JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA
DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA
Salaries & Wages
Survey Report
LAPORAN PENYIASATAN GAJI & UPAH
SALARIES & WAGES SURVEY REPORT
MALAYSIA
2012
JABATAN PERANGKAAN MALAYSIA
DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, MALAYSIA
Jun
i
KATA PENGANTAR
Laporan ini membentangkan perangkaan gaji dan upah berdasarkan Penyiasatan Gaji & Upah
yang dijalankan pada bulan Januari hingga Jun 2012. Laporan ini turut memuatkan data siri
masa gaji & upah bagi tahun 2010—2012. Objektif utama laporan ini adalah untuk menyediakan
perangkaan penting bagi perancangan tenaga manusia khususnya gaji & upah di samping
melengkapkan maklumat yang dikeluarkan dalam Penyiasatan Tenaga Buruh. Indikator utama
gaji & upah bulanan seperti purata, penengah dan jurang upah gender digunakan bagi
tujuan
analisis pasaran buruh.
Maklumat gaji & upah bulanan mengikut jantina, kumpulan etnik, pekerjaan dan industri
merupakan sebahagian perangkaan penting yang dipersembahkan dalam laporan ini. Data yang
diperoleh daripada penyiasatan ini digunakan dalam perancangan ekonomi dan pembangunan
sosial, penetapan gaji minimum dan polisi fiskal.
Jabatan mengambil kesempatan untuk merakamkan penghargaan kepada semua pihak yang
telah menyumbang dalam penyediaan laporan ini. Sebarang ulasan dan cadangan bagi
meningkatkan mutu persembahan laporan ini pada masa hadapan amat dihargai.
DR. HAJI ABDUL RAHMAN BIN HASAN
Ketua Perangkawan Malaysia
ii
PREFACE
This report presents statistics on salaries and wages based on the Salaries & Wages Survey
conducted from January to June 2012. It includes monthly salaries & wages time series data for
the year
s
2010—2012
.
The main objective of this report is to provide statistics for human
resource planning, particularly salaries & wages as well as to complete the information
produced in the Labour Force Survey. Main indicators of monthly salaries & wages such as
mean, median and gender wage gap are used for the labour market analysis.
Information on monthly salaries & wages by sex, ethnic group, occupation and industry are part
of the vital statistics presented in this report. Information obtained from this survey is used for
economic planning and social development, formulation of minimum wage and fiscal policy.
The Department would like to take this opportunity to record its appreciation to all parties who
have contributed towards the preparation of this report. All comments and suggestions towards
enhancing the quality of future reports would be greatly appreciated.
DR. HAJI ABDUL RAHMAN BIN HASAN
Chief Statistician, Malaysia
iii
KANDUNGAN
CONTENTSMuka surat
Page
Kata pengantar
Prefacei
Senarai jadual
List of tablesv
Ringkasan penemuan
Summary of findings1
Jadual utama
Main tables9
Jadual siri masa
Time series tables
19
Nota teknikal
Technical notes
31
Jadual ralat piawai relatif
Relative standard error tables
47
Lampiran
Appendix
SENARAI JADUAL
LIST OF TABLES
Jadual
TableMuka surat
PageSENARAI JADUAL
LIST OF TABLES
JADUAL UTAMA
MAIN TABLES1
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut strata dan
jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by stratum and sex, Malaysia, 2012
9
2
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut kumpulan
umur dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by age group and sex, Malaysia, 2012
10
3
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut kumpulan
etnik dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by ethnic group and sex, Malaysia, 2012
11
4
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pekerjaan
dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by occupation and sex, Malaysia, 2012
12
5
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut industri
dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by industry and sex, Malaysia, 2012
13
6
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut
pencapaian pendidikan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by educational attainment and sex, Malaysia, 2012
14
7
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut sijil
tertinggi diperoleh dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by the highest certificate obtained and sex, Malaysia, 2012
15
8
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut taraf
perkahwinan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by marital status and sex, Malaysia, 2012
v
Jadual
Table
Muka surat
Page
9
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut negeri dan
jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by state and sex, Malaysia, 2012
17
JADUAL SIRI MASA
TIME SERIES TABLES
A1
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut jantina,
Malaysia, 2010–2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by sex, Malaysia, 2010–2012
19
A2
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut strata,
Malaysia, 2010–2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by stratum, Malaysia, 2010–2012
20
A3
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut kumpulan
