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Pikiran Rakyat
e
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Budaya Visual Sunda
a m i s , K o t a B a n j a r , K a b u p a t e n M a j a l e n g k a , K a b u p a t e n K u -n i -n g a -n , d a n K a b u p a t e n C i r e -b o n . .
S e m e n t a r a i t u , t e r d a p a t 1 3 p e m e r i n t a h d a e r a h y a n g m e n -j a d i k a n p a d i s e b a g a i b e n t u k d a l a m l a m b a n g n y a . K e t i g a b e -l a s p e m e r i n t a h d a e r a h t e r s e b u t a d a l a h K o t a S u k a b u m i , K a b u -p a t e n C i a n j u r , K a b u p a t e n C i
-a m i s , K o t -a B -a n j -a r , K -a b u p -a t e n P u r w a k a r t a , K a b u p a t e n B e k a s i , K o t a D e p o k , K a b u p a t e n M a -j a l e n g k a , K a b u p a t e n K u n i n g a n , K a b u p a t e n C i r e b o n , K a b u p a t e n K a r a w a n g , K a b u p a t e n I n d r a -m a y u . B i l a d i p e r h a t i k a n s e c a r a s a k s a m a , s e b a g i a n b e s a r p e m e
-r i n t a h d a e -r a h y a n g m e n j a d i k a n p a d i s e b a g a i s a l a h s a t u e l e m e n v i s u a l n y a m e r u p a k a n d a e r a h -d a e r a h y a n g m e n j a d i l u m b u n g p a d i d i J a w a B a r a t .
S e m e n t a r a i t u , b a g i
urang
S u n d a y a n g m e m i l i k i k e k a y a a n l a u t , m e m i l i h l a u t s e b a g a i s a l a h s a t u b e n t u k d a l a m l a m b a n g p e m e r i n t a h d a e r a h n y a . D a l a m k a i t a n t e r s e b u t , s e t i d a k n y a t e r -d a p a t t u j u h p e m e r i n t a h d a e r a h y a n g m e n j a d i k a n l a u t s e b a g a i r e p r e s e n t a s i v i s u a l d a l a m l a m -b a n g n y a , y a k n i K a -b u p a t e n G a -r u t , K a b u p a t e n C i a m i s , K a b u -p a t e n B e k a s i , K o t a B e k a s i , K a -b u p a t e n C i r e b o n , K o t a C i r e b o n , d a n K a b u p a t e n I n d r a m a y u . P e
-t a v i s u a l j u g a m e m p e r l i h a -t k a n k e s a d a r a n
urang
S u n d a a k a n p o t e n s i y a n g d i m i l i k i d a e r a h t e m p a t m e r e k a b e r m u k i m . H a l i n i t a r n p a k d a r i m u n c u l n y a b e n t u k - b e n t u k y a n g m e n j a d i c i r i k h a s p o t e n s i d a e r a h , s e p e r t i p e n y u , w a l e t , k a r e t , d a n t e h ( K a b u p a t e n S u k a b u m i ) , k i n a ( K a b u p a t e n B a n d u n g ) , j e r u k ( K a b u p a t e n G a r u t ) , b o r d i r , a n y a m a n , p a y u n g ( K o t a T a s i k -m a l a y a ) , M a n g g a ( K a b u p a t e n I n d r a m a y u ) , u d a n g ( K o t aC i r e -b o n ) , I s t a n a B o g o r ( K o t a B o-g o r ) , d a n t e r o p o n g b i n t a n g ( K a b u p a t e n B a n d u n g B a r a t ) .
