62 DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. Song J, Wang G, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Li W, Zhou Z, et al. Chinese expert consensus on diagnosis and treatment of uveal melanoma (2021). Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi. 2021;57(12):886–97.
2. Riadi A. Pedoman dan Pencegahan Coronavirus (COVID- 19). Math Didact J Pendidik Mat. 2019;4:1–214.
3. Biswas I, Khan GA. Coagulation disorders in covid-19: Role of toll-like receptors. J Inflamm Res. 2020;13:823–8.
4. Wool GD, Miller JL. The Impact of COVID-19 Disease on Platelets and Coagulation. Pathobiology. 2021;88(1):15–27.
5. Merad M, Martin JC. Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID- 19: a key role for monocytes and macrophages. Nat Rev Immunol.
2020;20(6):355–62.
6. Levi M, Thachil J, Iba T, Levy JH. Coagulation abnormalities and thrombosis in patients with COVID-19. Lancet Haematol. 2020;7(6):e438–
40.
7. Henry BM, Vikse J, Benoit S, Favaloro EJ, Lippi G. Hyperinflammation and derangement of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in COVID-19: A novel hypothesis for clinically suspected hypercoagulopathy and microvascular immunothrombosis. Clin Chim Acta [Internet].
2020;507(April):167–73. Available from:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2020.04.027
8. Abou-Ismail MY, Diamond A, Kapoor S, Arafah Y, Nayak L. The hypercoagulable state in COVID-19: Incidence, pathophysiology, and management. Thromb Res. 2020;194(May):101–15.
9. Joly BS, Siguret V, Veyradier A. Understanding pathophysiology of hemostasis disorders in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Intensive Care Med [Internet]. 2020;46(8):1603–6. Available from:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-06088-1
10. Willim HA, Hardigaloeh AT, Supit AI. Koagulopati pada Coronavirus Disease -2019 ( COVID-19 ): Tinjauan pustaka. Intisari Sains Medis.
2020;11(3):749–56.
63 11. Pujani M, Raychaudhuri S, Singh M, Kaur H, Agarwal S, Jain M, et al. An analysis of hematological, coagulation and biochemical markers in COVID- 19 disease and their association with clinical severity and mortality: an Indian outlook. Am J Blood Res [Internet]. 2021;11(6):580–91. Available from:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35103112%0Ahttp://www.pubmedce ntral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC8784646
12. Zhou Y, Liu Z, Yang H, Wang J, Li MJ, Liu T, et al. Coagulation factors and COVID-19 severity: Mendelian randomization analyses and supporting evidence. medRxiv. 2020;(Ci).
13. Sayad B, Rahimi Z. Blood coagulation parameters in patients with severe COVID-19 from Kermanshah Province, Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Heal J. 2020;26(9):999–1004.
14. Ge H, Wang X, Yuan X, Xiao G, Wang C, Deng T, et al. The epidemiology and clinical information about COVID-19. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis.
2020;39(6):1011–9.
15. Ren LL, Wang YM, Wu ZQ, Xiang ZC, Guo L, Xu T, et al. Identification of a novel coronavirus causing severe pneumonia in human: a descriptive study.
Chin Med J (Engl). 2020;133(9):1015–24.
16. Mousavizadeh L, Ghasemi S. Genotype and phenotype of COVID-19: Their roles in pathogenesis. J Microbiol Immunol Infect [Internet]. 2020;(xxxx):0–
4. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.022
17. García LF. Immune Response, Inflammation, and the Clinical Spectrum of COVID-19. Front Immunol. 2020;11(June).
18. Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. J Autoimmun [Internet].
2020;109(February):102433. Available from:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433
19. Susilo A, Rumende CM, Pitoyo CW, Santoso WD, Yulianti M, Sinto R, et al. Coronavirus Disease 2019 : Tinjauan Literatur Terkini Coronavirus Disease 2019 : Review of Current Literatures. J Penyakit Dalam Indones.
2020;7(1):45–67.
20. Guo G, Ye L, Pan K, Chen Y, Xing D, Yan K, et al. New Insights of Emerging SARS-CoV-2: Epidemiology, Etiology, Clinical Features, Clinical Treatment, and Prevention. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020;8(May):1–
22.
