PEDAGOGICAL ASPECTS OF USING SCHOOLOGY IN
PRONUNCIATION CLASSES
THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Sarjana Pendidikan
Virna Margetan
112012112
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION PROGRAM
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
SATYA WACANA CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY
ii
COPYRIGHT STATEMENT
This thesis contains no such material as has been submitted for examination in any course or accepted for the fulfillment of any degree or diploma in any university. To the best of my knowledge and my belief, this contains no material previously published or written by any other person except where due reference is made in the text.
Copyright@ 2016. Virna Margetan and Dian Toar Y.G Sumakul, M.A.
All rights reserved. No part of this thesis may be reproduced by any means without the permission of at least one of the copyright owners or the English Language Education Program, Faculty of Language and Literature, Satya Wacana Christian University, Salatiga.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PERNYATAAN TIDAK PLAGIAT ... i
COPYRIGHT STATEMENT ... ii
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN AKSES ... iii
PUBLICATION AGREEMENT DECLARATION ... iv
APPROVAL PAGE ... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... vi
LIST OF TABLE ... viii
LIST OF FIGURES ... viii
INTRODUCTION ... 1
LITERATURE REVIEW ... 2
Technology and Language Learning ... 2
Pedagogical Aspects of Technology Use in Language Learning ... 3
THE STUDY ... 6
Context of the Study ... 6
Participants ... 6
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Data Collection Procedure ... 7
Data Analysis Procedure ... 8
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 8
Interactive Learning ... 9
Personalized Learning ...12
Holistic Learning ...15
Discussion ...19
CONCLUSION ...21
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...23
REFERENCES ...24
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Number of event occurences ... 8
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. T-S interaction related to Pronunciation materials in Class C ... 10
Figure 2. T-S interaction related to Pronunciation materials in Class B ... 11
Figure 3. IPA Chart link shared in Schoology ... 11
Figure 4. A downloadable weekly material ... 13
Figure 5. Downloadable audio files in unit 1 ... 13
Figure 6. A replay-able and pause-able quiz... 15
Figure 7. Final reflection instruction ... 17
1
INTRODUCTION
Pronunciation is an important element in language learning. Harmer (2001) pointed out that pronunciation teaching is immensely beneficial for second language (L2) learners to improve their intelligibility and their understanding of the spoken form of the language being learned. However, Harmer further added, pronunciation teaching is not equally treated with other elements of language, such as grammar and vocabulary; pronunciation is only taught in passing (2001). In short, within the scope of this paper, we need to agree that there must be deliberate efforts to teach pronunciation to help L2 learners achieve their communication goals.
Meanwhile, in this modern era technology, especially internet, has penetrated to many fields including education. Prensky (2001) came up with a term “digital natives” to describe
nowadays’ people who are born in thedigital age and thus “are all „native speakers‟ of the digital
language of computers, video games and the Internet” (p.1). With the advance of technology,
Web 2.0 could be a platform to facilitate language learning. One example of Web 2.0 which is now widely used by many educational practitioners is Learning Management System (LMS), i.e., Schoology, Edmodo, Blackboard, etc.
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technology that it could degrade learning quality because of its lack of interactivity and discourse
adaptation ability. Roth (2009) interpreted Plato’s words as a set of pedagogical aspects in which
technology has to promote interactive, personalized and holistic language learning.
Even though there have been numerous studies on how technology is used in language learning, its pedagogical aspects, especially in pronunciation teaching, has not yet been well-explored. Therefore, this study aims to find out the pedagogical aspects of LMS of students’ pronunciation learning process by deeply taking a look at how LMS is used, in this case using Schoology, to teach and learn pronunciation. In other words, this study sought to answer the
following research question: “What are the pedagogical aspects of the use of Schoology in
pronunciation classes?” It is expected that this study could reveal the pedagogical potential of
integrating Schoology as a language learning medium in order to achieve an interactive, personalized and holistic learning.
LITERATURE REVIEW
A. TECHNOLOGY AND LANGUAGE LEARNING
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Some scholars have attempted to find out the benefits of integrating technology in language classrooms. Some believed that technology promotes an independent, collaborative and engaging learning process (Stanley, 2013; Walker & White, 2013). Correspondingly, Roth (2009) and Sumakul (2013) also discovered technology’s potentials to make interactive, individualized and holistic learning possible. Technology could also become an ideal tool to access authentic materials and a non-threatening discussion platform (Blake, 2008). Shyamlee and Phil (2012) pointed out that technology offers potentials of making teaching and learning more interesting and productive. In short, technology is generally believed to bring about more innovative teaching and learning models in language classrooms which traditional classes do not offer.