umur, Malaysia, 2010–2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by age group, Malaysia, 2010–2012
21
A4
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut kumpulan
etnik, Malaysia, 2010–2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by ethnic group, Malaysia, 2010–2012
22
A5(i)
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pekerjaan,
Malaysia, 2010
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by occupation, Malaysia, 2010
23
A5(ii)
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pekerjaan,
Malaysia, 2011–2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by occupation, Malaysia, 2011–2012
24
A6
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut industri,
Malaysia, 2010–2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by industry, Malaysia, 2010–2012
vi
Jadual
Table
Muka surat
Page
A7
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut
pencapaian pendidikan, Malaysia, 2010–2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by educational attainment, Malaysia, 2010–2012
26
A8
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut sijil
tertinggi diperoleh, Malaysia, 2010–2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by the highest certificate obtained, Malaysia, 2010–2012
27
A9
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut taraf
perkahwinan, Malaysia, 2010–2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by marital status, Malaysia, 2010–2012
28
A10
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut negeri,
Malaysia, 2010–2012
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by state, Malaysia, 2010–2012
29
JADUAL RALAT PIAWAI RELATIF
RELATIVE STANDARD ERROR TABLES
S1
Ralat piawai relatif bagi purata gaji & upah bulanan mengikut
pekerjaan, Malaysia, 2012
Relative standard error for mean monthly salaries & wages by occupation, Malaysia, 2012
47
S2
Ralat piawai relatif bagi purata gaji & upah bulanan mengikut
industri, Malaysia, 2012
Relative standard error for mean monthly salaries & wages by industry, Malaysia, 2012
48
S3
Ralat piawai relatif bagi purata gaji & upah bulanan mengikut
negeri, Malaysia, 2012
Relative standard error for mean monthly salaries & wages by state, Malaysia, 2012
50
RINGKASAN PENEMUAN
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
1
RINGKASAN PENEMUAN SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
1. Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan
1. Mean and median monthly salaries &
wages Bilangan penerima gaji & upah pada 2012
telah meningkat sebanyak 1.7 mata peratus daripada 8.94 juta orang pada 2011 kepada 9.09 juta orang pada 2012. Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan pada 2012 masing-masing adalah RM1,881 dan RM1,400. 2. Gaji & upah mengikut jantina
The number of salaries & wages recipients increased 1.7 percentage point from 8.94 million persons in 2011 to 9.09 million persons in 2012. The mean and median of the monthly salaries & wages for 2012 were RM1,881 and RM1,400 respectively.
2. Salaries & wages by gender
Purata gaji & upah bulanan lelaki (RM1,906) lebih tinggi berbanding perempuan (RM1,838) dengan jurang upah gender sebanyak 3.6 peratus. Walaupun pekerja lelaki masih menerima gaji & upah yang lebih tinggi berbanding perempuan tetapi jurang gaji & upah gender menurun sebanyak 0.5 mata peratus daripada 4.1 peratus pada 2011.
The mean monthly salaries & wages of male (RM1,906) was higher than female (RM1,838) with 3.6 per cent of gender wage gap. Even though male workers still received higher salaries & wages compared to female workers, the gender wage gap declined by 0.5 percentage point from 4.1 per cent in 2011.
Jadual A: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut jantina, Malaysia, 2011—2012 Table A: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by sex, Malaysia, 2011—2012
Tahun Year Bilangan penerima Number of recipients Jumlah Total Lelaki Male Perempuan Female Jurang upah gender Gender wage gap Purata Mean Penengah Median Purata Mean Penengah Median Purata Mean Penengah Median (’000) (RM) (%) 2012 9,088.6 1,881 1,400 1,906 1,400 1,838 1,446 3.6 2011 8,937.8 1,775 1,300 1,801 1,300 1,728 1,300 4.1
2
3. Gaji & upahmengikut kumpulan etnik 3. Salaries & wages by ethnic groups
Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan bagi warganegara pada 2012 masing-masing sebanyak RM2,017 dan RM1,500, manakala bukan warganegara adalah lebih rendah iaitu RM1,075 dan RM800. Secara perbandingan purata gaji & upah bulanan warganegara hampir satu kali ganda lebih tinggi daripada bukan warganegara.
Di kalangan kumpulan etnik utama di Malaysia, etnik Cina menerima purata gaji & upah bulanan paling tinggi iaitu RM2,331 berbanding Melayu (RM1,990) dan India (RM1,903).
Mean and median monthly salaries & wages for citizens in 2012 were RM2,017 and RM1,500 respectively, while for non-citizens were lower which were RM1,075 and RM800. As a comparison, mean and median for citizens was higher almost one-fold than non-citizens.
Among the major ethnic groups in Malaysia, the Chinese received the highest mean monthly salaries & wages at RM2,331 as compared to the Malay (RM1,990) and Indians (RM1,903).