21. Yi Y, Lagniton PNP, Ye S, Li E, Xu RH. COVID-19: What has been learned and to be learned about the novel coronavirus disease. Int J Biol Sci.
2020;16(10):1753–66.
64 22. Bhardwaj A, Sapra L, Saini C, Azam Z, Mishra PK, Verma B, et al. COVID-
19: Immunology, Immunopathogenesis and Potential Therapies. Int Rev Immunol [Internet]. 2022;41(2):171–206. Available from:
https://doi.org/10.1080/08830185.2021.1883600
23. Gorog DA, Storey RF, Gurbel PA, Tantry US, Berger JS, Chan MY, et al.
Current and novel biomarkers of thrombotic risk in COVID-19: a Consensus Statement from the International COVID-19 Thrombosis Biomarkers Colloquium. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2022;
24. Ortega-Paz L, Capodanno D, Montalescot G, Angiolillo DJ. Coronavirus disease 2019–associated thrombosis and coagulopathy: Review of the pathophysiological characteristics and implications for antithrombotic management. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10(3):1–24.
25. Kohansal Vajari M, Shirin M, Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, Akbari ME, Abolghasemi H, Bashash D. COVID-19-related coagulopathy: A review of pathophysiology and pharmaceutical management. Cell Biol Int.
2021;45(9):1832–50.
26. Burhan E, Susanto AD, Nasution SA D. Pedoman Tatalaksana COVID-19.
2020. 4–6 p.
27. Ji P, Zhu J, Zhong Z, Li H, Pang J, Li B, et al. Association of elevated inflammatory markers and severe COVID-19: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99(47):e23315.
28. Pepys MB. C-reactive protein predicts outcome in COVID-19: is it also a therapeutic target? Eur Heart J. 2021;2280–3.
29. Selanno Y, Widaningsih Y, Esa T, Arif M. Analysis of Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio and Absolute Lymphocyte Count as Predictors of Severity of COVID-19 Patients. Indones J Clin Pathol Med Lab.
2021;27(2):184.
30. Williams P, McWilliams C, Soomro K, Harding I, Gurney S, Thomas M, et al. The dynamics of procalcitonin in COVID-19 patients admitted to Intensive care unit - a multi-centre cohort study in the South West of England, UK. J Infect. 2021;82(6):e24–6.
31. Lin Z, Long F, Yang Y, Chen X, Xu L, Yang M. Serum ferritin as an independent risk factor for severity in COVID-19 patients. Vol. 81, Journal of Infection. 2020. 647–679 p.
32. Payán-Pernía S, Gómez Pérez L, Remacha Sevilla ÁF, Sierra Gil J, Novelli Canales S. Absolute Lymphocytes, Ferritin, C-Reactive Protein, and Lactate Dehydrogenase Predict Early Invasive Ventilation in Patients With COVID- 19. Lab Med. 2021;52(2):141–5.
65 33. Luo H chun, You C yan, Lu S wei, Fu Y qiang. Characteristics of coagulation
alteration in patients with COVID-19. Ann Hematol. 2021;100(1):45–52.
34. Levy JH, Szlam F, Wolberg AS, Winkler A. Clinical use of the activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time for screening: A review of the literature and current guidelines for testing. Clin Lab Med.
2014;34(3):453–77.
35. Yu B, Li X, Chen J, Ouyang M, Zhang H, Zhao X, et al. Evaluation of variation in D-dimer levels among COVID-19 and bacterial pneumonia: a retrospective analysis. J Thromb Thrombolysis [Internet]. 2020;50(3):548–
57. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11239-020-02171-y
36. Di Micco P, Russo V, Carannante N, Imparato M, Cardillo G, Lodigiani C.
Prognostic value of fibrinogen among covid-19 patients admitted to an emergency department: An italian cohort study. J Clin Med. 2020;9(12):1–
6.
37. Long W, Yang J, Li Z, Li J, Chen S, Chen D, et al. Abnormal Fibrinogen Level as a Prognostic Indicator in Coronavirus Disease Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Front Med. 2021;8(June):1–9.
38. Long X, Zhang Z, Zou W, Ling J, Li D, Jing L, et al. Coagulopathy of patients with covid-19 is associated with infectious and inflammatory markers. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2020;13:1965–75.