B. PEDAGOGICAL ASPECTS OF TECHNOLOGY USE IN LANGUAGE
LEARNING
The above mentioned potential benefits of technology in language classrooms would not be achieved if there is no pedagogy underlying its implementation. Pritchard (2007) defined
pedagogical activity as “skills and approaches used by teachers to achieve the aims of the lessons
that they teach, or the methods which they employ” (p.21). Utilizing technology without certain
theoretical models on how to use it in classrooms would only result in a poor substitute of traditional didactic teaching method and would be damaging education. (Wenglinsky, 2005).
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premise of this theory is that comprehensible input-output and negotiation of meaning during interaction could enhance language learning development (Leloup, et al., 2003).
In other hands, some argued that constructivist philosophy results most effective technology usage in language classroom (Hubackova & Klimova, 2013; Pritchard, 2007; Wenglinsky, 2005). This view relies on a belief in which learners construct knowledge from abstractions to concrete cases by themselves by being engaged in meaning-making activities (Wenglinsky, 2005). Pritchard (2007) outlined core principles of constructivism in which
“learning is a process of interaction, learning is a social process, learning is a situated process,
learning is a meta-cognitive process” (p. 2-3).
Apart from the above mentioned pedagogy, Roth’s (2009) interpretation of Plato’s critique towards the use of technology in education might be the most thought-provoking pedagogy. Plato (360 BC), in Phaedrus, considered writing, a recent technology in his time, to fail fostering good education because of its inability to respond to readers’ questions and comments, making students passive. Besides, Plato also made clear that writing could not adjust its discourse accordingly considering who its readers were; it did not consider the personal being of the readers:
… you might think they spoke as if they had intelligence, but if you question them, wishing to know about
their sayings they always say only one and the same thing. And every word, when once it is written is bandied about, alike among those who understand and those who have no interest in it, and it knows not to whom to speak or not to speak;…. (p. 567-568)
Interestingly, Roth attempted to convert Plato’s critiques towards writing from more than 2000
5 1. Learning must be interactive
This could be achieved by applying dialectic discussion in which truths or ideas are discovered through logical arguments. In other words, interactive learning involves a two-way communication in which responses are given to certain actions. According to Brown (2001), the purpose of acquiring a language is to be able to communicate, and thus genuine interactions are needed in language learning. In terms of interactive technology, there should be immediate responses from the computer system whenever commands are inputted, and therefore there is an interaction between human and computer (Pritchard, 2007).
2. Learning must be personalized
Personalized learning denotes the notion to contextualize the learning process, relating it
with students’ personal lives. Personalized learning also implies the idea that learning process
should consider the personal being of learners where they could adjust their own learning pace and styles flexibly (Changyu, 2011). By giving the students autonomy of their personal learning, Turkmen (2012) pointed out that it could assist students to construct knowledge by themselves.
3. Learning must be holistic
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in Dunn, 2002). When holistic learning is employed, Roth (2009) believed that true knowledge will be achieved.
Even though the theory was inaugurated centuries ago, Roth (2009) believed that it is still applicable today. Moreover, it takes into account more aspects compared to interactionist view (Brown, 2001) which only considers interaction in language learning. It also seems to be simpler than the practical implementation of constructivism (Pritchard, 2007). Even so, the pedagogy proposed by Roth is still relevant with the ideas of constructivism which is deemed to be the appropriate pedagogy of technology integration in language learning. Therefore, Roth’s pedagogy will be the backbone of this study.
THE STUDY
A. CONTEXT OF THE STUDY
This study was conducted in pronunciation classes semester 1 academic year 2015/2016 in English Language Education (ELE) Program, Satya Wacana Christian University. The course was done within 14 weeks. The classes were basically regular traditional face-to-face classes with Schoology as a complementary learning platform. Teachers used Schoology to upload materials, share useful links, upload pronunciation-related videos, conduct online quizzes, share ideas, etc. The activities occurred in Schoology were observed to see whether the online learning process fitted the theory explained previously.
B. PARTICIPANTS
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confirmed to use Schoology in addition to the traditional face-to-face meetings. Bahasa Indonesia was known as the native language of all students. Opting for the participants, this study employed criterion-based sampling. According to Blackledge (2001, as cited in Zacharias, 2012), criterion sampling technique could be done by setting up some criteria and finding the participants who meet those expected criteria. Participants in the context of the study were selected because all teachers of pronunciation classes have actively used Schoology to equip the learning process. This condition met the requirements of the topic of the study which is the utilization of technology in language learning.
