g o l o n o m e h t o t g n o l e b y e h t e c n is s m e l b o r p l a r e v e s r a e p p a y a m s c ir y l
t n i o p t c a x e e h t t e g d l u o h s s r e r a e h e h t s a r e k a e p s f o e l c ri c e d is t u o e h t m o rf e l p o e p
. g n i n a e m ’ s c ir y l s g n o s e h t m o rf
e t n i l a r e v e s e v a h y a m e l p o e
P rpretaiton sovert hemeaningoft hes ongs .A s
g n o s e h t f o e u l a v e h t d n a ts r e d n u si m s e m it e m o s y e h t , e c n e u q e s n o c e h
t , whichcan
. n o it a t u p e r s ’ d n a b e h t o t t c e ff
a By knowing the processe so fexpilcature ,thei r
s c it si r e t c a r a h
c and even how they work ,the il tsener scan fully under tsand the n
o n e m o n e h p e r u t a c il p x e f o s e l p m a x e d n a s e p y
t and gain the deeper message o f
.s g n o s e h t
e h t s e v r e s b o r e ti r w e h t , h c r a e s e r s i h t n
I charactersiitc s o fexpilcature
s e s s e c o r
p whicharef oundi nt hel ovesong so fAvengedSevenfold . tIi saimed t o w
o n
k thecharactersiitc so fexpilcatureprocessest ha tappearedi nt hes ongs sot ha t . g n o s e v o l a e d is n i n o n e m o n e h p e r u t a c il p x e e h t f o e r a w a e b n a c s r e d a e r e h
t The
it si r e t c a r a h
c c s o f the expilcature processe s en ilghten the reader s abou t the h
c aracte ir tsic sof each exp ilcature process so tha tthey can apply each o f ti .
e h t g n i w o n k r e tf
A charactersiitc sof expilcature processe sin the songs , sl
a r e ti r w e h
t o wanted to know how t he processe so fexpilcature reveal the song e
m e h
t .In t hi scase, t he wrtie rfocuse son the way o fexpilcature charactersi itc s c
it si r e t c a r a h c e h t e t e l p m o
c s fo the lovesongt o show the songtheme. eT h wrtie r
d e t a l u m r o
f theproblem sasf ollows: .
1 Whatt ype so fexp ilcatureprocesse sarefoundi nt hel oves ong so f d
l o f n e v e S d e g n e v
A ?
.
2 Wha tcharactersiitc so fexpilcatureprocesse sa refoundi nt hel oves ong s f
o AvengedSevenfold? .
3 Howdotheexpilcatureprocessesr evealt het hemeoft hes ongs? .
C Objec itve soft heStudy
e c n a d r o c c a n
I wtih the problem sabove ,thi s tsudy i saimed to ifnd the s
e p y
t and aslothe charactersiitcso fexpilcatureprocessesi n t helove songsl yirc s o fAvenged Sevenfold .Fort hi sobjecitve, t hewrtier i ntend s to observet hetype s
e h t d n
a charactersiitc sof expilcatureprocesse sbased on t hei rappearances i n t he .s
c ir y l s g n o s
t , e r o m r e h tr u
F hi s tsudy si aslo aimed to explain how the exp ilcature g
n o s e h t f o e m e h t e h t y fi r a l c s e s s e c o r
p .Fo rthi ssecond objecitve ,the wrtie r
d e n i a l p x
e the way expilcature processe scomplete t he charactersiitc sof the l ove g
n o
s .The process include sselecitng the approp irate proces so fexpilcature to s
c it si r e t c a r a h c g n o s e v o l e h t l li fl u
f so tha t the song s can be under tsood
.