Carta 1: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut kumpulan etnik, Malaysia, 2012 Chart 1: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by ethnic group, Malaysia, 2012
800 900 1,400 1,900 1,000 1,500 1,500 1,075 1,371 1,903 2,331 1,503 1,990 2,017 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 Bukan warganegara Lain-lain India Cina Bumiputera lain Melayu Warganegara Purata/Mean Penengah/Median Purata/Mean Penengah/Median (RM) Citizens Malay Other Bumiputera Chinese Indians Others Non-citizens
3
Carta 2: Jurang upah gender mengikut kumpulan etnik, Malaysia, 2012 Chart 2: Gender wage gap by ethnic group, Malaysia, 2012
Jurang upah gender bulanan bagi warganegara
adalah lebih kecil berbanding bukan
warganegara masing-masing 8.2 dan 19.3 peratus.
The monthy gender wage gap forcitizens was smaller compared to non-citizens, which were 8.2 and 19.3 per cent respectively.
Di kalangan kumpulan etnik utama, jurang upah gender bulanan bagi etnik India adalah paling besar iaitu 20.8 peratus, diikuti oleh etnik Cina iaitu 12.5 peratus, manakala etnik Melayu pula mencatatkan jurang yang terkecil iaitu 5.7 peratus.
Among the major ethnic groups, the monthly gender wage gap for the Indians was the largest at 20.8 per cent, followed by the Chinese at 12.5 per cent while the Malay recorded the smallest gap at 5.7 per cent.
8.2 5.7 8.3 12.5 20.8 -29.9 19.3 -30.0 -20.0 -10.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0
Warganegara Melayu Bumiputera lain
Cina India Lain-lain Bukan warganegara (%)
Citizens Malay
Other Bumiputera
Chinese Indians Others
4
4. Gaji & upah mengikut pekerjaan 4. Salaries & wages by occupation
Perbandingan mengikut kategori pekerjaan pada 2012 menunjukkan Pengurus menerima purata dan penengah gaji & upah tertinggi iaitu RM5,213 dan RM4,000 diikuti Profesional
masing-masing sebanyak RM3,807 dan
RM3,440. Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan bagi Pekerjaan asas adalah kurang daripada RM1,000.
In 2012 the comparison by category of occupation showed that Managers received the highest mean and median monthly salaries & wages of RM5,213 and RM4,000, followed
by Professionals at RM3,807 and RM3,440
respectively. Mean and median monthly salaries & wages for Elementary occupations
were less than RM1,000.
Carta 3: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pekerjaan, Malaysia, 2012 Chart 3: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by occupation, Malaysia, 2012
810 860 1,000 1,100 1,000 1,500 2,200 3,440 4,000 959 1,065 1,216 1,283 1,299 1,718 2,435 3,807 5,213 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 Pekerjaan asas
Pekerja mahir pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan Operator loji dan mesin serta pemasang Pekerja kemahiran dan pekerja pertukangan yang berkaitan Pekerja perkhidmatan dan jualan Pekerja sokongan perkeranian Juruteknik dan profesional bersekutu Profesional Pengurus
Purata Penengah
Managers
Professionals
Technicians and associate professionals
Clerical support workers
Service and sales workers
Craft and related trades workers
Plant and machine-operators and assemblers
Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers
Elementary occupations
Purata/Mean Penengah/Median
5
Carta 4: Jurang upah gender mengikut pekerjaan, Malaysia, 2012 Chart 4: Gender wage gap by occupation, Malaysia, 2012
1 Pengurus 6 Pekerja mahir pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan
Managers Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers
2 Profesional 7 Pekerja kemahiran dan pekerja pertukangan yang berkaitan
Professionals Craft and related trades workers
3 Juruteknik dan profesional bersekutu 8 Operator loji dan mesin serta pemasang
Technicians and associate professionals Plant and machine-operators and assemblers
4 Pekerja sokongan perkeranian 9 Pekerjaan asas
Clerical support workers Elementary occupations
5 Pekerja perkhidmatan dan jualan Service and sales workers
Taburan mengikut pekerjaan menunjukkan pekerja lelaki mendahului pekerja perempuan dari segi purata gaji & upah bulanan. Jurang upah gender terkecil adalah bagi Juruteknik
dan profesional bersekutu (4.9%) diikuti
Pekerja sokongan perkeranian (10.3%).
The distribution by occupation showed that male workers were ahead of females in terms of mean monthly salaries & wages. The smallest gender wage gap was Technicians
and associate professionals (4.9%) followed
by Clerical support workers (10.3%).
Kategori pekerjaan yang merekodkan jurang upah gender melebihi 30.0 peratus adalah Pekerja perkhidmatan dan jualan, Pekerja mahir pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan, Pekerja kemahiran dan pekerja pertukangan yang berkaitan dan Operator loji dan mesin serta pemasang.
