ABSTRACT
ELLYSA GUSNIATI SIMATUPANG. Factors Affecting Kawashima
Masayuki’s Paranoid Schizophrenia Seen in Ryu Murakami’s Piercing. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2013.
As a field of study, psychology can be connected into the sphere of literature, because both of them have, more or less, the same purpose as a mirror of life and self-reflection. Being put together, those purposes will save values of humanity. In this study, literature is concluded as a way to express ideas through the language and writing, emerged from feeling and thought. Although seemingly connected, the roles of psychology and literature in this study are still distinguished according to their field. While psychology studies more about phenomena seen from human behavior, literature is used as a tool that can give knowledge through the experience so that people can read the social values of the novel. This is exemplified in Ryu Murakami’s Piercing that is presented in the theme of psychology.
Three issues are carried out in order to accomplish the objectives of the study. The first one is the characteristics of Kawashima Murakami; second is the reflections of Kawashima’s characteristics toward his mental illness as a paranoid schizophrenic; and third is the factors that influence Kawashima’s mental condition.
Some theories were used as the groundwork of the analysis. These theories covered theory of character and characterization, the theory of schizophrenia and paranoid schizophrenia, a family theory in perspective of schizophrenia and psychological factor in schizophrenia, and a theory about the relation between psychology and literature.
xii
ABSTRAK
ELLYSA GUSNIATI SIMATUPANG. Factors Affecting Kawashima
Masayuki’s Paranoid Schizophrenia Seen in Ryu Murakami’s Piercing.
Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2013.
Sebagai salah satu bidang ilmu, psikologi juga dapat dihubungkan ke dalam lingkup sastra karena keduanya sedikit banyak memiliki tujuan yang sama, yaitu sebagai cermin kehidupan dan refleksi diri. Apabila disatukan, tujuannya akan menyimpan nilai-nilai kemanusiaan. Sastra sendiri, dalam studi ini, disimpulkan sebagai cara pengungkapan gagasan melalui bahasa dan tulisan yang muncul dari perasaan dan pemikiran. Dalam analisis studi ini, peran psikologi dan sastra tetap berbeda sesuai dengan bidangnya. Psikologi lebih mempelajari sebuah phenomena yang terjadi dilihat dari perilaku manusia, sementara sastra dapat dinilai sebagai alat yang dapat memberikan pengetahuan melalui pengalaman-pengalaman yang tertulis dalam sebuah karya sehingga, orang - orang dapat memetik nilai sosial yang terkandung dalam karya sastra tersebut. Hal ini contohnya terlihat dalam novel Piercing karya Ryu Murakami, yang disuguhkan dalam tema psikologi.
Tiga rumusan masalah dimunculkan guna tercapainya tujuan dari studi ini. Masalah pertama adalah karakteristik Kawashima Masayuki; yang ke dua adalah pengaruh karakteristik Kawashima terhadap penyakit mentalnya, paranoid schizophrenia; dan yang ketiga adalah penyebab yang mempengaruhi kondisi mental Kawashima.
Beberapa teori digunakan sebagai landasan analisis. Teori-teori ini meliputi teori karakter dan karakteristik, teori tentang schizophrenia dan paranoid schizophrenia, teori keluarga dalam pandangan schizophrenia dan faktor psikologis dalam schizophrenia, serta teori tentang hubungan antara psikologi dan sastra.
FACTORS AFFECTING KAWASHIMA MASAYUKI’S
PARANOID SCHIZOPHRENIA SEEN IN RYU MURAKAMI’S
PIERCING
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
Ellysa Gusniati Simatupang
Student Number: 064214074
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
i
FACTORS AFFECTING KAWASHIMA MASAYUKI’S
PARANOID SCHIZOPHRENIA SEEN IN RYU MURAKAMI’S
PIERCING
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
Ellysa Gusniati Simatupang
Student Number: 064214074
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
“ONCE YOU STOP LEARNING, YOU START DYING”
-Albert Einstein-“LIVE AS IF YOU WERE TO DIE TOMORROW, LEARN
AS I F YOU WERE TO LIVE”
-Mahatma Gandhi-
“
IJUK DIPARA PARA, HOTANG DIPARLABIAN,
NABISUK NAMPUNA HATA NAOTO
TUPANGGADISAN
”
vii
This undergraduate thesis is dedicated to
My Beloved Father and Mother
My Grandfathers and Grandmothers
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank Jesus Christ Almighty for all blessings
and strength during this undergraduate thesis writing. My big gratitude is
dedicated to Dewi Widyastuti, S.Pd., M.Hum., my advisor, for her time,
understanding, advice, support, and patience. My thanks also go to my co-advisor,
Linda Valentina Budiman, S.S., M.Hum., who willingly spent her time to read,
corrected and gave valuable suggestions for the improvement of this thesis. I also
thank all the lecturers of English Letters Department, staff, especially Mbak Nik.
My gratitude goes to my beloved father, Gurasa Simatupang, and also my
beloved mother, Sherly M. Gultom for their prayers, patience, encouragement and
being my motivator. I owe my gratitude to my lovely sister, Purnama, and my
brothers, Gerry and Debby, for their supports, and being my best friends; my
handsome nephew Amos Dian, who always knows how to make me smile and
laugh.
Big thanks, kisses and hugs go to Tafira, Rosa, Anissa, Saverin, Itok,
Rintan, Denty, Sonson and Ariata for encouragement and friendship they have
given to me. I also should thank my rock-n-roll friend, Janu Satmoko, who always
supports and reminds me to finish this writing. Big thanks are also dedicated to
Prayudi, Widi and Shintia for their advices and helps. Finally, I would like to
thank all buddies whose names I cannot mention one by one for all the supports in
helping me finish this undergraduate thesis.
ix
Lembar Pernyataan Persetujuan Publikasi Karya Ilmiah... v
MOTTO PAGE ...vi
3. The Relation between Literature and Psychology ...13
4. Theory of Schizophrenia ...14
5. Theory of Paranoid Schizophrenia ...19
6. Family Theory in Perspective of Schizophrenia ...21
B.Paranoid Schizophrenia Reflected from the Characteristics ...44
1. Delusions ……... 46
2. Hallucinations ...50
3. Egocentric Individuals...53
4. Violent ...55
C.Factors Affecting Kawashima Masayuki’s Paranoid Schizophrenia ...58
1. Psychological Factors ...59
a. Mental Abuse ...59
b. Physical Abuse ...61
2. Environmental Factors ...64
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ...68
BIBLIOGRAPHY ...72
xi
ABSTRACT
ELLYSA GUSNIATI SIMATUPANG. Factors Affecting Kawashima
Masayuki’s Paranoid Schizophrenia Seen in Ryu Murakami’s Piercing. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2013.