D Beneftisoft heStudy
y ll u f e p o
H thsi r esearch aslo give ssomecont irbuitons t osevera lgroup so f p
o e
p le .Frislty, t he r eader sand studenstare t he f ris tp irortiyt o r ead t hsir esearch h
c r a e s e r s i h t e s u a c e
b si useful t o help t hei r tsudy and en irche s thei rknowledge . f
o d n i k e h t , e r u t a c il p x e t u o b a n o it a m r o f n i h c u m s e d i v o r p y d u ts s i h
T ti sprocesse s
e v i g o t d e t c e p x e s i h c r a e s e r s i h t t a h t o S . s e c n a r e tt u n i s n o it a c il p p a r i e h t n e v e
h t o b o t t n e m n e t h g il n
e the reader sand tsudent sabou texp ilcature ,include the e c n a r e tt u n a y ll a i c e p s e , e c n a r e tt u n a e t e l p m o c o t k r o w y e h t y a w e h t d n a s e s s e c o r p
ins ongsl y irc .s
r r e h t o y b d e s u e b o sl a n a c t i , y l d n o c e
S esearchers isncet hi s tsudycanbea
s i h t ,r e v o e r o M . d l e if e m a s e h t n i h c r a e s e r a e v a h o t s r e h c r a e s e r r e h t o r o f e c n e r e f e r
n e t n e s a n i s e s s e c o r p e r u t a c il p x e g n i y l p p a t u o b a n o it a rt s u ll i m e h t s e v i g y d u
ts ce
.s g n o s f o e m e h t e h t l a e v e r o t e r u t a c il p x e f o s c it si r e t c a r a h c e h t e s u o t w o h n e v e
e r u t a c il p x e f o e s u e h t n o s e s u c o f h c i h w , d n if o t e r a r ll it s s i y d u ts s i h t e c n i
S ove r
, s c ir y l g n o s e h
t thsir esearchcanbeaproperr eferencef ort hosewhowantt ohave e
h
t samet opicofr eseasch.
l g n o s e h t r o f l u f e s u o sl a s i y d u ts s i h t , y l d ri h
T overs fo rwhich i tcan be
e c n i S . g n o s e h t r e v o n o it a m r o f n i r e p e e d e h t g n i n i a g m e h t r o f y a w a s a d e s
u hi s
o t s e s s e c o r p e r u t a c il p x e f o e s u e h t t u o b a s e s s u c si d y d u
ts lfeshout t hei ncomplete
s e c n e t n e s f o m r o f l a c i g o ll i d n
a in song l yirc ,s i ti shelpfu lfor t he song l overs t o
n i a
g more speci ifc informaitonabout t hesongs ’message .Moreover ,by knowing e h t f o g n il e e f e h t t e g n a c s r e v o l g n o s e h t , s g n o s e h t f o e g a s s e m e t e l p m o c e h t
m o c s g n o
8 I I R E T P A H C
W E I V E R L A C I T E R O E H T
e e r h t o t n i d e d i v i d s i r e t p a h c s i h
T subheadings .They are the theoreitca l
w e i v e
r , related tsudiesandt heoreitcalf ramework. .
A Theore itca lReview
, s c it a m g a r p , e c n e t n e s e r a y e h t ; st r a p e v if f o s ts is n o c g n i d a e h b u s s i h T x
e pilcature,s ongl yircs ,andAvengedSevenfold. .
1 Sentence
m u a b n e e r
G a nd Neslon (2002:28 )de ifne a sentence a sa ilne o fword s , n o it i d d a n I . d o ir e p a h ti w g n i d n e d n a r e tt e l ) e s a c r e p p u ( l a ti p a c a h ti w g n it r a ts
h g u o r o h t a s s e r p x e n a c e c n e t n e s t a h t t r e s s a y e h
t thought . I ti ssuppo tred by
, ) 5 9 1 : 5 7 9 1 ( tr o o v d n a
Z whoasserstt ha ta sentence begin swtihacaptiall ette rand .
p o ts l l u f a h ti w d n
e Moreover ,Curme ( 1966:97 )de ifne sa sentencea sani deao r r
o f h c u s n i e r o m r o d r o w e n o g n is u y b d e s s e r p x e s i h c i h w g n il e e
f mandmannert o
. g n i n a e m d e d n e t n i e h t e r a h
s Greenbaum a nd Neslon (2002:31 )aslo meniton t wo
e h T . e c n e t n e s e l p it l u m d n a e c n e t n e s e l p m is e r a e s o h t ; s e c n e t n e s f o s d n i k
t i t a h t s i e c n e t n e s e l p m is a f o c it si r e t c a r a h
c ha s no othe r clause wtihin ti .
w n a e
M hlie for the mulitple sentence ,i tha sone o rmore clause s wtihin the .