The categories of occupation that recorded gender wage gap of more than 30.0 per cent were Service and sales workers, Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers,
Craft and related trades workers and Plant and machine-operators and assemblers.
26.3 22.3 4.9 10.3 33.4 35.8 43.3 31.7 25.5 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Pekerjaan/Occupation (%)
6
5. Gaji & upah mengikut industri 5. Salaries & wages by industries
Pada 2012, pekerja dalam industri
Perlombongan dan pengkuarian menerima
purata gaji & upah bulanan tertinggi iaitu
RM3,358. Sebaliknya, industri Pertanian,
perhutanan dan perikanan pula mencatatkan purata gaji & upah paling rendah iaitu kurang daripada RM1,000 sebulan.
Pekerja lelaki menerima gaji & upah bulanan lebih tinggi kecuali bagi industri Bekalan elektrik, gas, wap dan pendingin udara dan Pembinaan.
In 2012, workers in the Mining and quarrying
industry received the highest mean monthly salaries & wages at RM3,358. On the contrary,
Agriculture, forestry and fishing industry
recorded the lowest mean monthly salaries & wages which was below RM1,000 per month.
Male workers received higher monthly salaries & wages except for Electricity, gas, steam and
air conditioning supply and Construction
industries.
Carta 5: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut industri, Malaysia, 2012 Chart 5: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by industry, Malaysia, 2012 800 840 900 1,200 1,000 1,190 1,300 1,200 1,200 1,500 2,086 2,000 2,225 2,000 2,000 2,500 3,060 2,500 2,200 993 1,106 1,146 1,373 1,416 1,427 1,568 1,608 1,647 1,933 2,439 2,558 2,564 2,759 2,800 3,128 3,135 3,246 3,358 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000
Pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan Aktiviti pentadbiran dan khidmat sokongan Penginapan dan aktiviti perkhidmatan makanan dan minuman Aktiviti perkhidmatan lain Kesenian, hiburan dan rekreasi Perdagangan borong dan runcit; pembaikan kenderaan bermotor dan motosikal Bekalan air; pembentungan, pengurusan sisa dan aktiviti pemulihan Pembinaan Pembuatan Pengangkutan dan penyimpanan Aktiviti kesihatan kemanusiaan dan kerja sosial Bekalan elektrik, gas, wap dan pendingin udara Pentadbiran awam dan pertahanan; aktiviti keselamatan sosial wajib Aktiviti hartanah Aktiviti profesional, saintifik dan teknikal Aktiviti kewangan dan insurans/takaful Pendidikan Maklumat dan komunikasi Perlombongan dan pengkuarian
Purata Penengah
Purata/Mean Penengah/Median
Mining and quarrying
Information and communication
Education
Financial and insurance/takaful activities
Professional, scientific and technical activities
Real estate activities
Public administration and defence; compulsory social security
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply
Human health and social work activities
Transportation and storage
Manufacturing
Construction
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicle and motorcycles
Arts, entertainment and recreation
Other service activities
Accommodation and food service activities
Administrative and support services activities
7
Carta 6: Jurang upah gender mengikut industri, Malaysia, 2012 Chart 6: Gender wage gap by industry, Malaysia, 2012
Industri dikelaskan mengikut Piawaian Klasifikasi Industri Malaysia 2008 seperti di muka surat 43—44
Industry is classified according to the Malaysia Standard Industrial Classifications 2008 as described on page 43—44
Industri Aktiviti hartanah mencatatkan jurang upah gender yang paling besar iaitu 34.3 peratus. Industri Bekalan elektrik, gas, wap
dan pendingin udara pula menunjukkan
jurang upah gender yang paling kecil iaitu -1.2 peratus.
The Real estate activities industry recorded the highest gender wage gap which was 34.3 per cent. Electricity, gas, steam and air
conditioning supply industry recorded the
smallest gender wage gap at -1.2 per cent.