C. INSTRUMENT OF DATA COLLECTION
The data collection method of this study was an adaptation from Sumakul’s (2013) study in which observation was used to answer the proposed research question. In order to record the activities done by both teachers and students in Schoology, an event-sampling protocol was used (see Appendix). This kind of protocol allowed a researcher to obtain data of total frequency of the events observed which matched with the topic (Dornyei, 2007). Unlike Sumakul’s study which employed direct observation, this study used delayed-observation method in which the researcher only observed the learning process documentation.
D. DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE
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without witnessing directly the activities herself. After that, the researcher wrote down every occurrence in the observation protocol mentioned above.
E. DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
After completing the data collection steps, the researcher then separated the data fitting them to the pedagogy proposed by Roth (2009). The results were discussed in order to come up with pedagogical implications and suggestions for the sake of better technology implementation.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
In this section, the results of data analysis are presented and discussed as an effort to answer the proposed research question. During the observation, the researcher took a look at all activities and materials in Schoology groups of four Pronunciation Practice classes and separated, fitting them into three pedagogical principles of using technology in education by Plato (360 BC, as cited in Roth, 2009) which are interactive, personalized and holistic learning.
In this study, it was found that Schoology usage in Pronunciation Practice classes fulfiled the three aspects of pedagogical principles of technology use in language learning proposed by Plato (360 BC, cited in Roth, 2009). There were activities which Schoology made possible and thus could make the pronunciation learning become interactive, personalized and holistic. Table 1 summarizes the number of occurrences found during observation in the four classes. The deeper discussions on those findings will be elaborated below.
Pedagogical aspects Number of occurences
9 effective learning could be achieved. In the increasingly technological world these days, interaction in language learning is made possible when students do not meet each other in the classroom (Davies, 2011). Davies further asserted that technology is able to enrich the way knowledge is constructed through multifaceted approach. One of the newly improved ways of promoting interactive learning is by utilizing interactive technology which is defined as a computer ability to interpret a user’s action in order to produce immediate response (Pritchard, 2007; Tversky, et.al, 2002)
In this study, several proofs of interactive learning were found. There were two kinds of interactivity discovered in the four Pronunciation Practice classes. The first one was Teacher-Student and Teacher-Student-Teacher-Student interaction mediated by Schoology while the other was the utilization of interactive technology in Pronunciation learning facilitated by Schoology.
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Figure 1. T-S interaction related to Pronunciation materials in Class C
As seen in the picture above, the teacher attached a link of a video about a certain English dialect, Appalachian English. The teacher attempted to invite the students to watch then discuss the video and compare it with American English, the dialect they had learned in the class. This Schoology feature allowed the students to have an interaction with their teacher and fellow students about the subject matter outside the classroom. Two students left opinions on the comment box. The first student noticed the different way of saying “people” spoken in the video. She also expressed her personal opinion toward this certain distinction that it was funny for her. The second student also found a similar finding by expressing her agreement towards the
first student’s idea. A similar case also occurred in Pronunciation Practice Class B. The teacher
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differently among American and British (Liverpool) people. This evidence shows that Schoology has the potential to promote interactive language learning with technology by providing a post-and-comment feature.
Figure 2. T-S interaction related to Pronunciation materials in Class B
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Figure 3. IPA Chart link shared in Schoology
The teachers of Pronunciation classes created weekly material posts containing instructions and links which redirected the students to other sources of learning. Schoology provided a facility to share links and therefore allowed the teachers to connect the students to various digital resources where interactive learning could be enhanced. In this case, the teachers equipped the students with links which directed them to International Phonetics Alphabets (IPA) chart-with-sound websites. The website contained a summary of phonetic symbols according to their place of articulation and manner of articulation. When a certain symbol was clicked, the website was able to produce sounds which means an immediate response was given by the computer to the user. In short, Schoology offers more potential to promote interactive pronunciation learning through its link-sharing feature
B. PERSONALIZED LEARNING
Besides being able to promote interactive learning, technology is also required to make the learning process personalized. Learning process should consider each student as individuals who have varied needs, learning styles and capabilities. Roth (2009), by referring to Plato (360 BC), claimed that aiming learning process generally to all students will not result in active and deep learning.
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each unit were also included in the weekly material folders (Figure 5). Therefore, students could freely download the files whenever they wanted.