e c n e t n e s
h c e e L , n o it i d d a n
I a ndSva trvik( 1994:372 ) tsatest ha t“sentence sareunti s d e ll a c e r a e s u a l c e n o t s u j g n i n i a t n o c s e c n e t n e S . s e s u a l c e r o m r o e n o f o p u e d a m
n e t n e s d n a , e c n e t n e s e l p m
is ce s containing more than one clause are called
o t g n i d r o c c A . ” x e l p m o
c Zandvoor t(1975:195-196) ,a sentence may conssi to f T
. e r o m r o d r o w e n
n o n d n a s e v it a c o v , s e v it a r e p m
i -exclamatory .Whereas in more than one-word ,
d n a ) e c n e t n e s e h t n i g n i h t r o n o s r e p e h t s e t a c i d n i h c i h w ( t c e j b u s e r a e r e h t
n i t n e m e t a ts r o n o it s e u q e h t s e t a c i d n i h c i h w ( e t a c i d e r
p the sentence )wtihin t he
a g n is i u r K y b d e tr o p p u s o sl a s i tI . e c n e t n e
s a ndErades( 1953:13) ,whoasse trt ha ta
n e
s tence-wordha smeaningonlyi nas tiuaitonorr elaitont oanothers entence. 9
9 1 ( e m r u C , e r o m r e h tr u
F 6:97 ) point s ou t three type s o f sentence:
f o e p y t a s i e c n e t n e s y r o t a m a l c x E . e v it a g o rr e t n i d n a , e v it a r a l c e d , y r o t a m a l c x e
m a l c x e n a y b d e d n e s i h c i h w e c n e t n e
s aiton poin t !( )and used to expres san
e h t r o F . e ri s e d n e v e h si w , d n a m m o c a o t s n o is s e r p x e g n it n e s e r p r o , y r c t u o
r o , e t a ts o t d e s u s i t i , e c n e t n e s e v it a r a l c e
d de ifning something a s a fact .
w n a e
M hliet hei nte rrogaitves entence , tii sappiledf o raskingquesitonandusually .
) ? ( k r a m e v it a g o r r e t n i n a y b d e d n e
.
2 Pragma itcs
s c it a m g a r P . n o it a c i n u m m o c n i e g a u g n a l f o e s u e h t t u o b a s k l a t s c it a m g a r P
n i s s e r p x e s e c n a r e tt u e s o h w s g n i n a e m f o y d u ts e h t s a d e n if e d e b o sl a n a c
s n o it a u ti
s (Leech , 1983:7&9 .) Moreover , Verschueren (1999 : 1 ) de ifnes e
h t s a s c it a m g a r
p “ tsudyo f ilngusiitc phenomena rfom t he poin to fview oft hei r s
e s s e c o r p d n a s e it r e p o r p e g a s
u ” (ctied i n Panthe ra nd Thornburg ,2003:31) . tI i s
aslosuppotred byHuang( 2007:2) ,who asserstt ha t“Pragmaitc s sit hesystemaitc o sl a e H . ” e g a u g n a l f o e s u e h t , n o t n e d n e p e d r o , f o e u tr i v y b g n i n a e m f o y d u ts
.s r e t e r p r e t n i d n a s r e s u r i e h t o t s e d o c e h t s e t a l e r s c it a m g a r P t a h t s e u g r a
s i e r e h t t u b , g n i n a e m t u o b a d e n r e c n o c s i s c it a m g a r p r o s c it n a m e s r e h ti E
i d t n a c if i n g is a o sl
a fference to dsiitngu sih them .Leech (1983:12 )give s ismple )
1 ( : s w o ll o f s a s n o it a l u m r o
?
X .Those i llusrtaiton sshow t he di fference of t he meaning i n t he semanitc sand 1
( n o it a rt s u ll i e h t r o F . d l e if s c it a m g a r
p ,) t hemeaning i sde irved l tierallyf rom an
s r e r a e h r o s r e k a e p s , s e c n a ts m u c ri c e h t g n ir o n g i y b e c n a r e tt
u da n ilngui ts scallt he
s s a s s e c o r
p emanitcs ,meanwhlie i n t he i llusrtaiton (2) t he meaning i sgained by s
r e k a e p s e h t o t g n it a l e
r andhearer sand tii sknowna sPragmaitc .s
s n g is w o h f o y d u ts e h t s a s c it a m g a r p s e n if e d ) 8 3 9 1 ( s ir r o M , n o it i d d a n I
r e b r e p S n i d e ti c ( d e t a l e r e r a s r e t e r p r e t n i r o s r e s u r i e h t d n
a andWislon ,1996:281) .
n r o
H a nd Ward (2006:607 )asse tr t ha t“The goa lof i nferenita lpragmaitc s si t o e c n e d i v e e h t f o s is a b e h t n o g n i n a e m s ’ r e k a e p s e h t s r e f n i r e r a e h e h t w o h n i a l p x e
. ” d e d i v o r
p I t i s aslo suppo tred by the deifniiton proposed by Blakemore )
3 4 : 2 9 9 1
( , which sayst hat “The t askf o rpragmaitc s sit o showhow t he heareri s h
c u s p o l e v e d o t e l b
a a bluep irn tinto a complete propo isiton on the ba is so f
. ” e g d e l w o n k l a u t x e t n o
c Moreover ,Sperbe ra ndWislon( 1995:179 )asloasse trtha t y
fi t n e d i s r e r a e h e h t w o h n i a l p x e o t si s c it a m g a r p f o l a o g e h
t anutterancebasedon
f o n o it p ir c s e d e h t t u o b a a e d i r i e h
t the speake ’r satttiude along wtih contextua l
. n o it a m r o f n i
.