As a field of study, psychology can be connected into the sphere of literature, because both of them have, more or less, the same purpose as a mirror of life and self-reflection. Being put together, those purposes will save values of humanity. In this study, literature is concluded as a way to express ideas through the language and writing, emerged from feeling and thought. Although seemingly connected, the roles of psychology and literature in this study are still distinguished according to their field. While psychology studies more about phenomena seen from human behavior, literature is used as a tool that can give knowledge through the experience so that people can read the social values of the novel. This is exemplified in Ryu Murakami’s Piercing that is presented in the theme of psychology.
Three issues are carried out in order to accomplish the objectives of the study. The first one is the characteristics of Kawashima Murakami; second is the reflections of Kawashima’s characteristics toward his mental illness as a paranoid schizophrenic; and third is the factors that influence Kawashima’s mental condition.
Some theories were used as the groundwork of the analysis. These theories covered theory of character and characterization, the theory of schizophrenia and paranoid schizophrenia, a family theory in perspective of schizophrenia and psychological factor in schizophrenia, and a theory about the relation between psychology and literature.
ABSTRAK
ELLYSA GUSNIATI SIMATUPANG. Factors Affecting Kawashima
Masayuki’s Paranoid Schizophrenia Seen in Ryu Murakami’s Piercing.
Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2013.
Sebagai salah satu bidang ilmu, psikologi juga dapat dihubungkan ke dalam lingkup sastra karena keduanya sedikit banyak memiliki tujuan yang sama, yaitu sebagai cermin kehidupan dan refleksi diri. Apabila disatukan, tujuannya akan menyimpan nilai-nilai kemanusiaan. Sastra sendiri, dalam studi ini, disimpulkan sebagai cara pengungkapan gagasan melalui bahasa dan tulisan yang muncul dari perasaan dan pemikiran. Dalam analisis studi ini, peran psikologi dan sastra tetap berbeda sesuai dengan bidangnya. Psikologi lebih mempelajari sebuah phenomena yang terjadi dilihat dari perilaku manusia, sementara sastra dapat dinilai sebagai alat yang dapat memberikan pengetahuan melalui pengalaman-pengalaman yang tertulis dalam sebuah karya sehingga, orang - orang dapat memetik nilai sosial yang terkandung dalam karya sastra tersebut. Hal ini contohnya terlihat dalam novel Piercing karya Ryu Murakami, yang disuguhkan dalam tema psikologi.
Tiga rumusan masalah dimunculkan guna tercapainya tujuan dari studi ini. Masalah pertama adalah karakteristik Kawashima Masayuki; yang ke dua adalah pengaruh karakteristik Kawashima terhadap penyakit mentalnya, paranoid schizophrenia; dan yang ketiga adalah penyebab yang mempengaruhi kondisi mental Kawashima.
Beberapa teori digunakan sebagai landasan analisis. Teori-teori ini meliputi teori karakter dan karakteristik, teori tentang schizophrenia dan paranoid schizophrenia, teori keluarga dalam pandangan schizophrenia dan faktor psikologis dalam schizophrenia, serta teori tentang hubungan antara psikologi dan sastra.
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.Background of the Study
Psychology is an important aspect in literature. The ideas of psychology
can be found in literary works like novel (Coleman 1976: 8). Both literature and
psychology teach us to see the real world because literature and psychology can
mirror human’s life and teach people about human values. Besides, according to
Cummings and Simmons in the Language of Literature: A Stylistic Introduction to
the Study of Literature, a literary work can be used “as a device for imaginative stimulation, a way to find out what we’re thinking or feeling or who we are”
(1983: 1).
From the above quotation, every moment and experience happening in
one’s life can teach someone to be wiser and more critical in facing a life. It can
be concluded that literary work helps us understand situations and conditions
around us in everyday life and make us more sensitive toward something that we
read and see in front of us.
In this study, the writer explains further about the mental illness that the
main character suffers from, that is, paranoid schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is one
of many mental illnesses. In psychology, schizophrenia is classified into some
types: catatonic type, paranoid type and hebephrenic. Furthermore about
The symptoms of schizophrenic patients can be organized into disturbances in several major areas thought, perception and attention, motor behavior, affect or emotion, and life functioning (1986: 337).
People who suffer from schizophrenia usually show some bizarre
behaviors because they probably cannot control their fear and anxiety because of
disturbances of thought and emotion inside them. Most of them cannot distinguish
between hallucination and reality. People who suffer from schizophrenia are
illogical. Usually, their perception and attention are usually wrong. In this novel,
the mental illness is caused by some past problems or bad experiences. That is
why, considering the correlation between literature and psychology, a study of
psychological aspects in literature is worth doing. In short, this study is to analyze
the psychological aspect in a novel entitled Piercing.
Well-written by Ryu Murakami, Piercing is a story about the life of Kawashima Masayuki, the main character. During his childhood, Kawashima had
always been abused by his mother. She always hit and said inappropriate things to
him until it left trauma in Kawashima’s life. All bad experiences he had gone
through slowly disturb his emotion and psychology. Every time he remembered
about his mother, he would feel angry, anxious and afraid that finally made him
felt strong drive of adrenaline and big anger. If it happened to him, usually those
feeling would disturb his mind until they forced him to stab someone using an ice
pick.
From Kawashima’s experiences, it is concluded that children easily
experiences make people develop and build their own characters and emotion to
make them feel safe and comfortable. Therefore, it is reasonable to believe that
attitude, information and knowledge that children get can bring significant
influences for the formation of their personality and behavior. As it can be seen in
Piercing, Kawashima, who had always been abused and ignored by his mother during his childhood, later realized that what she did to him had make him
become insane in some ways.