B i l a b i n t a n g d i t e r i m a s e b a g a i r e p r e s e n t a s i v i s u a l d a r i r e l i g i u s -i t a s , s e b a g a -i m a n a t e r e p r e s e n t a s i k a n d a l a m I a m b a n g s i l a p e r t a m a P a n c a s i l a , p e t a v i s u a l l a m -b a n g - l a r n -b a n g p e m e r i n t a h d i J a w a B a r a t b e l u m m e r e p r e s e n
-Reiza D Dienaputra
Lektor Kepala pada Prodi IImu Sejarah
Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Unpad
T
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i n i h e n d a k m e r e k o n s t r u k s i k e b u -d a y a a n S u n d a d e n g a n b e r b a s i s k a n l a m b a n g - l a m b a n g y a n g d i m i l i k i p e m e r i n t a h d a e -r a h d i P -r o v i n s i J a w a B a -r a t . D a -r i k a j i a n t e r h a d a p l a m b a n g p e m e -r i n t a h d a e r a h t e r s e b u t , s e d i k i t b a n y a k n y a d a p a t t e r e k o n s t r u k -s i k a n b u d a y a v i s u a l c u r a n g S u n d a . S e b u a h a s u m s i s e d e r -h a n a d a p a t d i k e m u k a k a n b a h -w a p o s t u r l a m b a n g - l a m b a n g p e m e r i n t a h d a e r a h t e r s e b u t p a -d a d a s a r n y a m e m p e r l i h a t k a n t e n t a n gzeitgeist
( j i w a z a m a n ) y a n g m e l i n g k u p i k e h i d u p a n m a s y a r a k a t J a w a B a r a t p a d a u m u m n y a ,urang
S u n d a p a d a k h u s u s n y a .B e r p i j a k p a d a r e a l i t a s m u -t a k h i r p e r k e m b a n g a n p e m e r i n -t a h a n d a e r a h d i P r o v i n s i J a w a B a r a t , t u l i s a n i n i m e m b e r i k a n f o k u s k a j i a n p a d a l a m b a n g -l a m b a n g y a n g d i m i -l i k i 1 7 k a b u
-p a t e n d a n 9 k o t a . P e r l u d i j e -l a s k a n d i s i n i b e r k a i t a n d e n g a n e l e m e n v i s u a l , E d m u n d B u r k
F e l d m a n ( 1 9 6 7 ) m e n g e m u k a -
Eksplanasi
k a n b a h w a s e t i d a k n y a t e r d a p a t R e a l i t a s e l e m e n v i s u a l y a n g e m p a t e l e m e n v i s u a l y a n g p e r l u d i t e m u k a n d a l a m l a m b a n g -d i p e r h a t i k a n , y a k n i
line
( g a r i s ) , l a m b a n g p e m e r i n t a h d a e r a h d ishape
( b e n t u k ) ,light and dark
J a w a B a r a t t e n t u m e n a r i kun-( t e r a n g d a n g e l a p ) , s e r t a
calor
t u k d i a n a l i s i s l e b i h l a n j u t . D a r i ( w a r n a ) . P a d a t u l i s a n i n i p e m e - p e t a b e n t u k v i s u a l t e r s i r a t k u a t t a a n t e n t a n g e l e m e n v i s u a l l a m - b a h w a b e n t u k - b e n t u k y a n g d i -b a n g - l a m -b a n g p e r n e r i n t a h d a - g u n a k a n d a l a m l a m b a n g l a m -e r a h d i f o k u s k a n h a n y a p a d a b a n g p e m e r i n t a h d a e r a h p a d a b e n t u k d a n w a r n a . u m u m n y a m e r u p a k a n r e p r e -H a s i l p e m e t a a n e l e m e n v i s u - s e n t a s i d a r i k e b e r a d a a nurang