3 Expilcature
a s i ) 9 8 1 : 7 0 0 2 ( g n a u H o t g n i d r o c c a e r u t a c il p x e f o n o it i n if e d e h T
m r o f l a c i g o ll i r o n o it a t n e s e r p e r e t e l p m o c n i e h t r e h ti e s e v l o v n i h c i h w t n e m p o l e v e d
n i ,r e v o e r o M . s e d o c n e e c n a r e tt u n a t a h
t as isgning t heapprop iratei ntenitonove ra
d r o w h c a e f o g n i n a e m l a r e ti l e h t d n o y e b o g o t d e e n s r e r a e h e h t , e c n a r e tt u x e l p m o c
c it si u g n il e r u p a f o e g a t n a v d a e h t s a n e v i g s i ti t a h w t e s r o y l e v it a e r c t i h c ir n e d n a
g n i n a e
. s e r u t a c il p x e s a n w o n k e r
a A s tsated by Sperbe r a nd Wislon (1995:182) ,
x e t n o c d n a g n i d o c n e y ll a c it si u g n il f o n o it a n i b m o c a h c u s s i e r u t a c il p x
e tually
s e r u t a e f l a u t p e c n o c f o g n ir r e f n
i .
a s i e r u t a c il p x e t a h t r e f n i o sl a n a c e w , s n o it i n if e d s u o i v e r p e h t m o r F
n o it is o p o r
p which rsies a sthe resul to fcompleitng the incomplete form o fan .
e c n a r e tt
u I ti s ilne wtih Sperbe ra nd Wislon (1995:179) ,who poin tou ttha tto s r e r a e h e h t s a h e c n a r e tt u n a t a h t n o is s e r p x e f o m r o f l a n o it is o p o r p e h t e c u d o r p
.s y a w s u o ir a v n i ti h c ir n e d n a , e t e l p m o c , n o it a t n e s e r p e r c it n a m e s e h t t c e l e s ts u
m tI
d n a a ir o S h ti w e n il s
i Romero (2010:224) ,who tsate tha tin the proces so f
f n
i er irng, t he ba isc expilcature i sfuncitoned a spremsie accompanied by ce train .s
n o it p m u s s a l a u t x e t n o
c
e h
T following lyirc staken rfom the song wli lenilghten the concep to f e
r u t a c il p x
e :
]t r a e h y m [ e d if n o c I u o y n i d n a , e n o e h t e r a u o
Y … (Line4 /WS),
z i e
S e the day o rdie regretitng the itme you los t[from my lfie]… (Line )
D S /
1 .
, e l p m a x e s u o i v e r p e h t m o r
F in il 4ne( /WS )the wrtie rwli lapplyt he rfee
e r e h t e c n is s s e c o r p t n e m h c ir n
e i sno i nformaiton aboutt he t hing t hat t hespeake r
h c e h s t a h t o S . s e d if n o
c oose s rfee en irchmen tproces sno tonly because t he l yirc r e h tr u f s ti e s u a c e b o sl a t u b , t n e m h c ir n e e e rf f o c it si r e t c a r a h c e h t o t s e h c t a m
e h s e r o f e r e h T . t n e m h c ir n e e e r f y b d e t e l p m o c e b n a c n o it a m r o f n
i added‘myhea tr’
o
t specfiyt het hing t hat t he speake rcon ifdes .As f o r ilne ( 1 /SD ,) t he wrtie rwli l o
h
c ose saturaiton proces s to complete the propo isiton . I t i s because only d
n a s e h c t a m h c i h w n o it a r u t a
t o ls e h t s p o l e v e d t i e r o f e r e h
T quesiton‘ rfomwha t( rfommy ilf ’ e) tocompletet he
.s s o l f o t n e m o m e h t t u o b a n o it is o p o r p
n o sl i W d n a r e b r e p S , e r o m r e h tr u
F (1986 )de ifneexpilcatureast her esul to f
( n o it a t n e s e r p e r c it n a m e s e h t f o e c n a r e tt u n a g n it e l p m o
c ctied in Blakemore ,
. ) 4 6 : 2 9 9
1 Yet ,Sperbe ra nd Wislon ( 1995:182 )argue t hatt hedevelopmen tof t he m
o r f m r o f l a c i g o
l w hatanutteranceencodesi scalledexpilci tassumpiton(ctiedi n Panthe ra Tnd hornburg ,2003:24) .Blakemore( 1992:65 )asserstt hati nt heproces s
u t a c il p x e n a o t n i n o it a t n e s e r p e r c it n a m e s e h t g n i d n a p x e f
o re depend sgrealty on
n o it a t n e s e r p e r c it n a m e s e h t s d n a p x e r e r a e h e h t h c i h w r o f n o it a m r o f n i l a u t x e t n o c
. ti n o e u l a v h t u rt a s a h h c i h w g n i h t e m o s o t n i e c n a r e tt u n a f o
, r e v o e r o
M Sperbe r da n Wislon (1995:182 ) tsate tha t“an assumpiton i s e
d a s i ti f i ti c il p x
e velopmen toft he l ogicalf orm encodedby an utterance”( ctied r
e h t n a P n
i a nd Thornburg , 2003:24 . Expilcature i s a propo isiton which i s y ll a c it si u g n il n e e w t e b n o it a n i b m o c e h t s a p u s e m o c t I . y lt i c il p x e d e t a c i n u m m o c
d e r r e f n i y ll a u t x e t n o c d n a d e d o c n
e o fconceptua lelement s(Verschueren a nd Oia
.) 7 5 1 : 9 0 0 2 , n a m ts Ŏ
.
