FREUDIAN LATENT PHASE IN WILDERNESS AS PORTRAYED IN WILLIAM GOLDING’S LORD OF THE FLIES

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FREUDIAN LATENT PHASE IN WILDERNESS

AS PORTRAYED IN WILLIAM GOLDING’S

LORD OF THE FLIES

(A Psychological Approach)

THESIS

Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Depatment

Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University

By:

JOTIKA PURNAMA YUDA

C0305037

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS

SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY

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FREUDIAN LATENT PHASE IN WILDERNESS

AS PORTRAYED IN WILLIAM GOLDING’S

LORD OF THE FLIES

(A Psychological Approach)

By:

JOTIKA PURNAMA YUDA C0305037

Approved to be examined before the Board of Examiners Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts

Sebelas Maret University

Thesis consultant

Dra. Nani Sukarni, MS NIP. 195103211981032002

The Head of English Department

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FREUDIAN LATENT PHASE IN WILDERNESS

AS PORTRAYED IN WILLIAM GOLDING’S

LORD OF THE FLIES

(A Psychological Approach)

By:

JOTIKA PURNAMA YUDA C0305037

Accepted and approved by the Broad of Examiners Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts

Sebelas Maret University

On Februari 10th, 2010

The Broad of Examiners

Position Name Signature

Chairman Dra. Endang SA, MS (……….)

NIP. 195208141981032001

Secretary Yuyun Kusdianto, SS (……….)

NIP. 197706182005011001

First Examiner Dra. Nani Sukarni, MS (……….) NIP. 195103211981032002

Second Examiner Drs. Mugijatna, MSi, PhD (……….) NIP. 195102011986011001

The Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University

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PRONOUNCEMENT

Name : Jotika Purnama Yuda

NIM : C0305037

I hereby stated wholeheartedly that I write the thesis entitled Freudian

Latent Phase in Wilderness as Portrayed in William Gloding’s “The Lord of the

Flies.” It is not a plagiarism nor made by others. The things related to other

people’s works are written in the quotations and included in bibliography.

If it is then proved that I cheat, I am ready to take the responsibilities,

including the withdrawal of my academic degree.

Surakarta, February, 2011

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MOTTO

Discere Docendo

(To Learn through Teaching)

(Latin Phrase; Anonymous)

Verily, with every difficulty there is relief.

(Qur'an 94:5-6)

To Embrace the Purpose of Our Creation is to Set Our

Goals Larger than One’s Perspective, then Live it in Faith.

Enjoy Your Life Wisely

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DEDICATION

This thesis is sincerely dedicated to my beloved

Mother,

Father,

Gramps,

Brothers,

Teachers, and

All best companions in my life.

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vii Bismillahirahmaanirahiim...

Alhamdulillahirabbil’alamin... I would like to thank God for the love, blessing,

and guidance in my whole life and especially during the process of completing

this thesis. I am very grateful for the precious learning which I got through the

struggle of thesis compiling process. However, I realize that this thesis could not

be done without any favors given to me by many individuals and institution,

particularly those with the deep foundation of friendly and caring love.

In this memorable moment, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to the

very adorable

1. Drs. Sudarno, M.A. Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts who gave

approval on the thesis.

2. Dr. Djatmika, M.A., Head of the English Department who gave support

and permission to write the thesis.

3. Dra. Nani Sukarni, MS, the thesis consultant who gave me guidance,

advices, and encouragement during the writing of the thesis.

4. M. Taufiq Al Makmun, S.S., the academic advisor who gave me moral

support during the academic period.

5. All lecturers of English Department for the patience in giving knowledge.

6. Bapak Ibu, my beloved parents, my grand parents, for every prayer,

patience, trust, and support for the whole time in my life. My little

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7. My Beloved Aila, thank you, for giving me such love and inspiration, for

lighting the beauty in my life, May Allah gather what’s the best of ours

and bond it as one. And thank you, for letting me love you.

8. My best friends, Astri Sinta Dewi, for all the good and bad time we share,

and the suggestions kept me in track..:), Vianinda Pratama Sari, for all the

help during the early semesters..:), And all those crazy times, Dian Catur

P.K. for the all those fun, sharing, and companions during the years..:),

Hemi Suzana, for the crazy time and stuff, Just Rock and Roll!!:) May all

of us find success and happiness, Amen.

9. The travelers of the less traveled path, the Fellowship of the Letters Class,

Hemi “Imeh” Suzana (the Gothic witch), Nurin Anitasari (The Hipocritical

Reverend?:)), Adwin Agung Kurniawan (The Playboy of the Western

World), Dyah US (The Ugly Duckling?:)), Al Qadrine Galih Poetry S

(The Image Love), those were great times lads, it shall always be

remembered.

10.The insipiring friends in ED 05, Chemitz, Ratih Wu, Fauzi, Dini, Arin,

Abdul, Mayang, Onie, Nafis, Windhut, Ferra, Endro and the others who

are not written here, i do not mean to forget you guys, keep

spiritful....”two thousand and five...semangat!!!!”.

11.All Crew of Better than Broadway Theatre, Imeh, Ebsi, Ferry “Mbok

Iblis” Soepriyatin, Lucky, Theo, Endro, Us, Kodir, Nabila, Ichsan

(honorary member), Ucup, Andika, Arin, Seto, and others, keep the spirit

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12.All staff, teachers and crew of Lembaga Pendidikan Indonesia Amerika,

thanks for all the trust and opportunity, I learn a lot.

13.All inspiring figures in my life, teachers, philosophers, men of letters,

scientist, musician, etc whom I cannot mention one by one.

14.All individuals and institution contributing the thesis process that I cannot

mention one by one, thanks for the support.

After all I have tried to do my best in writing this thesis, but I realize that this

thesis is far from being perfect.