According to Kawashima Masayuki’s case in Piercing, this study focuses on the psychological condition of the main character. The physical abuse is one of
two abuses that Murakami presented in Piercing. In this study, the writer also explains further about the factors that make Kawashima suffer from Paranoid
schizophrenia. In the story, Kawashima’s emotion and thought that always change
made him switch personality easily from a good person, husband and father, into
someone else that likes violence. Being violent is the only thing that can satisfy
him and enable him to overcome his fear. That is why from this novel, there are
still some clumsy things in Kawashima’s behavior that show his mental illness.
This can be seen from his behavior, thought and emotion.
The phenomena that the main character had gone through make Piercing interesting to be analyzed because many forms of abuses still exist until now.
Kawashima gradually got various influences from the society around him,
especially in family through his relationship with his mother. Here, all events that
chooses this novel to be analyzed. The purpose of this study is to find out the
factors that made Kawashima suffer from paranoid schizophrenia.
B. Problem Formulation
In order to reach a conclusive point of analysis and to focus the
explanation, three problems are formulated as follows:
1. What are the characteristics of Kawashima Masayuki as seen in Ryu
Murakami’s Piercing?
2. How do Kawashima’s characteristics as described in this novel reflect his
paranoid schizophrenia?
3. What factors affect Kawashima’s paranoid schizophrenia?
C. Objective of the Study
There are three objectives of the study. The purpose of the undergraduate
thesis is to find out the answer of the questions mentioned in the problem
formulation. First, the study tries to describe Kawashima Masayuki’s
characteristics in Ryu Murakami’s Piercing. The second objective is to find out how the characteristic of Kawashima Masayuki can describe and prove that he
suffered from paranoid schizophrenia. The last objective is to find out the factors
D. Definition of Terms
To avoid any misunderstandings about the content of this research, there
are some important keywords that are listed as follows:
1. Schizophrenia
According to Gary R. Vandenbos in APA Dictionary of Psychology, schizophrenia defined as “a psychotic disorder characterized by disturbances on
thinking (cognition), emotional responsiveness, and behavior” (2007: 815).
From the above quotation, the writer finds out that people who suffer from
schizophrenia sometimes find difficulties in communicating because when their
thoughts are disturbed by imaginations and false believe that they made, they
cannot control their behavior. In short, they trust more what is in their mind
instead of the reality.
2. Paranoid Schizophrenia
Taken from APA Dictionary of Psychology, paranoid schizophrenia is defined as follow:
In DSM-IV-TR, a subtype of schizophrenia. Often with a later onset that other types, characterized by prominent delusions or auditory hallucinations. Delusions are typically persecutory, grandiose, or both: hallucinations are typically related to the content of the delusional theme. Cognitive functioning and mood are affected to a much lesser degree than in other types of schizophrenia. The DSM-III designation was paranoid type schizophrenic disorder (Vandenbos, 2007: 670).
From the above quotation, people who suffer from paranoid schizophrenia
have almost the same symptoms as those who suffer from paranoid. The
paranoid schizophrenia, not only do the patients feel suspicious toward something
or someone, but they are also stuck in their imagination like hallucinations and
delusions that lead them into becoming violent or to commit suicide. People who
suffer from paranoid schizophrenia totally cannot differentiate which one is real
7
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEWS
In this chapter, the writer explains some theories which are considered to
be related to this study. There are three parts that will be explained further. The
first part is the review of related studies containing some previous studies which
are related to this study. The second part is the review of related theories to be
applied to this study. And the last part is the theoretical framework which explains
further about the function of those studies and theories and how they apply in this
study.
A.Review of Related Studies
In the beginning scene of the novel, Kawashima Masayuki became
paranoid when he saw his wife murmuring something to his baby. What he saw
between his daughter and wife suddenly made him became afraid and anxious.
Murakami gets to his trademark grit on impact, with Kawashima Masayuki watching his newborn daughter sleep in her crib in the middle of the night. three pages, he is caressing her cheek with an ice pick. Imagining what it would feel like to puncture the baby’s skin. Instead of following his brutal instincts, he makes himself a promise: He will instead stab a prostitute with the ice pick. Get it out of his system, and save his little family. Kawashima begins filling a notebook with elaborate plans involving gloves, a change of clothes, a falsified accent, and the size, shape and skin color of the victim (http://christalawler.com/2010/09/02).
The related study above shows that the emotion and the thought of
Kawashima Masayuki are disorganized. On one hand, he wanted to stab his
left or lonely caused him to be unable to control his desire to hurt someone
because his bad experiences had already affected his social life.
Another related study is taken from an undergraduate thesis written by
Agatha Maria W.S.P who summarized about mental illness and schizophrenia.
Most times mental illness in general and schizophrenia in particular comes the public attention’s only when behaviours are bizarre or violent, but there is still a long way to go in helping educate families and remove the stigma. However people with such illness are still human. (Palupi, 2004: 50)
Agatha Maria tried to say that everybody has the same right to be treated
as a human although that person has mental illness. She believed that there is still
a way to help patients with mental illness or schizophrenia and that is why she
tried to find a way to change people’s mind into thinking that mental illness is
something that can be cured.
In this novel, Kawashima is described as a sick, insecure, and violent
person. Below is another study that is written by Irene Wanner,
From here, the two limited-third-person points of view interweave, gaining speed as the narrative moves from one mind to the other, building tension. Kawashima -- paranoid, frightened and uncertain -- has met his match in
during childhood influences behavior and attitude of someone in adults’ life. The
fear of being rejected had already tore up Kawashima’s confidence and figures of
time he saw and believed that his girlfriend or his wife would leave or ignored
him. Usually his paranoid would lead him into committing violence.
The last literary study that supports this study is related to schizophrenia.
Here, a schizophrenic patient wishes that everything must go the way s/he wants.
Below is the appropriate evidence to introduce little about schizophrenia.
Events and situations in someone’s life may affect one aspect or more in his life to change. The changes can positive, negative or even both. In Nash’s case, schizophrenia has the role in developing his character into better and worse. Somehow, the development is just a process he has to live with and it cannot always be the same as he wants it to be. (Bhirowo, 2004: 57)
Environment affects someone’s psychological stance and can build a
positive or negative characteristics and behavior. Here, Bhirowo wanted to say
that bad experiences that have happened will usually be easy to remember because
it left trauma in people who faced it. Besides, bad experiences also contribute in
shaping one’s character.
