VARIATION EFFECT OF FIBER COMPOSITION AND
DIRECTION TOWARD COMPOSITE MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES, FIBERGLASS FIBER WITH POLISTER
MATRIX MATERIAL
PUBLICATION ARTICLE
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Getting Bachelor Degree of Engineering in Automotive Department
Arranged by:
Roberto Agus Mainaki
D 200 102 016
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM
IN AUTOMOTIVE/MOTORCYCLE ENGINEERING
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
VARIATION EFFECT OF FIBER COMPOSITION AND DIRECTION TOWARD COMPOSITE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES, FIBERGLASS FIBER WITH POLISTER
MATRIX MATERIAL
Ir. Pramuko IP, MT.
Mechanical Engineering Department of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta Jln. A. Yani Pabelan-Kartasura. Tromol Pos I Telp. (0271) 715448 Surakarta
Wijianto, ST.M.Eng.Sc
Mechanical Engineering Department of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta Jln. A. Yani Pabelan-Kartasura. Tromol Pos I Telp. (0271) 715448 Surakarta
Roberto Agus Mainaki
Automotive Engineering Department of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta Jln. A. Yani Pabelan, Kartasura, Tromol Pos I, Telp. (0271) 715448 Surakarta
Email: Roberto.mainaki09@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
With the development of technology, it is found, new technology in modification motorcycle body, so a lot of people utilize composite for making motorcycle body with the performance they want.
It is easy to make body of motorcycle in willingness. There are three materials in the modifications motorcycle body (catalyst, resin and fiberglass). Fiberglass is a light material, and it is very strong. Though the character of its strength rather lowers that carbon fiber and less stiff, the material which is usually fragile, and the standard material is cheaper. Missal strength and weight character of body is also to make more than metal, and it is easy to make with the press. The purpose of the research is to know the strength of different fibers, from random fiber, woven fiber, and one direction fiber.
Testing is done by differentiating three fibers (random fiber, woven fiber, and one direction fiber) with catalyst composite and the same resin. Every fiber tests with impact test that is based ASTM D - 256, bending test based on ASTM D - 790 and tensile test that is based on ASTM D - 638.
The composition of a catalyst 4.76 % of a resin used, and use of composite volume faction 37.1 %.Analysis is done after getting result data of testing. The result from each testing has a different result. Numbers of height of impact test are gotten from one direction fiber 0.82 J/mm2, flexure stress is gotten from woven fiber 29.89 MPa, tensile strength is gotten from woven fiber 66 MPa, and elastic modulus from woven fiber 142.268 kg/mm2. The strength to hold is a strength and character as tenacity, strength, hardness etc, it can be considered by data which are gotten from the results of the test.
Background
excellence in the ratio of strength to weight,
encourage the use of composite as an
ingredient of a substitute for material metal
commonly used in a variety of products.
Composite materials made from two
or more different materials. First is the
matrix, which serves as a glue to keep the
fibers together. Both are fiber, which serves
as a composite reinforcement of unification.
One type of composites that can be easily
formed is a hybrid composite. Hybrid
composites formed by two or more
reinforcements, so the modification that the
arrangement and composition, it will be easy
to achieve mechanical properties.
In this study the authors will conduct
a research differences fiber, random fibers,
woven fibers, the composition of the
mixture catalyst and similar resin. Then the
next is analyze the result after test and will
be compared between each fiber glass.
Problem Statement
The problem statement that can be
drawn from the problem above is how the
differences in fiber can influence the
mechanical properties of motorcycle body
modification on impact strength, bending
stress and tensile strength.
Objectives
in the composite manufacturing.
3. The specimens are tested in the
impact test, bending test, and tensile
primary load carriers of the material, with
the matrix component transferring the load
from fiber to fiber. Reinforcement of the
matrix material can be achieved in a variety
of ways including particles. Fibers may be
continuous or discontinuous with the matrix
material usually sourced from one of the
many available engineering plastics/
polymers.