Surakarta, Februari 2011

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xi CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

A. The Relation between Literature and Psychology………..….

B. General Psychology...……….……...

D. British Lifestyle and Education during Post War II Era…...

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B. The dominance and Interaction of the Early Characterization and The

Way It Resemble Freud’s Theory...

C. Major Characters Personality and Dominance Development Along

the Novel’s Progress, Signified by the Major Events that Happen, in

Relation with Freudian Psychoanalysis Theory ………

1. Starting Point; Ego Dominant Role; The Boys Deserted in the Island,

the First Tribe Meeting, and Ralph Elected as Chief ………

2. Early Conflict between Ego and Id; Tension between Jack and Ralph

and Talk about Beastie ………..

3. Early Sign of Weakening Superego; Bonfire, Jack and Litlunt Ignores

Tribe’s simple Rule of Speaking………

4. Turning Point, Conflict Between Ego and Id, Id Achieve First

Triumph; Further Tension between Ralph and Jack, Jack and His

Hunters Kill a Mother Pig ………

5. Broadening Id’s Dominance; Jack Invites Everyone to a Feast where

They Eat the Meat ……….

6. Id’s Peak of Dominance, Death of Superego; Piggy and Simon are

Murdered ………..

7. Ego being Dominated and Cornered by Id’s Force; Ralph is Alone and

Jack’s Tribe Sets Out to Kill Him……….

8. Restoration of Civilization, Force of Superego; A Rescue Party Arrives

and Ralph and the Others Leave the Island ………

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and its development along the novel’s progress in Relation with

Freudian Psychoanalysis Theory……….

E. The Formulation of William Golding’s Idea toward Adolescence

(latent phase) and its development in wilderness as reflected on his

novel; The Lord of the Flies, in relation with Freudian

Psychoanalysis Theory……….

CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion ………...

B. Recommendation ……….

BIBLIOGRAPHY ………...

58

63

66

68

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ABSTRACT

Jotika Purnama Yuda. C0305037. 2011. Freudian Latent Phase in Wilderness as

Portrayed in William Golding’s The Lord of the Flies. Thesis. English

Department, Faculty of Letter and Fine Arts, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta.

One’s personality development and its influence in life is one of the

psychological issue portrayed in the literary work. The characterization of the

characters especially the age range in William Golding’s The Lord of the Flies

resembles the same range as what in Freudian personality development as the latent phase. The variable of the setting given in the novel, a deserted island, provide an extensive elaboration of the theory. The research is focused on the psychological features of the major characters, its development, and its influence in relation with the theory and the variable given within the novel. The thesis is aimed to finding out the alternate development of the characters within the latent phase with the different variable given, the social environment of wilderness.

The thesis was a descriptive qualitative library research. The researcher used psychological approach to analyze the development of the main characters’ personality features and its influence to the other characters and its social environment.

The source of data of the research was a novel by William Golding entitled The Lord of the Flies. The main data were taken from the source of data which implied the personality features of the characters and its development along the novel progresses. The main data were analyzed based on the supporting data which were taken from books, articles, essays, critics, and other related writings.

From the research, it is found out that in wilderness, eventually the main characters with dominant personality feature of id gain more influence and domination than the other major characters. The other major characters with dominant ego and superego gain influence at the early phase when the atmosphere of civilization is still around but continually losing it as the novel progresses. From the analysis, it is implied that without the boundary of civilization, people will fall into a recessive form of development, savagery.

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ABSTRAK

Jotika Purnama Yuda. C0305037. 2011. Freudian Latent Phase in Wilderness as

Portrayed in William Golding’s The Lord of the Flies. Skripsi. Sastra Inggris,

Fakultas Sastra dan Seni Rupa, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta.

Perkembangan kepribadian suatu individu dan pengaruhnya dalam kehidupan adalah salah satu tema yang direfleksikan di dalam karya sastra. Karakterisasi dari para karakter di dalam novel karya William Golding The Lord of the Flies terutama pada rentang umur mempunyai kesamaan dengan apa yang dinamakan sebagai fase laten pada teori perkembangan kepribadian Sigmund Freud. Perbedaan variable latar belakang yang disajikan dalam di dalam novel tersebut, pulau tak berpenghuni, menyediakan kemungkinan pengembangan yang lebih lanjut dari teori yang telah ada. Penelitian ini berfokus pada fitur-fitur psikologis dari karakter-karakter utama, perkembangannya, dan pengaruhnya sehubungan dengan dasar teori yang digunakan serta variabel yang disajikan di dalam novel tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan perkembangan alternatif dari para karakter di dalam fase laten mereka sehubungan dengan variabel berbeda yang disajikan, lingkungan sosial yang berupa alam liar.

Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif pustaka. Peneliti menggunakan pendekatan psikologis untuk menganalisa perkembangan dari fitur-fitur kepribadian para karakter dan pengaruhnya terhadap karakter-karakter lain dan lingkungan sosialnya.

Sumber data dari penelitian ini adalah sebuah novel karya William Golding yang berjudul The Lord of the Flies. Data utama diambil dari sumber data yang menunjukkan fitur-fitur kepribadian dari para karakter dan perkembangannya sesuai perkembangan cerita yang disajikan di dalam novel tersebut. Data utama dianalisis bersama data pendukung yang diambil dari buku-buku, artkel, essay, kritikus, dan tulisan lain yang berkaitan.

Dari penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa di alam liar, karakter utama yang mempunyai kepribadian yang didominasi oleh Id pada akhirnya mampu mendapatkan pengaruh dan dominasi yang lebih dari karakter utama lainnya. Karakter-karakter utama yang lain, yang mempunyai kepribadian yang didominasi oleh ego dan superego, mempunyai pengaruh dan dominasi pada tahap awal ketika suasana peradapan masih terasa, namun secara berkelanjutan kehilangan pengaruh dan dominasi tersebut seiring dengan perkembangan cerita yang disajikan di dalam novel tersebut. Dari analisi tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa tanpa batasan dari peradaban, manusia akan mengalami kemunduran menuju tahap kebribadian yang lebih terbelakang, ketidak-beradaban.