B.Review of Related Theories
This subchapter consists of some theories that will be applied in the
analysis. They are theory of literature and theory of psychology that are discussed
as follow.
1. Theory of Character
According to M.H. Abrams in A Glossary of Literary Terms, character can
be identified and interpreted by the reader through the speech and action that is
Character are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interested by the reader as being endowed with moral, dispositional, and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say – the dialogue – and by what the do – action (1993: 23).
Based on the quotation above, the writer concludes that to understand a character,
the readers need to understand how to describe the character in the novel or play.
There are two ways that must be concerned about: showing and telling. To
analyze the character, the author must be concerned to the actions and expressions
of the character because automatically they are dealing with the characteristic and
the behavior of its character.
2. Theory of Characterization
The theory of characterization is important in analyzing the characteristic.
M.J. Murphy in Understanding Unseens: An Introduction to English Poetry and English Novels for Overseas Students stated that there are nine ways that the writer usually uses.
a. Personal Description
Personal description is one of many steps in analyzing the character. “The
author can describe a person’s appearance and clothes” (Murphy, 1972: 161).
From the personal description, the reader can conclude and imagine the physical
appearance of the character.
b. Character as Seen by Another
Physical appearance is not the only thing that needs to be analyzed.
Besides, the second way to analyze a character in a literary work is by noticing
Instead of describing a character directly, an author can describe it through the
eyes and the opinions of another character. “The reader gets, as it were, a reflected
image” (Murphy, 1972: 162). It shows the reader how to understand a character
by analyzing deeply through other people’s opinion. So the author of a literary
work tries to give an opinion to the reader by putting an idea through his choice of
words and phrases that s/he writes.
c. Speech
The third way is speech. Through the speech in conversation, the reader
will usually find the personalities of the character that will be analyzed.
The author can give us an insight into the character of one of the persons in the book through what that person says. Whenever a person speaks, whenever he is in conversation with another, whenever he puts forward an opinion, he is giving us some clue to his character (Murphy, 1972: 164).
From the above quotation, speech also holds an important role because
from verbal action, it will be easy for the reader to decide the characterization of
the character that will be analyzed.
d. Past Life
By knowing the background and the past life of the character, it will be
easy to see what kind of person that the writer wants to describe.
By letting the reader learn something about a person’s past life the author can give us a clue to events that have helped to shape a person’s character. This can be done by direct comment by the author, through the person’s thoughts, through his conversation or through the medium of another person (Murphy, 1972: 166).
From the above quotation, the writer concludes that past life constitutes the
characteristics of someone at present. Good or bad experiences happening to the
e. Conversation of Others
The fifth way is to ask the reader to see and to analyze the character
through the things that are said. Through the conversation in the story, the reader
will get a clue about what kind of person s/he is. “The author can also give the
reader clues to a person’s character through the conversations of other people and
the things they say about him” (Murphy, 1972: 167).
f. Reactions
In a story, there is a situation that will affect the readers’ perception in
understanding the character. Reaction is one of the important things that the
readers need to notice. “The author can also give us a clue to a person’s character
by letting us know how that person reacts to various situations and events”
(Murphy. 1972: 168). Every reaction that is shown will show further about the
characterization of the character that will be analyzed.
g. Direct Comment
“The author can describe or comment on a person’s character directly”
(Murphy, 1972: 170). Here, the author is free to comment on his character in order
to get a better and clear understanding of the character.
h. Thoughts
The thoughts of the reader in reading and understanding a literary work are
important. “The author can give us direct knowledge of what a person is thinking
about” (Murphy, 1972: 171). This quotation means that the thoughts can only be
seen by the readers. The readers usually will feel it, think about it and safe it in
i. Mannerisms
Mannerisms are the last way that Murphy wants to share. Mannerisms hold
an important role in understanding the character. “The author can describe a
person’s mannerisms, habits or idiosyncrasies which may also tell us something
about his character” (Murphy, 1972: 173). So, mannerisms usually will show the
reader a deeper understanding about the personality of the character itself.
3. The Relation between Literature and Psychology
In literature, people can learn about psychology, like they can in
psychology. As already known, literature is a part of art. There are always
meanings, reasons, moods and feeling of the artist or the authors, hidden behind
all literary works.
A good novelist can communicate the feelings of his fictional characters and make them seem more life-like than the real people whose behavior the psychologist attempts to describe. Writers can use the understanding provided by psychologists to enrich their stories, and psychologists can gain in their understanding of human behavior by drawing from the deep sensitivity of good authors (Kalish, 1972: 8).
The above quotation shows that psychology and literature are connected to
each other. Both literature and psychology learn about phenomena happening in
the past and nowadays. Usually, a work of literature can be analyzed from many
points of view, which are, from the character, the situation that the author
describes and also from the biography of the author him/herself.
Seeing literature from psychological aspect leads the writer to conclude
that both literature and psychology have the same purpose, that is, as a mirror for
learning to be wiser in facing the life and doing something. Besides, psychologists
believe that people cannot be separated from the cause and effect.
4. Theory of Schizophrenia
Before the writer goes and explains further about the symptoms of
paranoid schizophrenia, it is important to know what schizophrenia is.
Schizophrenia is a disorder with a range of symptoms involving disturbances in content of thought, form of thought, perception, affect, sense of self, motivation, behavior, and interpersonal functioning (Halgin, 1994: 276).
From the above quotation, the writer found that schizophrenia is generally
a type of mental illness that attacks emotion, thought and sense in general. Here, a
person who suffers from schizophrenia usually has bizarre behavior every time
s/he feels anxious or fear. It happens because the stimulation that comes to
schizophrenic has already disturbed his thought until it makes her/him not able to
think logically anymore. A person who suffers from schizophrenia does not
realize that s/he is sick. In most cases, a schizophrenic person cannot control what
just appears in her/his mind.
To know whether someone gets schizophrenia or not, it is important to
know the symptoms first. According to G. Terence Wilson, “delusions,
hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
and negative symptoms” are classic symptoms of schizophrenia (1996, 416).