a l y a n g b e r b a s i s k a n a t a s b e n t u k S u n d a y a n g r a m a h d e n g a n d a n w a r n a , m e m p e r l i h a t k a n s e - l i n g k u n g a n a l a m . T e r d a p a t 1 4t i d a k n y a a d a 6 7 b e n t u k y a n g d i - p e m e r i n t a h d a e r a h y a n g m e n -t e m u k a n p a d a 2 6 l a m b a n g p e - j a d i k a n g u n u n g s e b a g a i s a l a h m e r i n t a h d a e r a h d i J a w a B a r a t . s a t u b e n t u k d a l a m l a m b a n g n y a , B e n t u k - b e n t u k t e r s e b u t a n t a r a y a k n i , K a b u p a t e n / K o t a B o g o r , l a i n a d a l a h l a n g i t , m a t a h a r i , K a b u p a t e n C i a n j u r , K a b u p a t e n b i n t a n g , g u n u n g , s u n g a i , l a u t , B a n d u n g , K a b u p a t e n B a n d u n g b u k i t , r a w a , s a w a h , t e h , k a r e t , B a r a t , K o t a B a n d u n g , K a b u p a -k i n a , p a d i , -k a p a s , -k e l a p a , j e r u -k , t e n G a r u t , K a b u p a t e n / K o t a m a n g g a , b e r i n g i n , p . . ; ; e . ; . . . n " - Y l l - , , , - w _ a l _ e t . < . . ,_ _ T _ a _ s _ i k m _ a l a y a ,K a b u p a t e n C i
-g a r u d a , u d a n g , I s t a n a B o g o r , p e n d o p o , b e n d u n g a n , j e m b a -t a n , k u b a h , b a m b u r u n c i n g , a n y a m a n , p a y u n g , p e n a , b u k u , s e l e n d a n g , g o l o k , d a n k u j a n g . T e r d a p a t 8 b e n t u k y a n g p a l i n g b a n y a k d i g u n a k a h , d a l a m a r t i d i t e m u k a n p a d a l e b i h d a r i 5 l a m b a n g p e m e r i n t a h d a e r a h .
Kedelapan
bentuk
terse but
adalah perisai, gunung,
padi,
sungai,
pita,
kapas, laut, dan
kujang.
S e t i d a k n y a t e r d a p a t s e p u l u h w a m a d a l a m l a r n b a n g - l a m b a n g p e m e r i n t a h d a e r a h d i J a w a B a r a t , y a k n i , h i t a m , p u t i h , k u -n i -n g , k u -n i -n g e m a s , h i j a u , b i r u , c o k e l a t , m e r a h , j i n g g a , d a n u n g u . D a r i s e p u l u h w a m a t e r s e -b u t , w a r n a h i j a u , p u t i h , d a n b i r u m e r u p a k a n w a r n a - w a r n a y a n g p a l i n g b a n y a k d i g u n a k a n d a l a m l a r n b a n g - l a m b a n g p e -m e r i n t a h d a e r a h . W a r n a l a i n y a n g t e r g o l o n g b a n y a k d i g u -n a k a -n j u g a a d a l a h w a m a h i t a m , k u n i n g , m e r a h , d a n k u n i n g e m a s .
ta s ik a n
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S u n d a s e b a g a i m a s y a r a k a t y a n g r e lig iu s . D a r i 2 6 la m b a n g p e m e r in ta h d a e r a h , h a n y a 7 ' p e m e r in ta h d a e r a h y a n g m e n g g u n a k a n b in ta n g d a la m la m b a n g d a e r a h n y a . K e -tu ju h p e m e r in ta h d a e r a h te r -s e b u t a d a la h K o ta S u k a b u m i, K a b u p a te n B a n d u n g B a r a t, K a -b u p a te n G a r u t, K o ta B a n ja r , K a b u p a te n S u b a n g , K a b u p a te n C ir e b o n , d a n K a b u p a te n I n d r a -m a y u . D a r i k e tu ju h p e -m e r in ta h d a e r a h te r s e b u t, h a n y a lim a p e -m e r in ta h d a e r a h y a n g s e c a r a te g a s m e m a k n a i b in ta n g s e b a -g a i r e p r e s e n ta s i r e lig iu s ita s , y a k n i K a b u p a te n B a n d u n g B a -r a t, K o ta B a n ja r , K a b u p a te n S u b a n g , d a n K a b u p a te n I n d r a m a y u . K o ta S u k a b u m i m e m a k -n a i b i-n ta -n g s e b a g a i r e p r e s e -n ta s i P a n c a s ila . K a b u p a te n G a r u