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CHAPTER I

A. Background of the Study

Human psychology and its nature has always been an interesting

discussion. And literary works, on its development, has indeed achieved

trustworthy status as the reflection of the real world. Despite its category as

fictional work, the elements of literary works and its making process are always

derived from the real happenings around the work or the author. Characterization,

especially, is often influenced by the author’s idea which certainly experience

phases and under certain psychological circumstances.

William Gerald Golding, a British novelist who won a Nobel Prize in

1983, was born on September 19th, 1911, in Cornwall, England. He spent his

childhood within a gloomy environment in his house which is located next to a

graveyard. He was not particularly good student in mathematic but his interest in

language was formidable. Thus, he spent two years two years in Brasenose

College, Oxford University in the natural sciences discipline before deciding to

switch into English. There, he published his first book entitled a volume of poems

before earning his bachelor degree. After graduating from his college, Golding

started his career as a social worker while continued writing literary works and act

in plays for London theatre. He then trained to be a teacher and worked as English

and philosophy teacher at Bishop Wordsworth's School in Salisbury. But he had

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Royal Navy. When the war was over, he resumed his profession as a teacher and a

writer. Though he made many works and published many essays and reviews at

that moment, none of his novel was accepted by the publisher until he finished his

novel which entitled; The Lord of The Flies.

The Lord of the Flies, which was first published in 1954, was Golding’s

first success after his return from the World War II. The novel was published

both in England and in the United States of America and achieved success and

become a common addition to the schools reading list.

Golding’s The Lord of the Flies achieves both success and severe criticism

due to its idea and the method of its presentation. With the setting of a deserted

island where neither laws nor rules exist, Lord of the Flies begins the novel by

characterizing children 6 – 12 years old as its actors. Those children are English

schoolboys who survived a plane crash which was destroyed on an air assault

during the war.

From the sociological background (post World War II), the English

educational institutions, at that time, were having strict and discipline rules

applied in their daily activities. This is the background frame of the of the

characters’ personality which will contradict the setting where the plot progresses

without any force of civilization that the used to have.

The reason why the researcher chooses the Lord of the Flies as his subject

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dynamic personality development phase as the Latent phase. This is the phase

where people’s Id, part of Freudian personality structure which control behavior

based on biological demands, is repressed or seems to be asleep, and does not

experience much significant developments. On the other hand, this is the phase

where the demand of norms, values, ethics, rules, and many other civilization

means are intensely required since this is when ego and superego experience

massive development. In other words, it is the phase when people learn and adapt

with a broader social life values. In the place where psychological maturity and

health are required to create the lowest level of civilization, the innocence of the

boys allegorically reflect pure humanity into whatever it might become without

guidance or limitation from a civilization. In other statement, it provides the

possibility to portray the nature of human and how would it develop in a different

variable, or can likely to be called abnormal circumstance; in wilderness.

The way the novel presented is also often criticized as an allegory to the

real world in the writer’s idea. Allegory itself means fictional literary narrative or

artistic expression that conveys a symbolic meaning parallel to but distinct from,

and more important than, the literal meaning. (Microsoft ® Encarta ® Reference

phenomenon, which is closely related to psychological experiences and basic

nature of human characteristics, is most likely traceable with psychoanalysis in

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B. Scope of Study

In order to avoid deviation and to make this thesis more directed, the

analysis will focus on the characterization of the characters, especially of the three

major characters, their historical background and main personality feature, and

also their personality developments as the novel progresses. Then, it will be

continued with the analysis of the influential aspects of their developments and

interactions made among them, to formulate Golding’s idea toward human nature

in latent phase within abnormal circumstance; in wilderness.

C. Problem Statement

Based on the background above, the problem that is formulated in this

research is: How do the three major characters in their latent phase, with their

dominant personality features, interact and develop toward one another within

abnormal circumstance; in wilderness, related to Freudian psychoanalysis theory?

D. Objective of the Study

This study is aimed to formulate and maps Golding’s idea toward children

near adolescence (latent phase), and what it can develop into in wilderness,

without any interference of civilization, as reflected on his novel; The Lord of the

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E. Benefit of the Study

This research is held with the purpose of getting some benefits as follows:

1. To give a brief understanding about Sir William Golding’s idea toward

adolescence (latent phase) of human personality and its development

within a different variable as reflected on his novel; The Lord of the Flies,

in relation with psychoanalysis theory.

2. To provide more viewpoints in understanding human nature with the

additional information from the findings of Golding’s idea which is

reflected on his novel; The Lord of the Flies, in relation to psychoanalysis

theory.

3. To give additional information to the readers especially to the students of

English Department who are interested in the Post War II English

Literature and Psychoanalysis theory.

F. Theoretical Approach

This Research is based on Literary Studies. To do the research based on

literary studies means that the studies try to reveal the literary contents of the

works which may cover process, intrinsic and extrinsic elements, whether implicit

or explicitly written on the work. In short, the object of literary studies can be

anything as long as it deals with the existence of the work and the mission it

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In accordance with the statement that has been mentioned, the researcher

tries to formulate Sir William Golding’s idea toward children near adolescence

(latent phase), would interact toward one another and develop into, especially

without the normal circumstance of the interference of civilization as reflected on

his novel; The Lord of the Flies, in relation to psychoanalysis theory.