Figure 4. A downloadable weekly material
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Downloadable materials gave students sovereignty and freedom over themselves as individual learners. By being able to download the files, the students could re-read the materials they had discussed in class if they thought they needed extra practice. Even though conventional handbooks would also promote personalized learning in this case, Schoology offered more opportunity. It also allowed teachers to enclose audio files of each unit. The downloadable audio files made the students not too dependent on classroom meetings or to the teachers to be able to listen to the audio since they could own the audio files themselves. By listening to the audio files at home, the students could remember the correct pronunciation of words, phrases or sentences they had learned in the class. This occurrence is an empirical evident of what Grant and Basye (2014) believed in which technology is the tool that could create an easier and a more efficient personalized learning.
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Schoology also allowed teachers to create online quizzes. The teachers created quizzes which were re-play-able and pause-able (Figure 6). Unlike conventional listening quizzes, in which students do not have any privilege to control the audio, Schoology enabled them to replay the audio until they clearly heard what was spoken by the speaker and be able to answer the questions. In addition, by providing a pause-able audio feature, Schoology also gave the students freedom to stop the audio if they needed time to think after a certain word or sentence is spoken. This indicated that replay-able audio in online quizzes seemed to be able to consider the
students’ different current listening skills. Furthermore, Schoology was also able to
accommodate the students’ different styles of working on a listening quiz, i.e. whether or not
they needed some time to think after listening a certain part of the audio. This is in line with the statement of Changyu (2011) that learning goals could be better achieved if learners could
liberally adjust their own learning styles to the system. Furthermore, the students’ capability to
control over the quizzes’ audios makes the learning process “student-owned” (Carmean &
Haefner, 2002. p. 33) which they believed to outdo traditional classroom setting.
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C. HOLISTIC LEARNING
Learning takes not only one aspect of human beings. Gilakjani, Ismail, and Ahmadi
(2011) claimed that “learning is not only a visual-cognitive activity but also a physical one
particularly as it requires the interplay among multiple sensory modalities and representations” (p.1325). This concept is what is known as holistic learning, which was asserted by Plato (360 BC, as cited in Roth, 2009) to be implemented in the learning process. Beside fostering the activation of more than one sense, holistic learning also denotes the idea that learners’ emotional aspect must also be considered (Laird, 1985 cited in Dunn, 2002).
It was found that Schoology was able to make pronunciation learning process holistic in two ways. First, it facilitated the students to access multimodal learning materials. Second, Schoology enabled the teachers to conduct a thorough assessment toward their students through holistic reflection assignment.
The first evidence of Schoology’s potential to facilitate holistic learning is seen from its
ability to provide sounds to which the students could listen while they are reading. For instance, the interactive links shared for the students to read (See Figure 3). Initially, it has been discussed that these certain IPA links allowed students to listen to the pronunciation of English sound systems by clicking the symbols. Through Schoology’s ability to connect students to interactive
sources, the students’ textual mode was activated when reading the explanation on the website.
Simultaneously, the students’ aural mode was also activated when they listened to the sounds of
the symbols they clicked. Likewise, Schoology’s feature to create quizzes and upload online
materials with sounds also activated more than one of the students’ body senses. Textual mode
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activated when they listened to the audio provided in each questions of the quizzes and in each unit of the reading materials.
Figure 7. Final reflection instruction
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Another type of holistic learning was found in Schoology in a form of reflective narration assignment. Figure 7 is the instruction given by the teachers on how the students should do their reflection project. As shown in the picture, the reflection journal should contain their personal experience during Pronunciation Practice class. In addition, the students also needed to demonstrate their comprehension about pronunciation theories they had learned throughout the term. Unlike usual written reflective journals, in this case the teachers demanded the students to narrate their reflection through audio recording and upload it on Schoology. By recording their voice, the teachers would also be able to assess students’ pronunciation concerning the nature of the course (Figure 8). This is where Schoology took an advantageous role to make holistic assessment possible in a pronunciation course. If only the reflection had been in a written form,
the students’ pronunciation would not have been considered. Otherwise, if the teachers had had
to assess every students’ pronunciation in class, it would have been impractical since there were
approximately 30 students in each class. In other words, Schoology made possible a simultaneous pronunciation (cognitive) and reflection (emotional) assessment.
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to examine their own emotional and cognitive process during the learning and could not make a strategic future decisions and actions (Tang, 2002).
DISCUSSION
The findings of the study suggest that Schoology has the potential to make interactive, personalized, and holistic pronunciation learning possible by providing some useful features. Interactivity was fostered by the presence of a post-comment and link sharing feature which were utilized by the teachers to open a discussion and attach interactive website links. Personalized learning occurred with the assistance of file uploading feature and re-play-able and pause-able quizzes. File uploading and link sharing feature also promoted holistic learning.