Figure 1 Composites
(
http://www.aid-n.com/what-are-composite-
materials-and-the-function/composite-materials-development/ )
Composites are made up of
individual materials referred to as
constituent materials. There are two
categories of constituent materials: matrix
and reinforcement. At least one portion of
each type is required. The matrix material
surrounds and supports the reinforcement
materials by maintaining their relative
positions. The reinforcements impart their
special mechanical and physical properties
to enhance the matrix properties. A
synergism produces material properties
unavailable from the individual constituent
materials, while the wide variety of matrix
and strengthening materials allows the
designer of the product or structure to
choose an optimum combination.
Catalyst
A catalyst is a substance that
accelerates a reaction by lowering the active
energy. Catalyst can accelerate chemical
reactions and can be accelerated by
increasing the fraction of molecules whose
energy exceeds the energy having active.
Figure 2 catalyst
(http://www.easycomposites.co.uk/products/
polyester-vinylester-resin/mekp-catalyst.aspx)
Without a catalyst, a chemical
reaction may never get a faster time to react.
When a chemical reaction takes the form of
mixture of chemical which changes more
the catalyst itself is not changed and is not
part of the end result.
Figure 3 Comparison of catalysis and
non-catalysis
(http://ch302.cm.utexas.edu/images302/Cata
lyst_effect.png)
Resin 157 BTQN
Resin is a hydrocarbon secretion
many plants, particularly coniferous trees.
Other liquid compounds found in plants is
like sap, latex, or mucus, sometimes are
confused with the terms above, but they are
chemically the same. It can be used for the
production of varnishes, adhesives, glass
mixture, as a source of raw materials for
organic synthesis, a staple of incense and
perfumes. In products such as fragrances are
often called “ambered”, resin can be
fossilized and it becomes amber gemstone.
Figure 4 Resin (butek)
Thermosetting polyester resins and
as with other resin, changes react
exothermically. Excessive use of catalysts
can, therefore, cause charring or ignition
even during the producing process. The
catalyst can also lead to excessive product to
fracture of forming rubber material.
Fiber glass
Fiberglass or glass fiber is often
translated into molten glass is drawn into
thin fiber with straight line around 0,005
mm - 0,01 mm. this fiber can be spun into
yarn or woven into fabric which is then
impregnate with a resin material so that it
becomes a strong and corrosion-resistant for
use as car bodies and ship building. It is also
used as a reinforcing agent for many
polymer products; resulting composite
material known as glass-reinforced plastic
reinforced epoxy (GRE), is called
“fiberglass” in general use.
Figure 5 random fiber glass
Figure 6 Woven fiber glass
Figure 7 unidirectional fiber glass
It should be noted that fiberglass is
not carbon fiber, not glass-reinforced plastic,
although it is similar to both. Carbon fiber
which is made of carbon stands, not as long
as it can be extruded into strands of
fiberglass
Impact Test
Impact strength is an important
criterion to determine the brittleness of
polymeric materials. From this test will be
obtained some data of absorbed energy,
energy activation and can be used to
determine the impact value of specimen,
with (Standard ASTM D 256).
Figure 6 Impact Tool
(1)
Where:
K = Impact value (J/mm2) A = Cross sectional area (mm2) W= Energy (J)
Bending Test
Testing of flexural strength is
intended to determine the resistance of the
polymer loading. In this method the method
used is the three-point bending method. This
test is also intended to determine the
specimen was set in accordance with ASTM
D790.
Figure 7 Bending Tool
(2)
Where:
σb = Bending Stress (MPa)
P = Max Load (N)
L = Distance between supporter (mm)
b = Width (mm)
d = Thick (mm)
Tensile Test
Tensile strength is one of the basic
mechanical properties. Stress strain
relationship on the pull gives considerable
value changes depending on the rate of
voltage.