In order to reach the goal of this research, a strategy is required. And by

using strategy means using the appropriate theoretical approach. And related to

the problem statement, Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis Approach would be

helpful to find out the psychological and influential aspects and the changes

toward the characters’ personality developments. The different circumstances

from the „usually’ required one during the personality development phase of the

children, Freudian latent phase in this case, shows a more extreme development in

a simply more primitive way. Still based on Freud’s, this approach

(psychoanalysis approach) can be used to trace and visually formulate the

personality developments of the characters.

In accordance with the statements above, this research would try to answer

the problem statement, that is; how do the main characters’ personalities develop,

interact, and influence one another without the interference of superior norms,

belief, values, or civilization in short, in relation to Freudian psychoanalysis

theory. Its perspective about the general concepts and phenomena about the

related psychological circumstances, and the variants it might result in another

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G. Method of Research

1. Type of Research

The type of research is library research in the form of descriptive

qualitative one. A library research is a study where the data are taken from

bibliographical resources. While the descriptive qualitative is a way used in a

research where the researcher gives a description about something, in this case,

about the research object (Kartono, 1976, p.43).

2. Data and Source of Data

Data is a group of information that will be analyzed in order to answer the

question that has been stated in the problem statement. The data, which are

considered relevant to the topic of the thesis, are:

a. Main Data

The main data of this research is the novel entitled “The Lord of the Flies”

written by Sir William Golding, including all intrinsic elements in it which is

related to the subject matter.

b. Supporting Data

The supporting data of this research are taken from many historical books,

theoretical literatures, internet, etc. which are considered relevant with the subject

matter.

3. Technique of Collecting Data

The collecting data is started by reading and observing the novel as the

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subject matter. The next step after getting the comprehension of the subject matter

is to make a note of important points, which related to the problem that will be

analyzed in this research. The supporting data are collected by selecting and

making note of essential points relevant to the problem of the research. All the

data are gathered in line to classification and relevance toward the problem of the

thesis.

H. Thesis Organization

The structure of this thesis is designed as follows:

Chapter I : Introduction

Consists of:

A. Background

B. Scope of Study

C. Problem Statement

D. Objective of the Study

E. Benefit of the Study

F. Theoretical approach

G. Method of Research

H. Thesis organization

Chapter II : Literary Review

Consists of:

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B. General Psychology

C. Freudian Psychoanalysis Theory

D. British lifestyle and education during Post War II Era

Chapter III : The Analysis

Consists of:

A. The early characterization of the three major characters; id,

ego, superego.

B. The dominance and interaction of the early characterization and

the way it resemble Freud theory

C. The analysis of the Major Characters Personality and its

development along the novel’s progress, signified by the major

events happen, in Relation with Freudian Psychoanalysis

Theory.

D. The Formulation of the analytical results of the characters

personality and its development along the novel’s progress in

Relation with Freudian Psychoanalysis Theory

E. The Formulation of William Golding’s Idea toward children

near adolescence (latent phase) and its development in

wilderness as reflected on his novel; The Lord of the Flies, in

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commit to user Chapter IV : Conclusion and Suggestion

Consists of:

A. Conclusion

B. Suggestion

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CHAPTER II LITERARY REVIEW

A. The Relation Between Literature and Psychology

The underlying aspect which links psychology and literature is that both

focus on human behaviour. While literature works more on expressing thought,

ideas, and experiences of people, psychology focuses on understanding it. Yet,

from this simple point, both artist and psychologist share similarity within the

mission they carry. And for many years, this overlapping convergent has been

employed in the use of literature to test psychological theories and to understand

human behaviour in historical times, in the psychological analysis of literature,

and in psychological studies of authors and readers.

“The artist [says Freud] is originally a man who turns from reality because

he cannot come to terms with the demand for the renunciation of instinctual satisfaction as it is first made, and who then in phantasy-life allows full play to his erotic and ambitious wishes. But he finds a way of return from this world of phantasy bact to reality; with his special gift, he moulds his phantasies into a new kind of reality, and men concede them a justification as valuable reflection of actual life. Thus by a certain path he actually becomes the hero, king, creator, favourite he desired to be, without the circuitous path of creating real alteration in

the actual world.” (Wellek, Warren, Theory of Literature pg. 82)

According to Freud, the artist and the work are a two way tunnel through

which both can be accessed or traced back with a certain mean which in this case;

psychology. Literary work represents product of the artist’s thought and desire or

a form of escapism which he could not have gotten it in the real world. Thus, what

matters in the academic field is not a phantasm, but the causality of the occurring

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provides the channel which can possibly relate the causality and explain the

process between the causes; artist’s desire and point of view, and the result; the

work produced for the fulfilment of the cause.

There are thousands of literary works as well of thousands dominant

aspects that those works carry. Each work is basing n different background and

different purpose. Some carry social phenomenon, some carry moral values, some

carry environmental issue, some carry psychological, and so on. And the focus of

each work can only be linked with a certain mean known as approaches. Among

the scientific approaches, psychological approach is one of the most common

methodologies used in literary research. This is proven by the number of theorists

who include psychology into their inclusion of literary approach such as: Renee

Wellek and Austen Warren in Theory of Literature, Wilbur S. Scott in his Five

Approaches of Literary Criticism, Kutha Ratna in his Teori, Metode, dan

Penelitian Sastra, Guerin, Labor, Willingham, and Morgan in their A Handbook

of Critical Approaches to Literature, and many others.

By ’psychology of literature’, we may mean the psychological

study of the writer, as type and as individual, or the study of the creative process, or the study of the psychological types and laws present within works of literature, or, finally, the effects of literature upon its reader (audience psychology). (Wellek, Warren, Theory of literature page 81)

According to Wellek and Warren, there are four kinds of psychological

theory employment within literary research; the study of the writer, the study of

the creative process, the application of psychological theory within literary works,

and the study of the audience. And related to this research, both Freudian

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the phenomena presented within the characterization in Golding’s novel The Lord

of the Flies, therefore this research can be included in the third category of the

literary theory employment within literary research, the application of

psychological theory within literary work. And as explained within this definition;

Psychology, the scientific study of behavior and the mind, (Microsoft ® Encarta

® Reference Library 2005), the research will focus on the feature of behaviour

and mind which usually represented within the characterization of the characters.