Although he said there are five symptoms of schizophrenia, he also said that to
identify that someone really suffers from schizophrenia or not, the writer only
a. Delusions
Delusions usually appear to a schizophrenic person. “Delusions are false
believe. Person with schizophrenia often express unusual beliefs that are not
shared by others in their culture” (Wilson, 1996: 417). From this quotation, the
writer concludes that schizophrenic patient believes in something that is not real.
He believes what he thinks is real although the real condition is not. Here, a
schizophrenic creates and builds that perceptions only in her/his mind. That is
why delusions usually will lead a schizophrenic into becoming suspicious toward
something in front of her/him.
In schizophrenia, there are four types of delusions that should be known
i. Delusions of Persecution
Person who gets delusions of persecution usually believes that someone is
trying to hurt her/him or believe that someone is against him/her. “People
are out to get me” (Wilson,1996: 417).
ii. Delusions of Grandeur
Person who gets these delusions usually think that s/he is a famous person
and have special power and control everything (Wilson, 1996: 418).
iii. Delusions of Control
A schizophrenic who gets these delusions believe that his/her thought or
actions are controlled by external factors (Wilson, 1996: 428).
iv. Delusions of Romance (Erotomania)
People who get these delusions believe that someone is in love with or
b. Hallucinations
People who suffer from schizophrenia usually will get hallucinations.
“Sensation experienced by an individual that are not experienced by others”
(Wilson, 1996: 419). This quotation means that only a schizophrenic who can feel
and see it while other people around her/him cannot.
According to James C. Coleman, there are five types of hallucinations.
They are auditory hallucinations, visual hallucinations, olfactory hallucinations,
gustatory hallucinations and tactual hallucinations. Below are further explanations
about those types of hallucinations.
i. Auditory Hallucinations
People who suffer from schizophrenia usually will hear voices that others
cannot hear.
Hallucinations involving the sense of hearing: the individual may hear voices telling him what to do, commenting on or criticizing his actions, or warning him that he will be punished unless he repents (Coleman, 1976: 296).
From the above quotation it is obvious that the voice that a schizophrenic
hear is only in his head and is not real. Usually a person who gets these
hallucinations will easily accept what the voice told them. The voice that
exist in her/his head will influence her/his action and thought in everyday
life.
ii. Visual Hallucinations
In visual hallucinations, usually a schizophrenic will see thing that other
people cannot see. “Hallucinations involving the sense of sight” (Coleman,
patients can see something in front of them like it is really happened and
exist which actually only appear in their mind. That is why schizophrenic
patients cannot differentiate reality and hallucinations.
iii. Olfactory Hallucinations
These hallucinations are closed to human sense. “Hallucination involving
the sense of smell” (Coleman, 1976: 296). Usually people who get this
hallucinations will smell bizarre things every time they are under a
depressing condition or a dangerous situation.
iv. Gustatory Hallucinations
These hallucinations still connects to the sense, that is, the sense of taste
(Coleman, 1976: 296). Here, people who suffer from schizophrenia will
think that someone is trying to kill them. They become worry toward food
and drink that they consume and usually believe that their food and drink
are poisoned.
v. Tactual Hallucinations
Still related to the human’s sense, usually people who get this
hallucination believe and feel that something touches them. They imagine
that what touches them is real.
c. Disorganized Speech (Derailment)
People who have this symptom have difficulty to relate a question and the
answer. Most of all, there is no connection between question and answer. “A
1996: 420). This person is easy to change topics without any confirmation, so it
looks like s/he is answering a question that is out of topic.
d. Grossly Disorganized Behavior and Catatonic Behavior
In grossly disorganized behavior, usually people who have this symptom
will do an inappropriate behavior. “It seen in childlike silliness or highly agitated
behavior” (Wilson, 1996: 420). From this quotation, the writer concludes that
people who suffer from schizophrenia will do a bizarre thing in inappropriate
place and situation.
Grossly disorganized behavior is different from catatonic behavior. In
catatonic behavior, people who have this symptom will look like they have
problem with their motor abnormalities. Person who have this symptom usually
like peculiar postures, usually soldier. “Catatonic behavior refers to marked motor
abnormalities, including motor immobility, excessive motor behaviors and the
maintenance of fixed postures over long periods of time” (Wilson, 1996: 420).
This quotation shows that this symptom will make schizophrenic patients look
helpless because it looks like they need other people to help them. In short, this
symptom makes them passive that can be seen from their lack of energy.
e. Negative symptoms
There are three negative symptoms according to G. Terence Wilson. First
is flat or blunt affect which shows that a person who has this symptom will show
flat expression in their emotion, second is little speech (alogia) which shows that a
drive (avolition) which means a person who has this symptoms shows no interest
in activity (Wilson, 1996: 421).
5. Theory of Paranoid Schizophrenia
In theory of schizophrenia, the writer finds that paranoid schizophrenia is
one of the main type of schizopherenia. Here, the symptoms that are found in
paranoid schizophrenia is triggered from symptoms of schizophrenia. But, in this
theory, paranoid schizophrenia has particular symptoms which cannot be found in
schizophrenia. “Paranoid schizophrenia are agitated, argumentative, angry, and
sometimes violent” (Davison, 1986: 343). People who suffer from paranoid
schizophrenia will always feel insecure and think that somebody is going to go
against them. That is why, when they face a bad situation, their reaction will
appear spontaneously.
After knowing what paranoid schizophrenia is, there are many kinds of
symptoms that are better to be known.
Paranoid patients are suspicious, sensitive, egocentric individuals whose lives revolve about the theme of persecution. They imagine that people are against them and in devious ways are maltreating or plotting against them. At first their delusions of persecution are limited and fairly well systematized and their attitude toward the world is one of emotional aggressiveness (Page, 1947: 254).
The above quotation shows that people who suffer from paranoid schizophrenia
have a sensitive feeling so it makes them fragile. Their fears already affect their
perception, thought and emotion. Another symptom to identify whether or not
brave voice that makes them follow the direction of hallucinations that s/he sees
or hears.
“Some diagnosed schizophrenics often behave quite normally” (Alloy,
1996: 355). It means that people who suffer from paranoid schizophrenia are
sociable in her/his environment and community. Besides, “a paranoid person is
usually capable of self-management in the community, but on occasion their
persecutory ideas may render them dangerous” (Page, 1947: 184). It means that
while on one hand a paranoid person is capable of living a normal life with a good
interaction and relationship, on the other hand s/he can hurt her/himself or hurt
people around her/him.