Figure 8 tensile tool
ε 100 and
(3)
Where:
P = Load
A0 = Cross section
E= Modulus elasticity (kg/mm2)
σu = Ultimate Stress (MPa)
Flow Chart of Research
Figure 9 Flow Chart of Experiment
The test results and analysis
No Fiber Volume Faction (%)
Catalyst (%)
W
(J) 0 0
A (mm2)
K (J/mm2)
1 Random Fiber Glass 37.1 4.76 12.29 156 146.67 19.46 0.632
2 Woven Fiber Glass 37.1 4.76 14.39 156 145.33 19.46 0.739
3 Unidirectional Fiber
Glass
37.1
4.76 11.77 156 144.33 19.46 0.82
Table 1 Result of Impact Test Start
Result, discussion and conclusion End Preparation of specimens Standards Compliance of ASTM
Material mixture
a. Catalyst + Resin + a Random Fiber Glass b. Catalyst + Resin + a Woven Fiber Glass
c. Catalyst + Resin + a Unidirectional Ffiber Glass Material Preparation and Equipments
Literature study and field
Yes
Bending Test Standard ASTM D 790
Tensile Test Standard ASTM D 638 Impact Test Standard
No Fiber Volume
3 Unidirectional Fiber Glass
37.1 4.76 13.83 2.21 43 29.86 28.334
Table 2 Result of Bending Test
No Fiber Volume
3 Unidirectional Fiber
Glass
37.1
4.76 165 172.63 4.626 65.333 141.170
Table 3 Result of Tensile Test
Impact test
Figure 10 Impact test with numbers of
specimen with different fiber
From the figure 10 show the result of
izod testing in 3 different specimens. The
number of impact is shown with random
fiber glass 0.632 j/mm2 and the value from Woven fiber glass 0.739 j/mm2 and value of unidirectional fiber glass 0.82 j/mm2.
In testing the impact of three
different fibers can determine the strength of
Bending Test
Figure 11 Bending test with numbers of
specimen with different fiber
Bending test was conducted by
fiber used, but for torsion bending test.
Tensile Test
Figure 12 Tensile test with specimen
numbers with different fiber
From the above data in Table 3,
From the result of tensile test with the
different specimens, numbers of stress,
strain is elastic modulus also (Standard
has good tensile strength.
Analysis
High or low strength of the
composite depends on the fiber used,
because the voltage applied to the composite
forwarded to the fiber, so the fiber will
withstand loads up to maximum load.
Therefore, the fiber must have a tensile
stress and modulus of elasticity, higher than
the constituent matrix composites.
Specimens used in the manufacture
of the volume fraction are often used in
communities with 4.76% catalyst
composition of 100 ml of resin and fiber. In
testing the impact unidirectional fiber glass
has better strength 0.0433 j/mm2. And in a
bending test of Woven fiber glass that has a
better strength compared to other fibers
29.89 MPa. Woven fiber glass have a tensile
strength of 66 MPa from the test results of
all specimens can be summed kinds of fiber
strength.
In making uses catalyst, resin, and
fiber. In making resin and catalyst in the
same process, but in this research
differentiate its fiber, from random fiber
glass, Woven fiber glass, and unidirectional
fiber glass. The time is needed to these
variations 75 minutes till dry.
Conclusion
Based on the results of research that has
been conducted, we can take some
conclusions that can be discussed and finally
this research can be concluded:
1. Composite that has the highest
impact strength of
unidirectional fiber glass with a
value of 0.0433 J/mm2. Unidirectional fiber glass has a better
energy absorption than others.
2. From the test results mean maximum
bending highest are woven fiber
glass can withstand bending stress
with good value 29.89 MPa.
3. The composite has the highest tensile
strength of woven glass fiber with a
value of 66 MPa. Woven fiber
glass have a tensile strength that is
better than other fibers.
4. From testing all experiments can be
concluded that Unidirectional fiber
glass better used for variations,
body motorcycle. Because having th
e absorption of energy that better
than the other fibers.
Further Work
2. Preparing the material and tools as
well as possible to make better
result.
3. Hopefully for the next research can
develop this research with other
types of fiber.
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