a Kind so fExpilcatureProcess
( e r o m e k a l
B 1992:66) argue stha ten irching the semanitc representaiton n
o it is o p o r p a h c a e r o t d e m i a s i s e d o c n e e c n a r e tt u n a h c i h
w tha ti sadequate in
s s e c o r p e h T . e c n a v e l e
r o fen irchmen tcanber egardeda samatte roff liilngi ngap s a
n
i ilngu siitcallyencoded semanitc representaiton . tI i s ilne wtih tIen ( 2005:83 ,) d e t c e ri d y ll a c it si u g n il e k il y l n o t o n s i t n e m p o l e v e d f o a e d i e h t t a h t s e t a ts o h w
t a u g i b m a si d s a h c u s s e s s e c o r
p ion and reference resoluiton , bu t aslo rfee
, ) 5 0 2 : 2 0 0 2 ( n o ts r a C o t g n i d r o c c a , r e v o e r o
M there are a t leas t three
t ) s ( n o it is o p o r p e h t g n i v ir e d n i d e v l o v n i s e s s e c o r p c it a m g a r p f o s d n i k t n e r e ff i
d ha t
y l e m a n s e s s e r p x e e c n a r e tt u n
a dsiambiguaiton ,saturaiton ,and rfee en irchment .
d n a e t e l p m o c o t p u e m o c e r u t a c il p x e f o s e p y t e h t t a h t s e t a ts , ) 9 8 1 : 7 0 0 2 ( g n a u H
h g u o r h t s m r o f l a c i g o l r o s n o it a t n e s e r p e r l a u t p e c n o c h c ir n
e i( )dsiambiguaiton,( ii )
,t n e m h c ir n e e e rf ) v i( , n o it a r u t a s ) ii i( , n o it u l o s e r e c n e r e f e
r and( v )ad hoc concep t
n o it c u rt s n o
c . I ti s ilne wtih Panthe rand Thornburg (2003:23 )who argue tha t ir
e d e r u t a c il p x e n i e l o r a e k a t t a h t s n o it a r e p o l a it n e r e f n i l a r e v e
s vaiton were
s a h c u s d e if it n e d i y d a e rl
a dsiambiguaiton , ifxaitonofr eference ,anden irchm . ent n o d e s a b s k r o w s s e c o r p n o it a u g i b m a si d , ) 9 8 1 : 7 0 0 2 ( g n a u H o t g n i d r o c c A
e t e l p m o c n i e h t e t e l p m o c o t n o it a t e r p r e t n i r a l u c it r a p a g n it c e l e s n i t x e t n o c e h t
a f o n o it a t e r p r e t n i r e p o r p e h t s d l e i y s s e c o r p s i h t o S . e c n a r e tt u n a f o m r o f l a c i g o l
t g n i d r o c c a d r o
w o t he context .Thi sproces s si t he ea ises tone t o recognize . tI i s d
n a r e b r e p S h ti w e n
il Wislon( 1995:184) ,who tsatet ha tdsiambiguaitonprocessi s e t a ir p o r p p a e n o t s u j k c i p n a c y ll a m r o n s r e r a e h e h t h c i h w r o f d e t n a r g r o f n e k a t
s ’r e k a e p s e h t s d r a w o t e s n e
s inteniton .