Chapelle (2001) proposed six agreed criteria of Computer Assissted Language Learning (CALL) appropriateness, which are language learning potential, learner fit, meaning focus, authenticity, positive impact, and practicality. The interactive learning facilitated by Schoology in the observed pronunciation classes shares the same principle of what Chapelle means by language learning potential in CALL tasks. Language learning potential is the opportunity provided by technology for the learners to focus on forms (Chapelle, 2001). The feature to attach videos of a certain English variety provided an opportunity for the students to carefully listen and pay attention to every single word pronounced by the speaker in the video. In other words, Schoology in the context of this study has been a potential form-focus tool. By focusing on the individual word spoken in the video, the students would be able to recognize the distinctions of English pronunciation from dialect to dialect and enrich their language insights. In addition, the holistic assessment which Schoology made possible also imply the value of focusing on form. It
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students’ final pronunciation progress at the end of the semester while the students were
narrating their learning reflection throughout the course. Such assessment grading criterion required the students to be more aware of their pronunciation beside the content of their reflective narration.
The file uploading as well as re-play-able and pause-able quizzes feature also correspond to the learner fit criteria. Chapelle (2001) explained that the engagement opportunity with the
target language should consider the learner’s individual characteristics. As elaborated above,
Schoology allowed the students to review the materials at home by downloading the soft-copy files along with their audio recordings at their own convenient time and learning pace. The quizzes administered by Schoology also considered the students’ diversed characteristics in
terms of current listening skills by being able to be replayed or stopped. In addition, the students’
learning styles of listening to spoken English was also taken into account. If the students are accustomed to taking some times to ensure their answers on a quiz, the pause-able feature accommodates them their learning styles of working on pronunciation quizzes.
All in all, those above mentioned features of Schoology embrace the criterion of practicality in which there should be sufficient resources to utilize the features of technology in the learning process (Chapelle, 2001). Every Schoology feature which made interactive, personalized and holistic learning possible did not take too many other supporting tools or complicated procedures. The links shared, files as well as audios uploaded, and discussions
posted could easily accessed using the students’ portable mobile phones anywhere and anytime.
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CONCLUSION
This study primarily aimed to investigate the pedagogical aspects of Schoology usage in language classrooms, particularly in pronunciation classes. Considering the data obtained from the four pronunciation classes, the research question was answered in that Schoology was able to make interactive, personalized and holistic learning possible in language classrooms.
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their reflection of their learning process. This way, the students’ cognitive aspect (pronunciation
clarity and accuracy) was assessed along with their emotional aspect (their learning reflection). The results of the study suggest pronunciation teachers to consider the implementation of Schoology in their classrooms noting its potential to bring about interactive, personalized, and holistic learning.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With profound gratitude, I would like to thank Jesus Christ for making everything I did possible. I love You more than words. My very special thanks go to my mother and only sister who have had constant beliefs and given endless support throughout my study, and my father in heaven for the magical comfort everytime I reminisced him. I am also deeply indebted to Encek and Tuape
for the financial support for my study. Without their generous help, I would never be able to hold a degree.
My gratitude is expressed to Pak Toar for being my thesis supervisor. I would like to thank him for every help and guidance he has poured on me; for his invaluable ideas, comments, feedbacks, and materials (and laughter!) he provided all these times. My sincere appreciation also goes to
Ma’am Frances as my thesis examiner. I would like to thank her earnestness in reading my draft and her endeavor in helping me to write better. Her generosity in lending me her books and her friendliness meant a lot for me.
I should like to thank my best buddy, Ryandika, for becoming my partner in everything. Thank you for those meaningful and encouraging talks.I thank Upik, my best-est friend ever, for her willingness to listen to every of my worries. I am also thankful to have such an entertaining and supportive unbiological family, Keluarga Doraemon: Amel, Bang Rendi, Jojo and Mario. I thank them for making my four-year-study a more pleasurable one. My sincere gratitude also goes to Bintang, Grace, Dora Chingu, and my other friends for their supports.
Finally, I am very grateful for being a part of FLL family, a part of Twelvers. They will
definitely be the “home” I long for.
24 References
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27 APPENDIX Observation Protocol (Event-sampling Protocol)
Observation Protocol
Name of course: Pronunciation Practice
Instructor :
Total No of Std :
No. Pedagogical aspects of Schoology Number of occurrences
Event’s details
1. Interactive Activities
2. Personalized Activities