15.7 8.0 28.2 -1.2 16.2 -17.9 18.9 2.6 29.9 7.8 15.7 34.3 25.2 25.6 8.8 17.0 16.3 7.0 11.3 -20.0 -10.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S (%)
JADUAL UTAMA
Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah
Number of recipients
Mean Median Number of
recipients
Mean Median Number of
recipients Mean Median ('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) (%) Jumlah 9,088.6 1,881 1,400 5,811.1 1,906 1,400 3,277.5 1,838 1,446 3.6 Total Bandar 6,995.9 2,028 1,500 4,382.0 2,077 1,500 2,613.9 1,945 1,500 6.4 Urban Luar bandar 2,092.6 1,393 1,000 1,429.1 1,381 1,000 663.6 1,419 900 -2.8 Rural Gender wage gap Strata Stratum 9
Jadual 1: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut strata dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Table 1: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by stratum and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Jumlah Lelaki Perempuan Jurang upah
gender
Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah
Number of recipients
Mean Median Number of
recipients
Mean Median Number of
recipients Mean Median ('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) (%) Jumlah 9,088.6 1,881 1,400 5,811.1 1,906 1,400 3,277.5 1,838 1,446 3.6 Total 15—19 316.5 720 678 200.7 741 700 115.8 684 650 7.7 20—24 1,345.5 1,121 930 824.4 1,101 945 521.1 1,152 920 -4.6 25—29 1,953.3 1,630 1,350 1,188.5 1,589 1,275 764.9 1,693 1,500 -6.5 30—34 1,536.9 1,924 1,500 970.5 1,849 1,500 566.5 2,053 1,771 -11.0 35—39 1,184.8 2,159 1,650 766.7 2,183 1,600 418.1 2,116 1,764 3.1 40—44 965.5 2,345 1,800 620.7 2,412 1,800 344.8 2,225 1,700 7.8 45—49 789.4 2,475 1,807 524.9 2,588 1,945 264.5 2,250 1,520 13.1 50—54 592.9 2,670 2,000 410.3 2,781 2,000 182.7 2,421 1,915 12.9 55—59 294.8 2,270 1,600 215.1 2,290 1,700 79.7 2,217 1,350 3.2 60—64 108.9 1,787 1,085 89.5 1,936 1,200 19.5 1,099 750 43.2 10 Jurang upah gender Jadual 2: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut kumpulan umur dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Table 2: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by age group and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Jumlah Lelaki Perempuan
Total Male Female
Gender wage gap
Kumpulan umur
Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah
Number of recipients
Mean Median Number of
recipients
Mean Median Number of
recipients Mean Median ('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) (%) Jumlah 9,088.6 1,881 1,400 5,811.1 1,906 1,400 3,277.5 1,838 1,446 3.6 Total Warganegara 7,784.8 2,017 1,500 4,746.3 2,083 1,530 3,038.5 1,912 1,500 8.2 Citizens Melayu 4,164.2 1,990 1,500 2,523.0 2,036 1,500 1,641.2 1,920 1,500 5.7 Malay Bumiputera lain 839.0 1,503 1,000 555.9 1,546 1,080 283.1 1,417 900 8.3 Other Bumiputera Cina 2,063.2 2,331 1,900 1,214.9 2,457 2,000 848.3 2,149 1,800 12.5 Chinese India 667.6 1,903 1,400 420.2 2,062 1,500 247.4 1,634 1,200 20.8 Indians Lain-lain 50.8 1,371 900 32.3 1,236 900 18.5 1,606 900 -29.9 Others Bukan warganegara 1,303.7 1,075 800 1,064.8 1,115 856 238.9 900 678 19.3 Non-citizens 11
Jadual 3: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut kumpulan etnik dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Table 3: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by ethnic group and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Jumlah Lelaki Perempuan Jurang
upah gender
Total Male Female
Kumpulan etnik
Ethnic group Gender
Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah
Number of recipients
Mean Median Number of
recipients
Mean Median Number of
recipients Mean Median ('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) (%) 9,088.6 1,881 1,400 5,811.1 1,906 1,400 3,277.5 1,838 1,446 3.6 1 302.0 5,213 4,000 214.2 5,644 4,500 87.8 4,159 3,400 26.3 2 1,134.7 3,807 3,440 492.1 4,358 3,700 642.6 3,384 3,171 22.3 3 1,188.6 2,435 2,200 805.9 2,474 2,200 382.8 2,354 2,200 4.9 4 1,136.5 1,718 1,500 328.7 1,853 1,695 807.8 1,663 1,500 10.3 5 1,685.3 1,299 1,000 992.7 1,506 1,200 692.6 1,003 800 33.4 6 133.6 1,065 860 118.5 1,110 900 15.1 713 500 35.8 7 950.0 1,283 1,100 876.9 1,327 1,155 73.1 752 650 43.3 8 1,389.9 1,216 1,000 1,070.0 1,311 1,200 319.9 896 800 31.7 9 1,167.9 959 810 912.1 1,015 900 255.8 756 600 25.5 1 6 2 7
Craft and related trades workers
3 8
4 9
5
Professionals
Pekerja perkhidmatan dan jualan Service and sales workers
Technicians and associate professionals Plant and machine-operators and assemblers
Pekerja sokongan perkeranian Pekerjaan asas
Clerical support workers Elementary occupations
Pengurus Pekerja mahir pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan
Managers Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers
Profesional Pekerja kemahiran dan pekerja pertukangan yang berkaitan
Pekerjaan
Occupation Gender
wage gap
12
Jadual 4: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pekerjaan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Table 4: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by occupation and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Jumlah Lelaki Perempuan Jurang
upah gender
Total Male
Juruteknik dan profesional bersekutu Operator loji dan mesin serta pemasang
Female
Jumlah
Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah
Number of recipients
Mean Median Number of
recipients
Mean Median Number of
recipients Mean Median ('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) (%) Jumlah 9,088.6 1,881 1,400 5,811.1 1,906 1,400 3,277.5 1,838 1,446 3.6 Total A 471.5 993 800 406.4 1,015 830 65.2 856 600 15.7 B 80.4 3,358 2,200 64.2 3,413 2,000 16.2 3,141 2,800 8.0 C 1,968.8 1,647 1,200 1,320.5 1,815 1,300 648.3 1,304 990 28.2 D 60.6 2,558 2,000 50.1 2,553 2,083 10.5 2,583 1,800 -1.2 E 64.6 1,568 1,300 52.9 1,615 1,375 11.8 1,353 800 16.2 F 865.9 1,608 1,200 767.2 1,576 1,200 98.7 1,858 1,500 -17.9 G 1,396.0 1,427 1,190 867.7 1,537 1,200 528.3 1,247 1,000 18.9 H 474.2 1,933 1,500 402.0 1,941 1,500 72.2 1,890 1,500 2.6 I 552.4 1,146 900 274.3 1,350 1,040 278.1 946 780 29.9 J 184.8 3,246 2,500 105.2 3,358 2,500 79.6 3,097 2,700 7.8 K 287.1 3,128 2,500 124.9 3,433 2,500 162.3 2,893 2,500 15.7 L 51.1 2,759 2,000 30.3 3,207 2,500 20.8 2,107 1,800 34.3 M 256.4 2,800 2,000 119.9 3,234 2,500 136.5 2,418 2,000 25.2 N 451.1 1,106 840 313.6 1,200 900 137.5 893 650 25.6 O 673.2 2,564 2,225 465.6 2,636 2,290 207.6 2,404 2,095 8.8 P 739.2 3,135 3,060 244.0 3,539 3,365 495.2 2,936 3,000 17.0 Q 303.6 2,439 2,086 86.1 2,762 2,000 217.5 2,311 2,126 16.3 R 80.1 1,416 1,000 53.1 1,450 1,020 27.0 1,348 1,000 7.0 S 124.6 1,373 1,200 60.9 1,457 1,200 63.7 1,293 1,200 11.3
Table 5: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by industry and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Perempuan Female Jurang upah gender Lelaki Male Industri
Industry wage gapGender
13
Total
Jumlah
Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah Number of
recipients
Mean Median Number of
recipients
Mean Median Number of
recipients
Mean Median
('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) (%)
Jumlah 9,088.6 1,881 1,400 5,811.1 1,906 1,400 3,277.5 1,838 1,446 3.6
Total
Tiada pendidikan rasmi 196.6 786 700 146.8 849 800 49.9 601 530 29.2
No formal education Rendah 1,251.7 987 840 978.0 1,060 900 273.6 726 650 31.5 Primary Menengah 5,010.2 1,463 1,200 3,362.4 1,554 1,300 1,647.8 1,279 1,000 17.7 Secondary Tertiari 2,630.1 3,185 2,680 1,323.9 3,542 2,895 1,306.2 2,824 2,500 20.3 Tertiary 14
Jadual 6: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pencapaian pendidikan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012 Table 6: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by educational attainment and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Jurang upah gender
Total Male Female
Jumlah Lelaki Perempuan
Pencapaian pendidikan Educational attainment
Gender wage gap
Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah
Number of recipients
Mean Median Number of
recipients
Mean Median Number of
recipients
Mean Median
('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) (%)
Jumlah 9,088.6 1,881 1,400 5,811.1 1,906 1,400 3,277.5 1,838 1,446 3.6
Total
UPSR/UPSRA atau yang setaraf 1,043.9 1,058 900 827.1 1,133 1,000 216.8 770 700 32.0
UPSR/UPSRA or equivalent
PMR/SRP/LCE/SRA atau yang setaraf 1,195.1 1,271 1,056 908.9 1,366 1,200 286.1 972 800 28.8
PMR/SRP/LCE/SRAor equivalent
SPM atau yang setaraf 3,469.1 1,567 1,300 2,171.5 1,684 1,475 1,297.5 1,372 1,200 18.5
SPM or equivalent
STPM atau yang setaraf 291.9 1,958 1,500 144.3 2,250 1,879 147.6 1,672 1,373 25.7
STPM or equivalent Sijil 1 251.2 1,889 1,600 166.0 1,944 1,610 85.2 1,784 1,600 8.2 Certificate Diploma 915.7 2,698 2,458 441.8 2,909 2,500 473.8 2,501 2,300 14.0 Ijazah 1,138.5 4,230 3,500 551.9 4,940 4,000 586.6 3,561 3,140 27.9 Degree Tiada sijil 586.9 943 800 452.9 1,008 870 134.0 727 650 27.9 No certificate Tidak berkenaan 196.3 786 700 146.6 849 800 49.7 601 530 29.2 Not applicable
Refers to certificate obtained from college, polytechnic or other institutions which offers formal education. 1
Merujuk kepada sijil yang diperoleh dari kolej, politeknik atau institusi-institusi lain yang menawarkan pendidikan rasmi.