B. General Psychology

“Psychology, the scientific study of behavior and the mind.” (Microsoft ®

Encarta ® Reference Library 2005). The points conveyed by the definition clearly

limit the field that the psychology conveys. The first is that psychology is a

scientific enterprise that obtains knowledge through systematic and objective

methods of observation and experimentation. Second is that psychologists study

behaviour, which refers to any action or reaction that can be measured or

observed—such as the blink of an eye, an increase in heart rate, or the unruly

violence that often erupts in a mob. Third is that psychologists study the mind,

which refers to both conscious and unconscious mental states. These states cannot

actually be seen, only inferred from observable behaviour.

Though psychology is considered as one of the youngest sciences, its root

had emerged since the era of the Greek philosopher. Even from about 600 to 300

BC, Greek philosophers inquired about a wide range of psychological topics.

Their interests of such kind of topic were formerly conducted within the branch of

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nature of knowledge and how human beings come to know the world, and interact

within each own perception. Further, the early philosophers such as Socrates,

Aristotle, and Plato wrote about pleasure and pain, knowledge, beauty, desire, free

will, motivation, common sense, rationality, memory, and the subjective nature of

perception, which even though on the most parts are only subjectively definable,

but its existence is undeniable. Yet, they also argue whether the traits of human

are innate or the product of experience.

After centuries of thought and theories, psychology finally achieved its

predicate as a formal discipline of science in the late 19s century. The modern

psychology was firstly triggered by some findings within the older root of science;

physiology and philosophy, findings which discover the relation between mental

illness and the physical one.

“Some of the early pioneer of modern psychology were; “James McKeen

Cattell, one of the first psychologists to study individual differences through the

administration of “mental tests”; Emil Kraepelin, a German psychiatrist who

postulated a physical cause for mental illnesses and in 1883 published the first

classification system for mental disorders; and Hugo Münsterberg, the first to

apply psychology to industry and the law, and physiologist Wilhelm Wundt who

established the first laboratory dedicated to the scientific study of the mind.

Wundt’s laboratory soon attracted leading scientists and students from Europe and

the United States. He was extraordinarily productive over the course of his career.

He supervised a total of 186 doctoral dissertations, taught thousands of students,

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scientific studies. His goal, which he stated in the preface of a book he wrote, was

“to mark out a new domain of science.” (Adapted from Microsoft Encarta

Reference Library 2005)

And among great developments of modern psychology, there was

Sigmund Freud who brought modern psychology into a new level of formal

science with his theory of Psychoanalysis.

C. Freudian Psychoanalysis Theory

1. The Unconscious Mind

One of the most essential parts of Freudian psychoanalysis is the existence

of the unconscious mind which plays an important role in building human

personality. According to Freud, people behave not entirely due to their conscious

consideration but as the result of the formulation between the conscious and

unconscious mind. In his point of view, the structure of human psychological

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From the illustration above, the upper part above the surface; is people’s

behaviour which is implied in their daily appearances and commonly considered

as the conscious mind. But as we can see here, there are also unseen parts which

located below the surface and contribute a role in shaping the whole structure.

These parts, which Freud illustrated like the unseen lower parts of a giant iceberg

below, are what he recalled as the unconscious mind. Both conscious and

unconscious mind develop and affect one another which results a formula of how

people will behave and take actions based on the characteristics of the dominant

feature that they have in them.

2. Id, Ego, Superego

Freudian psychoanalysis take human personality as a system which mainly

consist of three major parts, they are Id, Ego, and Superego. The three is a

functional structure which affects one another and results a system which is

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a. Id

Id is the oldest and the most savage form of human personality. It is the

first form of the system which exists since people are born, or even before that. It

is passed to people genetically, and reacts instantly due to their biological

demands. During the early infants stage, human is a pure Id. When babies are

hungry, they will cry loudly until they are fed and full regardless of the

surroundings business. They act only on their biological demands, and ignore any

sociological aspects in their surrounding.

In many references, id is also known to work due to the principle of

pleasure. It provides drives which on one hand will comfort and please the people,

and on the other hand will stress them when there is no fulfilment of the existing

drives. It does not stop at this point yet, when the need and urge are not fulfilled in

a longer period, it can jump out and affect the conscious mind. For example when

we are hungry and unable to get food for a longer period of time, we will reach

the phase when we cannot think anything other than gaining food. This is when Id

bursts out and overlaps the other balancing personality construction, ego and

superego.

b. Ego

Ego is the realistic part of personality which is employed by id to fulfil its

urges. At early stages, ego develops from some part of id. It connects the

organism with the reality of outer world in where he lives. It then seeks the real

objects to fulfil the needs and urges from id which represent an organism needs.

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their way of getting what they want and the things which prevent them of getting

it.