39. Rotty L, Kurube J, Harijanto PN, Wantania F, Haroen H, Hendratta C, et al.
The Correlation between Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio with C-reactive Protein and D-dimer Level among Indonesian COVID-19 Cases. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2022;10:335–8.
40. Iba T, Miki T, Hashiguchi N, Tabe Y, Nagaoka I. Is the neutrophil a “prima donna” in the procoagulant process during sepsis? Crit Care. 2014;18(4):1–
8.
41. Yu B, Li X, Chen J, Ouyang M, Zhang H, Zhao X, et al. Evaluation of variation in D-dimer levels among COVID-19 and bacterial pneumonia: a retrospective analysis. J Thromb Thrombolysis [Internet]. 2020;50(3):548–
57. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11239-020-02171-y
42. Liu X, Wang L, Wang S. Can C-reactive protein predict coagulation in off pump coronary artery bypass grafting ? A cohort study. 2022;1–13.
43. Liu ZM, Li JP, Wang SP, Chen DY, Zeng W, Chen SC, et al. Association of procalcitonin levels with the progression and prognosis of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Int J Med Sci. 2020;17(16):2468–76.
44. Zhang D, Zhou X, Yan S, Tian R, Su L, Ding X, et al. Correlation between cytokines and coagulation-related parameters in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 admitted to ICU. Clin Chim Acta. 2020;510(May):47–53.
66 45. Lippi G, Guidi GC. Laboratory Diagnostics in Septic Disseminated
Intravascular Coagulation. Eur Oncol Haematol. 2009;03(01):19.
46. Deng F, Zhang L, Lyu L, Lu Z, Gao D, Ma X, et al. Increased levels of ferritin on admission predicts intensive care unit mortality in patients with COVID-19. Med Clin (Barc). 2021;156(7):324–31.
47. Blot M, de Maistre E, Bourredjem A, Quenot JP, Nguyen M, Bouhemad B, et al. Specific Features of the Coagulopathy Signature in Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia. Front Med. 2021;8(August):1–11.
48. Sukrisman L, Sinto R. Coagulation profile and correlation between D-dimer, inflammatory markers, and COVID-19 severity in an Indonesian national referral hospital. J Int Med Res. 2021;49(11).
49. Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, Xia J, Zhou X, Xu S, et al. Risk Factors Associated with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med.
2020;180(7):934–43.
50. Mitra S, Ling RR, Yang IX, Poon WH, Tan CS, Monagle P, et al. Severe COVID-19 and coagulopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2021;50(4):325–35.
51. Romadhon PZ, Bintoro SUY, Suryantoro SD, Asmarawati TP, Nur Rosyid A, Savitri M, et al. The improvement of inflammatory markers and disease progression among moderate, severe, and critical COVID-19 patients: a cross-sectional study from two second referral hospitals in Surabaya, Indonesia. F1000Research. 2022;11:61.
52. Tong-Minh K, van der Does Y, Engelen S, de Jong E, Ramakers C, Gommers D, et al. High procalcitonin levels associated with increased intensive care unit admission and mortality in patients with a COVID-19 infection in the emergency department. BMC Infect Dis [Internet].
2022;22(1):1–9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-022- 07144-5
53. Asoğlu R, Tibilli H, Afşin A, Türkmen S, Barman HA, Asoğlu E.
Procalcitonin is a predictor of disseminated intravascular coagulation in patients with fatal COVID-19. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci.
2020;24(22):11953–9.
54. Yao Y, Cao J, Wang Q, Shi Q, Liu K, Luo Z, et al. D-dimer as a biomarker for disease severity and mortality in COVID-19 patients: A case control study. J Intensive Care. 2020;8(1):1–11.
55. Davies J. Procalcitonin. J Clin Pathol. 2015;68(9):675–9.
67 56. Zhou B, She J, Wang Y, Ma X. Utility of Ferritin, Procalcitonin, and C-
reactive Protein in Severe Patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease.
Res Sq. 2019;1–13.
57. Samprathi M, Jayashree M. Biomarkers in COVID-19: An Up-To-Date Review. Front Pediatr. 2021;8(March):1–12.