15
Table 7: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by the highest certificate obtained and sex, Malaysia, 2012 Jadual 7: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut sijil tertinggi diperoleh dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Total Male
Jumlah Lelaki Jurang
upah gender Perempuan
Female
Sijil tertinggi diperoleh
Highest certificate obtained Gender
Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah
Number of recipients
Mean Median Number of
recipients
Mean Median Number of
recipients
Mean Median
('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) (%)
Jumlah 9,088.6 1,881 1,400 5,811.1 1,906 1,400 3,277.5 1,838 1,446 3.6
Total
Tidak pernah berkahwin 3,366.4 1,416 1,100 2,183.6 1,357 1,050 1,182.8 1,524 1,200 -12.3
Never married Berkahwin 5,427.4 2,193 1,600 3,545.0 2,253 1,600 1,882.4 2,080 1,600 7.7 Married Balu/Duda 139.2 1,464 1,000 39.5 1,545 1,200 99.7 1,432 950 7.3 Widowed Bercerai/Berpisah tetap 155.6 1,469 1,000 43.0 1,491 1,170 112.6 1,460 1,000 2.1 Divorced/Permanently separated Gender wage gap 16
Jadual 8: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut taraf perkahwinan dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012 Table 8: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by marital status and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Jumlah Lelaki Perempuan Jurang
upah gender
Total Male Female
Taraf perkahwinan
Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah Bil. Penerima Purata Penengah
Number of recipients
Mean Median Number of
recipients
Mean Median Number of
recipients Mean Median ('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) ('000) (RM) (RM) (%) Jumlah 9,088.6 1,881 1,400 5,811.1 1,906 1,400 3,277.5 1,838 1,446 3.6 Total Johor 1,131.2 1,903 1,500 756.4 1,987 1,500 374.8 1,735 1,300 12.7 Kedah 477.0 1,440 1,000 307.9 1,457 1,080 169.2 1,411 900 3.2 Kelantan 297.0 1,580 1,000 186.6 1,509 1,000 110.4 1,699 850 -12.6 Melaka 258.0 1,769 1,300 158.0 1,802 1,300 100.0 1,716 1,250 4.8 Negeri Sembilan 305.8 1,756 1,300 190.6 1,779 1,400 115.1 1,718 1,200 3.4 Pahang 402.4 1,613 1,200 275.1 1,596 1,200 127.3 1,649 1,200 -3.3 Pulau Pinang 591.0 1,906 1,450 353.6 1,982 1,500 237.4 1,794 1,320 9.5 Perak 633.4 1,634 1,200 403.5 1,662 1,200 229.9 1,585 1,000 4.6 Perlis 50.5 1,588 1,000 30.2 1,588 1,170 20.4 1,589 800 -0.1 Selangor 2,252.9 2,283 1,800 1,379.5 2,360 1,800 873.4 2,161 1,800 8.4 Terengganu 259.8 1,702 1,100 172.2 1,690 1,100 87.6 1,725 1,200 -2.1 Sabah 961.0 1,251 800 652.3 1,202 800 308.7 1,356 800 -12.8 Sarawak 723.7 1,629 1,080 500.4 1,644 1,080 223.3 1,598 1,050 2.8 W.P. Kuala Lumpur 673.8 2,617 1,900 405.2 2,732 1,800 268.6 2,444 1,989 10.5 W.P. Labuan 33.3 1,785 1,328 22.1 1,822 1,400 11.3 1,714 1,200 5.9 W.P. Putrajaya 37.8 3,070 2,540 17.5 3,344 2,640 20.3 2,832 2,500 15.3 Gender wage gap 17
Jadual 9: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut negeri dan jantina, Malaysia, 2012
Table 9: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by state and sex, Malaysia, 2012
Perempuan Jurang upah
gender
Total Male Female
Jumlah Lelaki
Negeri
JADUAL SIRI MASA
(RM) Purata Mean Penengah Median Purata Mean Penengah Median Purata Mean Penengah Median Jumlah 1,772 1,265 1,775 1,300 1,881 1,400 Total Lelaki 1,810 1,280 1,801 1,300 1,906 1,400 Male Perempuan 1,702 1,250 1,728 1,300 1,838 1,446 Female 19 2012 2011
Jadual A1: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut jantina, Malaysia, 2010–2012