To give strong evidence to show that someone suffers from paranoid
schizophrenia or not, below are some information that will help the writer in
identifying this mental illness.
In rare instances a paranoid patient may become dangerous and kill or injure someone. In such an instance the patient’s feelings connected with his delusions had probably become very intense so that the violent assault seemed to him the only solution to this person. To this person it was seen very likely as a matter of kill or be killed (Strange, 1965: 313).
From the above quotation, the writer concludes that paranoid schizophrenia
patients become dangerous if they start to feel delusions or hallucinations in front
of them. Besides, the delusions and hallucinations that appear in paranoid
schizophrenics mind will make them do something inappropriate and illogical
6. Family Theory in Perspective of Schizophrenia
Family has an important role in the development of children psychology.
Every single moment, situation and treat in family’s life, children usually can
easily record all actions that they see and words that they hear. Therefore, all
things that happened and learned from the family will influence the children’s
psychological stance in the future.
According to family theorists, psychological tensions in the home may also be a stress factor in schizophrenia, and not just for the children of schizophrenic mothers (Alloy, 1996: 395)
From the above quotation, it can be concluded that every condition and
situation in the home will influence someone psychological stance in their social
life. It also shows that family life is a main factor that can affect someone become
schizophrenic. Not only is this condition faced by children of schizophrenic
mothers, but also all people who have unstable family life.
In family theories, there are two theories that will answer the reason why
someone suffers from schizophrenia. First is expressed emotion (EE). This factor
is related to the relatives in the family. This theory tries to show that
schizophrenogenic mother or schizophrenia-causing mother has a role to affect
her children’s psychological stance until they suffer from schizophrenia. “Mothers
who were cold, domineering, rejecting, and at the same time overprotective could
induce schizophrenia in their children” (Alloy, 1996: 395). Usually, most of
schizophrenics who have schizophrenogenic mother become dependent toward
The second theory is communication deviance. It focuses on the matter of
communications between parents and children. Here, there are usually some
misinterpretations in receiving words said between parents and children. Actually,
most of that communication is caused by the contradictory message. Usually, to
say and top express their message in verbal, they like to use a rejection and
affecting but the aim of the use of them is as a complement. (Alloy, 1996:396).
7. Psychological Factor in Schizophrenia
Psychological factor is one that affects someone to become schizophrenic.
Trauma that was felt during childhood usually will affect someone’s personality
and behavior.
Karl Menninger has provided a vivid picture of the defenses – and special vulnerabilities – of adolescents and young adults who have suffered deep hurts and have come to view the world as a dangerous and hostile place (Coleman, 1976: 316).
The above quotation shows that children who had some bad past
experiences usually will build their own defense to avoid the deep hurts in them
appear. Besides, people who were tortured and ignored when they were children
will see the world as a dangerous and hostile place. It happened because words
and actions that children see and hear will be easily recorded in their mind.
Children who suffer from schizophrenia will usually be sensitive and
fragile. Trauma in them does not make them make a distance with their social life
but they do the opposite. Here, they want to make a relation with people although
they cannot hide their anxious and fear every time they found a stimulation that
In some instance the outcome seems to be a “stormy” personality. Here, instead of withdrawing, the individual tries aggressively to relate to people. He is highly vulnerable to hurt, however and his existence is usually an anxious one (Coleman, 1976: 316).
C.Theoretical Framework
This study focuses on factors that make Kawashima Masayuki suffer from
Paranoid schizophrenia. The theories that are already explained above will support
the analysis of Kawashima Masayuki’s characteristics and what makes him suffer
from paranoid schizophrenia.
In this study, the writer puts theories of intrinsic element of a literary
work, which are character and characterization, to analyze the characteristics of
Kawashima Masayuki. Murphy’s theory of characterization states that there are
nine ways that the writer can choose to find out the characteristics of the character
that want to be analyzed in the novel. Some ways that the writer chooses to
support the analysis in this study are speech, past life, reactions and thoughts.
These four ways are significant to be used in analyzing and answering the first
problem formulations.
Theory of schizophrenia and paranoid schizophrenia, then, are used to
prove whether Kawashima suffers from paranoid schizophrenia or not. It is used
to answer the second problem formulation. The theory of schizophrenia focuses
on the general symptoms of schizophrenia until it leads to a conclusion that the
main character has mental illness. Besides, theory of paranoid schizophrenia is
used to differentiate this type of schizophrenia with other types of schizophrenia
from paranoid schizophrenia. Theory of paranoid schizophrenia will show deeply
about the specific symptoms shown in a paranoid schizophrenic patient.
The last theory that is also important to answer the third problem
formulation in this study is family theory in perspective of schizophrenia,
psychological factors in schizophrenia and the relation between literature and
psychology. These theories will help the reader to find the factors that make
Kawashima suffer from paranoid schizophrenia. These three theories will also
show the reader the details about phenomena that happen in the story, therefore
the writer will analyze it from the background of the main character because what
the main character faced in their past life had left a big trauma in him. Besides,
Kawashima Masayuki’s background can also be learned from the characteristics
25
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A.Object of the Study
The object of this study is Piercing, a novel written by Ryu Murakami, a Japanese novelist and filmmaker. This novel was published by the Penguin
Group, Penguin Group (USA) Inc, New York, in January 2007, translated by
Ralph F. McCarthy. The novel consists of 11 chapters with 185 pages. The genre
of this novel is psycho thriller.
The writer thinks that this novel is interesting because it is related to
human values. Negative and positive attitudes will influence someone in seeing
and facing the world and life. From this novel, the writer also thinks that abuse in
family not only happens in people’s imagination but in real life. That is why it
cannot be ignored anymore.
Through this study, the writer wants to open people’s mind through the
messages that the writer shares in this research, that actually every action taken
both consciously and unconsciously will influence our environment, relatives or
friends. That is why the writer thinks that Piercing can be a good example to show
the reason why someone has psychological problem in her/his life.
The first scene is opened with the appearance Kawashima Masayuki who
in 10 days always tried to find a way to stab his own daughter, Little Rie.