g n a u H , n o it u l o s e r e c n e r e f e r s i t a h t , e r u t a c il p x e f o s s e c o r p d n o c e s e h t r o F
9 8 1 : 7 0 0 2
( -190 ) tsate s tha t thi s proces si s reached by putitng an approp irate t i c il p x e e h t n o n o is s e r p x e c ir o h p a n a r o l a it n e r e f e r t n a v e l e r e h t o t e u l a v l a u t x e t n o c
T . tr a
p herefore, t hecandidate soft her eferenceont hi sproces sareno tdetermined .
m e ts y s c it si u g n il e h t y b
n o it a r u t a s , ) 3 0 0 2 ( i t a n a c e R o t g n i d r o c c A . n o it a r u t a s s i s s e c o r p d ri h t e h T
e v a h h c i h w s e s s e c o r p c it a m g a r p e h t e r a t n e m n g is s a e c n e r e f e r s e m it e m o s d n a
m i n i
o t n i m r o f l a c i g o l e h t p o l e v e d o t t u p n i c it a m g a r p d e d e e n e h t t a h t s e t a ts ) 0 2 2 : 2 0 0 2 (
d n a n o it a r u t a s y b d e d i v o r p e b y a m d e s s e r p x e n o it is o p o r p e h
t adhocconcept .
According to Huang (2007:190-191) , saturaiton proces s work s by s i h t n I . s a h y d a e rl a e c n a r e tt u n a t a h t m r o f l a c i g o l a f o t o ls n e v i g e h t g n i p o l e v e d
, e t e l p m o c d n a c i g o l g n i e b f o s c it si r e t c a r a h c e h t s a h y d a e rl a e c n e t n e s e h t , e s a c
r e h tr u f ’ s e d i v o r p ‘ s a h c u
s quesitons t ha tcan be gained rfom t he sentence; t hen
h ti w e n il s i tI . m r o f l a c i g o l f o t o ls n e v i g e h t e t a r u t a s r o l li f o t ti s p l e h n o it a r u t a s
t a h t s e u g r a o h w ) 8 9 1 : 2 0 0 2 ( n o ts r a
C one o fpragmaitc process which cont irbute s
t o ls ( ’ n o it a r u t a s ‘ si d e s s e r p x e n o it is o p o r p e h t o
t -fliilng .)
) 1 7 1 : 0 1 0 2 ( i t a n a c e R , t n e m h c ir n e e e rf , s s e c o r p h tr u o f e h t g n i n i a l p x e n I
f o t u p n i l a it r a p e h t s e d i v o r p s s e c o r p c it a m g a r p a s a t n e m h c ir n e e e rf t a h t t u o s t n i o p
. m r e t r a l a c s e h t f o g n i n a e m e h t s n e h t g n e rt s d n a t u p t u o s ’ s s e c o r p s u o i v e r p e h t
According to Car tson (1997 ,) isnce an expres ison ha sfu trhe rmeaning than i t e e rf h g u o r h t n o it a t o n e d d e v ir e d y ll a c it a m g a r p a s e k a t t i n e h t , s e d o c n e y ll a r e ti l
n o it a t o n e d f o t i n u t r a p t s ri f a s a t n e m h c ir n
e (ctiedi nRecanait ,2010 :168-169 .)
t u o s t n i o p ) 3 9 9 1 ( it a n a c e
R tha t rfeeen irchmenti sat irggerf ort hemate ira l y b d e n i m r e t e d t o n , e v it i n g o c y l e t e l p m o c s i h c i h w n o it a v ir e d y ll a c it a m g a r p n i d e s u
o p m o c c it si u g n il y n
a nen t (ctied in Car tson , 2002:188) . Moreove ,r Huang
t o t n i s s e c o r p s i h t s e d i v i d ) 1 9 1 : 7 0 0 2
( wot ype snamely i( )lexica l tiem specfiying ,
. g n i d i v o r p t n e u ti ts n o c l a u t p e c n o c ) ii ( d n
a I t i s ilne wtih So ira da n Romero
, ) 9 1 2 : 0 1 0 2
( who poin tout two kind so f‘ rfee ’en irchment ;they are i( )the one a , g n i n a e m d e d o c n e y ll a c it si u g n il f o g n it t e s r o n o it a i c n u n o r p e h t st c e ff a h c i h
w nd
s ’ e c n a r e tt u f o ’ st n e u ti ts n o c d e t a l u c it r a n u ‘ s a n w o n k o sl a ( y a w y n a n i d e z i n g o c e r
.) n o is s e r p x e
1 9 1 : 7 0 0 2 ( g n a u
H -192 )alsode ifnest hatl exica l tiems pecfiyingf ocuse son n e h w d e s u s i t n e m h c ir n e e e rf f o d n i k s i h t t a h t s n a e m t I . y l n o m e ti l a c i x e l e h t
h t h c ir n e o t m e ti l a c i x e l c if i c e p s a d e e n s r e d a e
r e informaiton o fthe sentence .