t ti-d a k m e m b e r ik a n p e m a k n a a n te r h a d a p b in ta n g y a n g d ig u n a -k a n n y a , s e d a n g -k a n K a b u p a te n C ir e b o n m e m a k n a i s e m b ila n b in ta in g y a in g d ig u in a k a in in y a s e b a -g a i r e p r e s e n ta s i W a li S a n -g a .D i lu a r b in ta n g , r e p r e s e n ta s i v is u a l r e lig iu s ita s te n tu d a p a t d ib e r ik a n d a la m b e n tu k m a s jid y a n g m e n ja d i te m p a t b e r ib a d a h u m a t I s la m a ta u b a n g u n a n te m p a t ib a d a h la in n y a . D a la m h a l in i, p e ta v is u a l s e m a k in m e m p e r lih a tk a n
urang
S u n d a b u k a n la h m a s y a r a k a t y a n g r e -lig iu s . D a r i 2 6 la m b a n g p e m e -r in ta h d a e -r a h , h a n y a 1p e m e r in -ta h d a e r a h y a n g m e n g g u n a k a n k u b a h m a s jid s e b a g a i s a la h s a -tu e le m e n v is u a ln y a , y a i-tu K o ta T a s ik m a la y a . S e c a r a te g a s K o ta T a s ik m a la y a m e m a k n a in y a s e -b a g a i s im -b o l k o ta s a n tr i.S e la n ju tn y a , b ila s e la m a in i b e g itu k u a t k e in g in a n u n tu k m e n ja d ik a n k u ja n g s e b a g a i ik o n
urang
S u n d a a ta u b a h k a n a d a y a n g s u d a h m e n g a n g g a p n y a s e -b a g a i ik o nurang
S u n d a , T a ta r S u n d a , a ta u b a h k a n k e b u d a y a -a n S u n d -a , r e a lita s p e ta v is u a l la m b a n g - la m b a n g p e m e r in ta h d a e r a h m e m p e r lih a tk a n b a h w a k u ja n g te r n y a ta b e lu m la h d a p a t d ir e p r e s e n ta s ik a n s e b a g a i ik o nurang
S u n d a . D a r i 2 6 p e m e r in ta h d a e r a h , h a n y a 6 y a n g m e n g -g u n a k a n k u ja n g d a la m la m -b a n g n y a y a k n i K a -b u p a te n /K o ~B o g o r , K a b u p a te n S u k a b u m i, K o ta S u k a b u m i, K o ta B a n ja r , d a n K o ta D e p o k . .
L a m b a n g b a g i p e m e r in ta h d a e r a h tid a k s e k a d a r m e m ilik i f u n g s i s e b a g a i id e n tita s d a e r a h , te ta p iju g a m e n ja d i p e n a n d a v is u a l k e is a d a r a n p e m e r in ta h d a e -r a h te n ta n g b e r b a g a i p o te n s i y a n g d im ilik in y a . D ilih a t d a r i p e r s p e k tif b u d a y a , la m b a n g tid a k s e k a d a r m e r e p r e s e n ta s i-k a n w u ju d b u d a y a b e r b e n tu k f is ik
(artefact),
te ta p iju g a m e -r e p -r e s e n ta s ik a n w u ju d id e(mentifact)
d a n w u ju d s o s ia l(socifact).
K e m u n c u la n b e r b a -g a i p o te n s i d a e r a h d a la m la m -b a n g - la m -b a n g p e m e r in ta h d a e r a h p a d a a k h ir n y a te n tu h a r u s la h m e n ja d i e n e r g i b a g i p e m e -r in ta h d a e r a h u n tu k m e n ja d ik a n e le m e n v is u a l y a n g d im u a t d a la m la m b a n g n y a la y a k u n -tu k te ta p a d a d a n d ip e r ta h a n -k a n , J a n g a n la h e le m e n v is u a l y a n g te r d a p a t d a la m la m b a n g d ia n g g a p s e k a d a r s im b o l d a -e r a h , te ta p i s e y o g ia n y a te ta p d ip e r ta h a n k a n m e n ja d i k e k u -a t-a n d a e r a h s e h in g a te r d a p a t k e s e la r a s a n a n ta r aartefact
d a nmentifact
d a n te r le b ih d e n g a n