Unlike Id which only understand pleasure and the demand to fulfil it, ego

works based on the realistic concept. It will seek, within reality, of what the

organism needs as the satisfying device and the stress reliever. And when the

required objects are unavailable, it will seek for substitutions. At this point, can be

said that ego is the part of personality which is able to differentiate between

reality and fantasy. And it is also, within certain level, having the duty to carry the

stresses in case there is no mean found to fulfil what ego needs. Contrast with id

which functions with the principle of pleasure, ego functions with the principle of

reality. It means that ego will adjust the amount of action done to satisfy the

pleasure drives according to the real condition found in reality. Ergo, it is able to

delay, minimize, or even substitute the form of pleasure fulfilment due to the

affordable means in the real world. In short, ego runs a secondary process to think

rationally of what is needed and what can be achieved in relation to the realistic

environment, social environment, and conscience. It is the ratio of human’s

personality.

c. Superego

While the two other parts concern mainly to the individual demands,

superego is developed and functions as the manifestation of norms and values in

where a person live. For example, a child develops his superego through the order

and restriction from his parents. From the reward and punishment that he gets, a

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categorize superego into two sections, conscience and ideal ego. Conscience is the

part which is shaped through the results of punishment and guilt got by the child

from his wrong behaviour. And ideal ego is the result of praise and reward which

is given to the child for his good behaviour from the parents or society around

him. This ideal ego will later shape self esteem and pride in people. And different

from ego which holds the principle of reality, superego demands perfection in

thought, saying, and action which commonly related with social aspects. It

enables people to have a self control.

Id, ego, and superego develop through experience and interaction of an

individual being with the larger environment around him. The diversity and

complexity of experiences and environments create variety in human personality.

The kinds of experience and environmental social issue got by a child will shape

the kinds of personality he will hold on his adulthood. As in adult, people will

behave according to the dominant factor of id, ego or superego which the have. In

a larger scale, it will contribute reasonable cause of how people become good or

evil, honest or hypocritical, law breaker or someone who convey norms and

values in most aspects in his life. For this case, Freud provided a theory which

deals with the development of these parts and how it results in the future

adulthood. The theory is commonly known as the Dynamic Personality

Development.

3. Dynamic Personality Development

As a scientist from 19th century, Freud based his thought on the law of

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and manifested into certain other forms. This is the foundation of his theory of

Dynamic Personality Development. The inner drives and outer forces received by

a person will be extracted and transformed into a manifestation of personality

system. The process however, takes time and begun very early along the person’s

first interaction with his own inner drive, and the outer surrounding environment.

According to him, there are five stages in human dynamic personality

development.

a. Oral Phase

The oral Phase is the earliest stage which develops since a baby is born

until he is about eighteen months. At this age, a baby will be very dependent to his

mother for his survival. Two major activities that he has everyday are

breastfeeding and fell asleep within satisfaction. Therefore, his oral organ

becomes his pleasure centre. In this stage, the main form of personality which is

shaped is dependency and trust in other people. This is the stage where a baby has

not yet realizes his existence as an individual being. He cannot differentiate the

distinct existence between a mother and himself, or even a mother and her breast.

This can be seen fro the occurring cases where a baby sucks his own toe or wrist

and thought that it was a feeding nipple. And this stage will end when the mother

stops giving breast feed to the baby. This process is assumed by psychoanalysis to

be extremely difficult for baby for this is the phase where a baby has to stop his

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The imbalance care at the anal phase is responsible to the various

personality imperfections for people in their adulthood. Say, a baby who gets

excess fulfilment to their pleasure drive, breastfeeding in this case, will develop a

receptive oral personality. This type of personality is identified with the extra

dependent attitude to the mother or the surrounding environment. Further, baby

with this kind of case later on, will develop a passive behaviour which expect the

favour of others, and easily believe in people. Other example is that on baby who

recently grows his teeth, their pleasure centre is located on the way they use these

teeth. Excess fulfilment on their pleasure centre at this stage, will develop an

aggressive oral personality. The symptom can be identified in the people with

argumentative behaviour, the use of sarcasm, pessimistic acts in some cases,

dominating, and manipulating attitude.

b. Anal Phase

The anal phase of a child happens when he is in the range of one and a half

year to three years old. This is the phase when a child feels pleasure especially

related to the process of holding and excreting his feces. While at the same time,

most children are familiar with “toilet training” in where they learn to do the

excreting process in an appropriate place. This is the first stage they are

introduced to the surrounding environment as a distinct thing from themselves.

Thus they have to manage the balance between the drive of id which demands the

urge of a relief as the result of excreting process, and the social norms which is

taught by their parents. At this stage, the role of parents in teaching them to do the

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development. Too strict teaching method on one hand, might succeed in making

the child able to hold the drive of relieving the feces, while on the other hand,

shape their personality to be a neat (in the term of perfectionist), economics (in

the term of stingy), and tendency of stubbornness. Yet, lack of attention and force

in this teaching method results a destructive, unorganized personality, impulsive,

and in some cases, sadistic. Further, parents who gives more compliment to the

child which do the learning correctly will develop his pride, self esteem, and

creativity.

c. Phallic Phase

The phallic Phase happens to a person when he is on the range between

three to six years old. This is the phase when a child libido and sexual urge begin

to grow even though still in an abstract phase. The phenomena which happen in

this stage differ between boys and girls. They are oedipal conflict in boys, and

elektra conflict in girls.

Oedipal conflict occurs due to the car and protection of a mother that

makes boys idolize her and make them want to have such kind of figure for their

own. The dependency of a boy to his mother develops a personality of attraction

to such kind of being. Thus, the very existence of a father in this stage is

considered to be an anxiety for the boy as competitor. From the physical features,

a boy will realize the threat that he encounter along the addition of social norms,

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phase, he learns how to let go and keeps the very picture of attraction. This

identification of father and mother figure and social norms are one of the most

important phases of superego’s development.

While at the boys the existence of superior threat develop their state of

personality, in the phallic phase of girls, it is the disappointment of a

non-belonged material within their selves which play the role. The first loveable object

of girls is also their mother. But since during the phallic stage their main interest

is genital organ, the fact that she does not find what she finds in her father or

brother, makes up her mind. This phenomenon is known as the penis envy.