w n a e
M hlie t he conceptua lcon tstiuen tproviding ,i twork son a sentence which o
c y n a e v a h t o n s e o
d nceptua lcon tstiuent . The funciton o fthi s kind o f rfee e h t t a h t o s e c n e t n e s a f o t n e u ti ts n o c l a u t p e c n o c e h t e d i v o r p o t s i t n e m h c ir n e
. e c n e t n e s e h t n i d e s s u c si d g n i e b s i t a h t g n i h t e h t w o n k s r e d a e r
s i g n a u H o t g n i d r o c c a e r u t a c il p x e f o s s e c o r p h tf if e h
T a d hoc concept .
g n i w o rr a n r e h ti e s k r o w t i e c n is , g n is u f n o c t i b e lt ti l si e r u t a c il p x e f o s s e c o r p s i h T
. t x e t n o c e h t n o s d n e p e d e c n a r e tt u c if i c e p s e h t g n i n e d a o r b r o r e tt a m l a r e n e g e h t
m r e t l a r e n e g a t e e m u o y n e h w d e il p p a s i s s e c o r p g n i w o rr a n e h
T which includes
allt hes u rroundingt hings ,whereast herearemanyl tiltet hingsi n isdeo f ti .Adhoc st
p e c n o
c ha s led to an approach on which such concepst , whethe r case s o f
o t n e k a t n e e b e v a h , o w t e h t f o n o it a n i b m o c a r o , g n i n e d a o r b r o , g n i n e h t g n e rt s
s o p o r p e h t o t n i r e t n
e iitonexpilciltycommunicated.( Car tson ,2002:334)
f o n o it a rt s u ll i e h t s a s e l p m a x e e s e h t s n o it n e m g n a u
H ad hoc concept :(1 )
f e h
T ridge i sempty .The previou ssentence can be analyzed use the na rrowing f
o e r u t a e
f ad hoc , isnce t he wrtie rbeileves t hat t hef irdge i snot r eallyempty .A t .
r e z e e rf e h t n i n i a m e r s e c i r o k c a r e h t n i r e t a w l a r e n i m l li ts s i e r e h t ,t s a e
l F orthe
f o e r u t a e f g n i n e d a o r
b ad hoc ,Huang( 2007:193 )menitonst hi sexample( 2 )There k
c a b e h t n i n w a l e l g n a t c e r a s
n w a l e h t y a s n a c r e ti r w e h t , e r o f e r e h T . e d i w r o h t g n e l n i t n e m e r u s a e m t c a x e e h t
m a s e h t h ti w ( r a l u g n a t c e r y ll a e r t o n , r a l u g n a t c e r a e k il s k o o l t s o m l a t s u
j e
.) s e d is t n e rr u c n o t n e m e r u s a e m
.
b Charactersi itc so fExpilcatureProcesses
e t e l p m o c n i f o t n e m p o l e v e d l a it n e r e f n i n a s e t u ti ts n o c e r u t a c il p x e e c n i S
s a h t i n e h t ,s e d o c n e e c n a r e tt u n a t a h t s m r o f l a c i g o l r o s n o it a t n e s e r p e r l a u t p e c n o c
w s e s s e c o r p f o s e p y t l a r e v e
s hich help u sreach t he i ntended propo isiton (Huang ,
s A . ) 9 8 1 : 7 0 0
2 ar esutl ,weneedt ounder tsandeachf eaturet ha tce trainexpilcature . y l p p a o t e r u t a c il p x e f o s s e c o r p e t a ir p o r p p a e h t t c e l e s n a c e w t a h t o s s d l o h s s e c o r p
o s c it si r e t c a r a h c e h t g n i d n e h e r p m o
C fexpilcatureprocessesi nt hsir esearch
e f o c it si r e t c a r a h c e h t n o s k r o w r e ti r w e h t e c n is l a it n e s s e s
i achexpilcatureproces s
o
t be i mplemented to t he l yirc .Moreove ,r t he charactersiitc o feach exp ilcature e
r u t a c il p x e r a l u c it r a p e h t w o h s u s w o h s s s e c o r
p proces swork sonsentences .The
f o s c it si r e t c a r a h c g n i w o ll o
f expilcature processe s are proposed by severa l