Kawashima was a graphic designer, a husband and a father. He had a normal life
Ginza, for the first time he met a woman named Yoko. Kawashima fell in love
with her. Shortly, a year and eight months after their first meeting in Ginza, they
decided to get married and finally have a baby named Little Rie.
After short introductory about Kawashima’s family, the story began with
Kawashima taking bath with his baby. After they finished taking a bath, Yoko
usually dries his baby, and when Yoko was drying Little Rie, Kawashima saw
Yoko murmuring something to Rie. After he saw his wife murmuring something
to Rie, he felt something burning inside him and it made him anxious. Since then,
he became suspicious and wanted to stab his daughter. Every time his anxiety
came, he became sweating, then continue by smelt something weird like a
pungent whiff of something organic burning, and so on.
Every time Kawashima tried to stab his baby, there was a doubt in him. In
one side he realized that he was Rie’s father but on the other side he felt that he
must stab her because he thought that the baby was a threat for him. Since that
night, he could not sleep, so he decided to go outside. He thought that he would
rather enjoy the cold than staying at home. When he was enjoying night, he
suddenly stopped at a shop to buy some diapers and when he already in, he
suddenly saw his other self standing before the shelves two or three paces ahead
of him. It pointed to the picture of a baby on the package and grinned at
Kawashima. No longer after that, it told him that the only way to overcome his
B.Approach of the Study
The focus of this study was to analyze the factors that make Kawashima
suffer from paranoid schizophrenia and to prove that he has problems with his
psychological condition. The psychological approach was used in this study. This
approach focused on the behavior of the main character like symptoms, and
reasons why he can be categorized as having a mental illness like paranoid
schizophrenia.
To know deeper about the mental illness in the Piercing and relate it to the
writer’s analysis, the writer applied the psychological approach by Mary
Rohrberger and Samuel H. Woods, Jr. in Reading and Writing About Literature. “Psychological involves effort to locate and demonstrate certain recurrent
patterns” which “draws on a different body of knowledge” (1971: 13).
Psychological approach would help the writer to understand human
behavior such as problems related to learning, perception, emotions, motivations,
and thinking. Those behaviors usually are written as an object. In short, the
psychological approach was used because it was related to the problems and
factors that affect the main character in the novel.
C.Method of the Study
The data collection was done through a library research. In this study, the
writer took the data from literary books, psychological books and dictionary, and
some internet sources. There were two parts of sources that the writer used in this
study. The primary data is Piercing, written by Ryu Murakami in 2007 in English
support the analysis in this study were taken from books related to the character,
some previous undergraduate theses, psychology and literary books, and articles
from the internet
In this study, the writer took some steps in the analysis. The first step was
to read and reread Ryu Murakami’s Piercing to gain a better understanding about
the story until the author found an interesting topic to be studied. The second step
was to determine the problem formulation. The third step was to start to find out
the previous undergraduate theses, literary books, such as theories and approach
to support the analysis, internet sources to find some reviews to get better
understanding about the topic that would be analyzed.
The fourth step was to analyze the data by using those books and internet
sources. From those books, the writer tried to prove and answer three problems
that have already been formulated. The last step was to report and make a
conclusion until it became a good research and useful for other future researchers
that took the same topic.
In this study there were some books that the writer used to gain better
understanding and to complete the information that was needed. The analysis of
the character was taken from Glossary of Literary Terms by M. H. Abrams, and in
analyzing the characterization, the writer used M.J. Murphy’s theories about
characters and characterization in his book entitled Understanding Unseens: An introduction to English Poetry and the English Novel for Overseas Student.
Writing About Literature by Mary Rohrberger and Samuel H. Woods, Abnormal Psychology And Modern Life Fifth Edition by James C. Coleman Abnormal Psychology An Experimental Clinical Approach by Gerald C. Davison and John M. Neale, APA Dictionary of Psychology by Gary R Vandenbos Phd, Abnormal
Psychology: The Human Experience of Psychological Disorders by Richard P Halgin and Susan K Whitbourne, Abnormal Psychology : Current Perspectives by
Lauren B. Alloy, Joan Acocella and Richard R. Bootzin, The Psychology of Human Behavior Third Edition by Richard A Kalish, The Language of Literature: A Stylistic Introduction to the Study of Literature by Michael Cummings and Robert Simmons, Abnormal Psychology: Understanding Behavior Disorders by
Jack Roy Strange, Abnormal Psychology Integrating Perspectives by G. Terence
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
This chapter discusses the answer to the problems formulated in the first
chapter. There are three main parts that are discussed. The first part is about the
characteristics of the main character in Piercing. Here, the writer explains and give detail information about the characteristics of Kawashima Masayuki.
The second part discusses how the characteristics of the main character
can be categorized as having paranoid schizophrenia. This part presents the
description of paranoid schizophrenia’s symptoms in Kawashima’s characteristics
in order to reveal the details of this mental illness.
The last part discusses the factors that influence the main character to
suffer from paranoid schizophrenia. This part will observe some events that had
happened to Kawashima Masayuki. Here, the writer will analyze it through his
past life, environment and his psychological stance as the important factors that
cause him to suffer from paranoid schizophrenia.
A.The Characteristics of Kawashima Masayuki
Kawashima Masayuki is the main character in Piercing. He is the central
person in the story because from the beginning to the end of the story, the author
described him in detail. Murakami wrote his story starting from Kawashima’s past
life when he was a kid until he had became an adult. According to M.H Abrams,
the most important or central person in the story is the major character, and it goes
man with a normal life, but having bad childhood experiences. Here, he is
described as a husband of Yoko, a father of a daughter named Little Rie and
worked as a graphic designer.
In this story, there are several characteristics of Kawashima Masayuki. The
writer analyzes those characteristics using the theory of characterization by M. J.
Murphy. In this theory, there are nine ways that can be used to find the
characteristics of the main character. But, in this analysis, only four ways are
used. They are speech, past life, reactions, and thoughts. These four ways are
considered the most significant ones that will support the analysis of the
characteristics of the main character. They will help to analyze the characteristics
of the main character seen from the mental or personality point of view.
Based on the analysis, there are six characteristics that are appropriate to
describe Kawashima Masayuki. The six characteristics are suspicious, anxious,
fearful, spiteful, violent and in doubt. To understand further about Kawashima
Masayuki’s characteristics, the explanation is as follows.