Therefore, she has to let go and turns her idolization from her mother to her

father. Thus she keeps the social norms and the picture of attraction along within

her personality.

d. Latent Phase

The latent phase happens when children within the age of children

commonly start going to school, from four, five, or six years old, to eleven,

twelve, or thirteen years old, or near adolescence. Freud described the latent phase

as one of relative stability since at this stage the drive of id or sexual urge is not

gone but seems to be repressed or asleep. The suppressed sexual energy originates

from the phallic phase when children realize that his/her wishes and longings for

the parent of the opposite sex cannot be fulfilled and will turn away from these

desires. The Children then start to identify with the parent of the same sex. The

libido is transferred from parents to friends of the same sex, clubs and

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With the children’s focus in a broader scale of environment other than

parent as in the earlier stage, at this latent stage the ego then realize of a broader

aspect that can be both obstacle and facilitator in fulfilling the urge of Id. This is

the moment when children realize unwritten values recognized in their

surroundings. Like when the children do something which is considered as good

or bad, right or wrong by their parents or socially superior people around them,

they receive reward or punishment from which they react and eventually learn

about it. This part of ego which realize the new term of right and wrong, accepted

and unaccepted, good and bad, and other terms used by its surrounding in making

perspective of certain objects or behaviours, build a massive constructive

atmosphere for superego to develop maximally.

This is the golden age of the development of ego and superego, where

children absorbs most of the social norms and believe, and also formal education

from the society. Freud did not discuss much about this phase since theoretically;

it is not related with any erogens organ. Yet, it is the most important part where

the children develop their social understanding of law and order.

Seeing the fact that this is the phase when children mostly need guidance,

role models, examples, facility and restriction from socially superior individuals,

the researcher find it intriguing to provide a different variable related with the

subject of the research. What if at this crucial moment when the superior society

is most required by the children to develop their ego and superego, it is

unavailable. With the plot that the characters of the novel are having the similar

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an empty island, let the objective mind to seek the varied result. These abnormal

circumstances provide the possibility of a broader application and development of

the theory.

e. Genital Phase

The genital phase is the peak of dynamic personality development which

happens since adolescence and along the rest of a person’s life. This phase

happens due to the maturity of reproduction organs. The early stage of this phase

causes an enormous desire within adolescents. And according to Freud, every

adolescent will go through a homosexuality issue in the form of interest and care

to friends, teachers, or someone from the neighbourhood within the same gender.

Yet, this does not mean that they are sexually active in homosexual behaviour.

This sub phase will commonly fades in time and substituted with their interest to

the subject from opposite gender. Theses changes are indicated with the process

of seeing each other, having a relationship, and getting married.

As the peak of Freudian dynamic personality development, human being

at this phase is considered in the most perfect form of his being. People at this

phase have developed both mature social and sexual relationship within the

context of heterosexual love. Their libido, the drive of living and surviving, is

channelled appropriately to the beloved opposite sex partner within the socially

appropriate way which is agreed by the society. People, at this phase, are expected

and considered as a free social-individual being who has left their childhood

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care, work, play, repress id’s drive as necessary, and actively solve the challenge

of life.

Even though the dynamic personality development is formed within a

rational arrangement and processes, the shifts between each phase always happens

with a dramatic change to a person’s state. Each of this dramatic change is

commonly difficult, and must be face by one in order to survive and develop his

self into a better form of being. And within their survival method, there a

structural defence mechanism.

4. Freudian Defence Mechanism

The Freudian defence mechanism is the method of ego to survive and

satisfy through both id and superego drives. The process happens when ego, the

realistic part of human being, found his being threatened which result anxiety. The

drive of ego will automatically analyze the overwhelming drive of id to survive

and the social force of norms and value, and seek the best way to serve them both.

The structural mechanism is as follow:

No Defence Mechanism

Explanation Example

1

2

Repression

Displacement

Unacceptable or unpleasant

impulses are pushed back into

the unconscious

The expression of an unwanted

A woman is unable

to recall that she was

raped

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A distortion of reality in which

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Thinking or behaving in a way

that is the extreme opposite of

unacceptable urges or impulses

with a second action or thought

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9 Regression People behave as if they were

at an earlier stage of

development

the following

Sunday

A boss has a temper

tantrum when an

employee makes a

mistake

(Cited from https://teach.lanecc.edu/kime/March30C03.pdf, on March 11th 2010)

D. British Society Lifestyle and education during Post War II Era

The end of World War II was both failure and turning point for British

society. Having failed and stagnation from post First World War made Britain

make up their mind of not repeating the same mistake during the post World War

II. All aspects in both material and spiritual were developed maximally as in a

deadline of a duty. This mass movement convey all aspects in British people

including their educational policy. And one of the most famous policy was

the1944 Butler’s Education Act.

"It shall be the duty of the local education authority for every area, so far

as their powers extend, to continue towards the spiritual, mental and physical

developments of the community"(1944 Butler’s Education Act Part II, 7). The

British government were employing strict rule and policy during these times.

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of their pupils both mentally and spiritually. This strict policy, however, slightly

ignores the nature of young pupil as in all children; playing.

The new system was a breakthrough considering the simple old one.

Within the old one, there were only Elementary Schools for children between the

ages of 5 and 13 problems were limited. There was only one way forward after

school - the working world. There was no possibility of an academic career except

for those who could afford it. While at the new one, all students at the age of 11

are required to pass an examination known as the 11+ examination. This

examination provides the children a further chance to continue their education.

This examination, at that moment, led a debate between the Labour and the

Conservative. The main discussion of disagreement was mainly deals with the fact

that it was true, that the future life of a child was decided at about 11. Pupils who

didn't sit or who failed the 11+ examination could only gain access to a Secondary

Modern School and later perhaps to a Technical School. It was a major force and

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CHAPTER III ANALYSIS

The Research will be divided into several stages. In the early stage the

researcher will analyze the three major characters and decide their dominant

factor of id, ego, and superego. It is carried in order to give more visible analysis

on the following stages. From this point, their dominant factor will be generalized

into broader perspective of the existence as individual (with dominant) id, ego,

and superego.