:s ts ir o e h t
)
1 Dsiambiguaiton
ts ir e t c a r a h c e h t ,) 9 8 1 : 7 0 0 2 ( g n a u H o t g n i d r o c c
A ic soft hi sproces sare:( 1 )
g n i v l o v n
i more t han one opiton so fmeaning over a word ,and (2 )selecitng the o h w ) 4 8 : 2 0 0 2 ( n o ts r a C h ti w e n il s i t I . t x e t n o c n o d e s a b g n i n a e m e t a ir p o r p p a
l a r e v e s t x e t n o c n o d e s a b g n is o o h c f o s s e c o r p a s i n o it a u g i b m a si d t a h t s tr e s s a
it r e p o r p l a u t p e c r e p f o e c a fr u s e m a s e v a h h c i h w s e s a r h p r o s m e ti l a c i x e
l es i n one
s i t a h t n e h t , e c n a r e tt
)
2 ReferenceResoluiton
e u s si c it a m g a r p a o t s g n o l e b y ll a c is a b e c n e r e f e r ,) 7 8 9 1 ( h c a B o t g n i d r o c c A
a h ti w , e c n e r e f n i s ’r e r a e h d n a n o it n e t n i s ’r e k a e p s f o r e tt a m a s e v l o v n i h c i h w
s s a l c l a m i n i
m o fexcepiton s(ctied in Car tson ,2002:177) .According to Huang 9
8 1 : 7 0 0 2
( - 019 ,)r eferencer esoluiton hast hecharactersiitcss uchas )(1 i tdoe sno t e h t n o d e s a b s k r o w t i ) 2 ( , t n e r e f e r e h t e n i m r e t e d o t m e t s y s c it si u g n il e h t e v l o v n i
f e u l a v t x e t n o c e l b a ti u
s rom the preceding expres ison , and (3 ) i t work s by
s s o r c g n i g d ir b ‘ a g n i d i v o r
p -reference ’anapho irc expres ison which e tsablsihe sa . e c n e t n e s e m a s e h t n i e c n a r e tt u g n i d e c e r p e h t r e v o n o it c e n n o c f o k n il
il a e v e r n i , ) 8 7 1 : 2 0 0 2 ( n o ts r a C o t g n i d r o c c a , e r o m r e h tr u
F ng wha tthe speake r
e h t f o t r a p d n a r e f e r , s m r o f c it si u g n il t o n , s r e k a e p s g n i n r e c n o c y b s i o t s r e f e r
. g n i d n a ts r e d n u e c n a r e tt u f o p e ts l a it n e r e f n i c it a m g a r p
)
3 Saturaiton
t o ls e h t s e v l o v n i ti t a h t si s s e c o r p s i h t f o c it si r e t c a r a h c d e c it o n t s o m e h T
s s n o it s e u
q ucha s f‘o rwha’t , f‘romwha’t ,and t‘hanwha’tinget itngt hecomplete w
n a e M . ) 0 9 1 : 7 0 0 2 , g n a u H ( n o it is o p o r
p hlieG irce ha s tsatedt hat t heonewhichi s
n o it a r u t a s s a n w o n k s i m r o f c it si u g n il n i t o ls r o l a c i x e d n i n e d d i h a y b d e n i m r e t e d
r a C n i d e ti c ( s s e c o r
p tson ,2002:185) .
)
4 FreeEn irchment s ’ g n a u H n o d e s a
B (2007:191-192 & 224 ) tsatement , rfee en irchmen tha s e
h
t following characte irsitcs ;(1 )i tfocuse son a lexica l tiem ,(2 )i tprovide sa e
h t g n i y fi c e p s y b s k r o w t i ) 3 ( , e c n e t n e s a n i t n e u ti ts n o c l a u t p e c n o
c lexica l tiemo r
) 3 3 3 : 2 0 0 2 ( n o ts r a C h ti w e n il s i t I . t n e u ti ts n o c l a u t p e c n o c e h t g n i w o rr a
n , who
o t t p e c n o c g n i w o r r a n f o s e s a c e h t n i n o it a u g i b m a si d d n a t n e m n g is s a e c n e r e f e r
c a e
r ht hepropo isitonalf ormo fu tterance. )
5 AdhocConcept s ’ g n a u H n o d e s a
B (2007:192-193 )de ifniiton ,thecharactersiitc so fadhoc d n a g n i w o rr a n y b s k r o w t i ) 2 ( , m e ti l a c i x e l a n o s k r o w t i ) 1 ( : e r a t p e c n o c
a c i x e l e h t g n i n e s o o l d n