1. Suspicious
In Piercing, Kawashima is described as a suspicious man. He became suspicious toward something that tried to hurt him, although it only appeared in
his mind. Things that triggered his suspicion are feeling that someone knew his
wicked plan to stab a woman, someone would ignore and leave him, and so on.
Here, Kawashima’s feeling comes as a product of his childhood life, when his
mother used to treat him badly. That is why when he felt comfortable with
he wanted to be. For him, it could be a threat. Below is the evidence that shows
the reason that caused Kawashima to be suspicious toward his daughter, Little
Rie.
“Ten nights ago. He was in the bathtub with the baby, having just finished washing her. He handed her over to Yoko, who was waiting with a fluffy bath towel, and then he leaned back in the tub, leaving the pebbled-glass shower door partially open. Yoko was murmuring to the baby as she dried her, and he was aware of himself smiling at them. And then, with no prelude or warning, a thought came percolating up into his brain and he felt the muscles of his cheeks twitch and freeze” (Murakami, 2007: 16).
After he saw Yoko murmuring something to his baby, Kawashima smiled.
Actually behind his smile, he hid fear and suspicion. As the writer already
explained in the previous page, Kawashima was always afraid of losing someone
he loved, liked and cared about. Kawashima became suspicious because he
thought that Yoko was getting closer to his baby. In Kawashima’s mind, what he
had just seen between his wife and his baby was something that terrified him.
That is why he became suspicious toward his baby.
In the story, he thought that his baby could take Yoko away from him.
Actually, Yoko only did what she must do as a mother, but Kawashima thought
the opposite. Looking back to Kawashima’s background and his bad experience,
the writer assumes that the reason he became suspicious is his fear of losing
Yoko’s attention and love. Here, he found Yoko very kind and patient. For him,
Yoko was the only one who could comfort him, while his baby could not. That is
why Kawashima thought that Little Rie was a threat that could decrease Yoko’s
Other evidence that also shows his suspicious characteristic can be read
when he thought that Sanada Chiaki had already read his notes, the note that
contained his planned to stab someone in order to release his fear of stabbing his
baby.
“Kawashima grunted agreement and stood up. It was then that he noticed his overnight bag lying on its side against the opposite wall, and his open notebook beside it. His blood turned ice. She must have read the notes, he thought, and a shiver emanating from his bitten finger rippled through every cell in his body. He experienced a surge of nausea and looked over at the girl, who had turned her back to him and was climbing into her slip. I have no choice now, he thought, and the chill and the nausea merged with a peculiar, bubbling excitement. I have no choice but to kill her” (Murakami, 2007: 117).
From the quotation above, Kawashima Masayuki thought that Sanada had already
read his plan. He was afraid that she would go away after she read it. Here,
Kawashima was suspicious toward things that he did not know whether it was
right or not. He played with questions and suspicions in his mind until that feeling
made him feel insecure and led him to one choice, that was to kill her. At that
time, he believed that Sanada would tell all his plans to stab a woman to anyone.
Facing that situation, he became suspicious and it drove him to stab her before she
left him or turned against him.
Same as the previous paragraph, and still in the same situation, between
the conversation of Sanada and Kawashima, below is the quotation that the writer
finds as other evidence that proves Kawashima as a suspicious person.
“Hey,’she said softly, smiling up at him. ‘What hotel are you staying at really?
Kawashima’s body stiffened.
I knew it, Chiaki said to herself – he’s a secret rich man.
2. Anxious
In the story, Murakami described Kawashima Masayuki as an anxious
person. The following quotation will prove that he is anxious. His anxiety began
when he saw his wife murmuring something to his baby.
“The mental and emotion torment of the old cycle of anxiety – unable to bear being alone, wanting someone always near but growing anxious when someone does get close, fearing that if they get any closer there’s no telling what might happen, until the fear itself becomes unbearable and solitude seems the only solution – had seemed to be fast becoming a thing of the past” (Murakami, 2007: 14-15).
In the story, seeing Yoko murmuring something to the baby made
Kawashima anxious. According to Murphy, the appropriate way to describe
Kawashima Masayuki’s anxiety is reaction. From the quotation above, the writer
concludes that the reaction when he saw his wife murmuring something to his
baby is the evidence that shows he was anxious. Here, it also can be summarized
that at the time he became closer to someone, or when someone got closer to him,
he would feel anxious. His fear made him anxious, and his anxiety disturbed his
thought and emotion.
In this novel, the writer sees that what Yoko did to Little Rie made
Kawashima afraid. He felt that there was a strong tension in him. In this case,
Kawashima did not want to be alone but he could not let someone get closer to
him, either. The writer sees that there is a trauma left from his past life in
Kawashima’s self. Whether he realized it or not, he became insecure and that
feeling made him aware of and suspicious toward everything that happened to
him. The reaction that appeared from the quotation above is one of the effects
worried about what would happen to him if Yoko became closer to Little Rie.
That is why the author concludes that he is anxious.
Still explaining about the quotation above, Kawashima became anxious
when he faced a certain situation and condition related to someone he loved, cared
about and liked. He became anxious toward something vague in front of him. The
following quotation will show how Kawashima Masayuki became anxious when
he was disturbed by his own thought. Here, he felt anxious when the tension in
him increased. At the time when his emotion and thought were in tension, some
questions appeared in his mind and it ended into fear and anxiety that were united
to disturb his own thought.
“Yoko had awakened but hadn’t seemed to notice anything, and for the moment, standing on the empty street of their neighborhood in Kokubunji, away from the room with the sleeping baby, he felt a certain degree of relief.
It’s just my neurosis, he reasoned with himself. I just get freaked out imagining I might stab the baby. It’s not as if I actually want to stab her. Who doesn’t imagine things that make them anxious?” (Murakami, 2007: 20).
The above quotation shows how anxious Kawashima Masayuki was. His
emotion and thought made him think clearly toward all acts and imaginations that
he wanted to do. Here, his anxiety appeared every time he got closer to his baby,
which caused him to sweat and at the same time, the desire to stab his baby
increased and then continue to imagine that he might stab his daughter.
The imagination that appeared in Kawashima Masayuki’s mind is caused
by the reaction that he felt and thought of. Through this novel, the writer sees that