The research will then be conducted based on the development of

interaction and domination among the three major characters, recalling the major

characters as individual (dominant) feature of id, ego, and superego. And from the

progress of the novel and the provided theory of Freudian psychoanalysis, the data

will then be analyzed into conclusion to answer the problem statement; how do

the three major characters in their latent phase, with their dominant personality

features, interact and develop toward one another within abnormal circumstance;

in wilderness, related with Freudian psychoanalysis theory?

A. Early Characterization of the Three Major Characters and Their Dominant Features of Id, Ego, Superego

In this sub-chapter, the researcher will analyze the early characterization

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Golding in relation with Freudian personality structure. The analysis of this

sub-chapter is conducted to create a more visible scheme to Freudian personality

structure which consists of Id, Ego, and Superego as explained in Chapter II. And

here, the researcher will take the first chapter of the novel as the main data of

analysis. Therefore the researcher will categorize and divide the data according to

their significant personality features.

And to summarize the characteristic of each Freudian personality

structures in the main line are as follow:

Id act based on biological demand, immediate pleasure fulfilment,

and cannot differentiate between phantasm and reality, it act

regardless the surrounding social environment. It is the most

primitive form of personality structure.

Ego act based on reality concept, it perceives what can be done

related to the urge inside and the real condition outside, it does not

only focus on the immediate fulfilment but also in a long term

survival both as one self and as a part of social environment. It is

the ratio of human being.

Superego act based on the social norms, belief, and values taught

to one self, it differentiate what is right and what is wrong, what

may be done and what may not. It is the conscience of people.

And from that basic term of Freudian personality structure, the data will be

analyzed and classify into the dominant feature of each characters as the following

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“Iclimbed a rock,” said Ralph

slowly, “and I think this is an

fulfil the body need, care less

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Ralph looked at him, eager to offer something.

to have time to think things

out. I can’t decide what to do

straight off. If this isn’t an

island we might be rescued

straight away. So we’ve got to

decide if this is an island. Everybody must stay round here and wait and not go away. Three of us—if we take

more we’d get all mixed, and

lose each other—three of us will go on an expedition and

Purposing on social act in

order to be prepared for

upcoming happening

Giving chance to satisfy

other’s force so there will be

no more trouble lies ahead

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and under control in order to

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said at last, with the directness of genuine leadership, “and

anyway, I’m sorry if you feel

like that. Now go back, Piggy,

and take names. That’s your “I should think this is the easiest way. There’s less of

steps of survival objective,

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long term plan.

Systematic way of thinking,

logical assumptions based on

the surrounding facts, pure

long term plan.

Immediate anger

Ego

Id

On this early chapter of the novel can be seen that Ralph’s role is essential.

He takes decisions based on logic, he try hard to fulfil and calm every force of the

team which mainly come from Piggy’s and Jack’s. Sometimes he walks along

Jack’s side, sometimes he comfort Piggy’s side. His decisions are objective and in

the term of long lasting survival. Therefore his dominant personality structure in

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2. Jack’s Dominant Personality Structure

No Data Analysis Dominant

Description of a physically

less decent character from

Frontal objection to social

norm, immediate response

to the self superiority

Self centred attitude, total

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Self centred attitude, total

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On this chapter of the novel, Jack’s role is not as much as Ralph or Piggy,

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Ralph in making his decision. In physical appearance, Jack is described to be less

decent than the other kids, a more barbaric form of human being which resonance

to the description of Id. His actions, speech, and decisions are mainly self-centred,

ignorant, and methods to fulfil his immediate needs such as food, force to become

superior, and self joy ignoring the social condition surrounding him. Therefore his

dominant personality structure in Freudian psychoanalysis is Id.

3. Piggy’s Dominant Personality Structure

The fat boy waited to be asked his name in turn but this proffer of acquaintance was not made; the fair boy called

valued and expressing it in a

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lips parted in a delighted smile and Piggy, taking this smile to himself as a mark of

“He kind of spat, ”said Piggy. “My auntie wouldn’t let me

blow on account of my asthma. He said you blew

from down here.” Piggy laid a

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On this chapter, Piggy’s role is filling the whole ignored by both Ralph

and Jack. While the two people focus more on the survival in different way, Jack

goes for short term and Ralph goes for long term, Piggy purposes on what is less

realized by them, the importance of social value, how a society should be

conducted, a proper law and order. Therefore his dominant personality structure in

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B. The dominance and Interaction of the Early Characterization and The Way It Resembles Freud’s Theory

This sub-chapter will analyse further the data discussed in the previous

sub-chapter with some additional points to shape a visible starting point to the

upcoming analysis. Here, the researcher is going to build a diagram shaped from

the data and interactions made by the characters with additional points from the

supporting characters; the littlunts.

At the first chapter, seen from the amount of data, Ralph is dominating the

small society. This can be caused from the environmental condition at this phase

of setting. The schoolboys are newly cast away from civilization, recently lost the

force of mature society, and the fact that they will have to stand up for their own

survival. The influence of the civilization, represented by Piggy, they recently lost

still have a hold on their personality, yet the reality which they face will make

them slightly neglect its importance due to the wild which requires logical

thinking and a touch of animal instinct, represented by Jack.

The other schoolboys, known as the litlunts, are the representation of a

larger scale society influenced by the role of the main three characters. In the first

chapter of the novel, their role is mainly determined by the dominant three. Some

are loyal to Jack, though within force, but most of them follow Ralph's and listen

to Piggy's decisions.

Therefore, the starting point of early personality condition within a greater