Table A1: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by sex, Malaysia, 2010–2012
Kategori
Categories
(RM) Purata Mean Penengah Median Purata Mean Penengah Median Purata Mean Penengah Median Jumlah 1,772 1,265 1,775 1,300 1,881 1,400 Total Bandar 1,970 1,500 1,912 1,495 2,028 1,500 Urban Luar bandar 1,260 850 1,369 930 1,393 1,000 Rural 20
Jadual A2: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut strata, Malaysia, 2010–2012
Table A2: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by stratum, Malaysia, 2010–2012
Kategori
Categories
(RM) Purata Mean Penengah Median Purata Mean Penengah Median Purata Mean Penengah Median Jumlah 1,772 1,265 1,775 1,300 1,881 1,400 Total 15—19 650 600 699 650 720 678 20—24 1,062 850 1,067 900 1,121 930 25—29 1,536 1,300 1,528 1,250 1,630 1,350 30—34 1,745 1,400 1,815 1,500 1,924 1,500 35—39 1,986 1,495 2,090 1,598 2,159 1,650 40—44 2,031 1,500 2,225 1,600 2,345 1,800 45—49 2,287 1,560 2,306 1,750 2,475 1,807 50—54 2,476 1,768 2,429 1,895 2,670 2,000 55—59 2,566 1,568 2,570 1,653 2,270 1,600 60—64 1,577 950 1,737 1,000 1,787 1,085 21 2010 2011
Jadual A3: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut kumpulan umur, Malaysia, 2010–2012
Table A3: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by age group, Malaysia, 2010–2012
2012 Kumpulan umur
(RM) Purata Mean Penengah Median Purata Mean Penengah Median Purata Mean Penengah Median Jumlah 1,772 1,265 1,775 1,300 1,881 1,400 Total Warganegara 1,887 1,480 1,921 1,500 2,017 1,500 Citizens Melayu 1,893 1,447 1,877 1,500 1,990 1,500 Malay Bumiputera lain 1,450 1,000 1,485 1,000 1,503 1,000 Other Bumiputera Cina 2,130 1,700 2,235 1,800 2,331 1,900 Chinese India 1,725 1,200 1,812 1,260 1,903 1,400 Indians Lain-lain 1,163 850 1,202 843 1,371 900 Others Bukan warganegara 1,134 783 926 729 1,075 800 Non-citizens 22
Jadual A4: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut kumpulan etnik, Malaysia, 2010–2012
Table A4: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by ethnic group, Malaysia, 2010–2012
2012
2010 2011
Kumpulan etnik Ethnic group
(RM) Pekerjaan Occupation Purata Mean Penengah Median Jumlah 1,772 1,265 Total
Penggubal undang-undang, pegawai kanan dan pengurus 4,736 3,800
Legislators, senior officials and managers
Profesional 3,924 3,325
Professionals
Juruteknik dan profesional bersekutu 2,404 2,095
Technicians and associate professionals
Pekerja perkeranian 1,564 1,415
Clerical workers
Pekerja perkhidmatan dan pekerja kedai dan jurujual 1,276 950
Service workers and shop and market sales workers
Pekerja mahir pertanian dan perikanan 711 640
Skilled agricultural and fishery workers
Pekerja pertukangan dan yang berkaitan 1,192 1,000
Craft and related trades workers
Operator loji dan mesin serta pemasang 1,113 900
Plant and machine-operators and assemblers
Pekerjaan asas 926 800
Elementary occupations Nota/Note:
Occupation is classified according to the Malaysia Standard Clasification of Occupations (MASCO) 1998
23
Pekerjaan dikelaskan mengikut klasifikasi Piawaian Pengelasan Pekerjaan, Malaysia (MASCO) 1998
Jadual A5 (i): Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pekerjaan, Malaysia, 2010
Table A5 (i): Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by occupation, Malaysia, 2010
Pekerjaan
Occupation
Purata
Penengah
Purata
Penengah
Mean Median Mean Median
Jumlah
1,775
1,300
1,881
1,400
TotalPengurus
4,945
4,000
5,213
4,000
ManagersProfesional
3,474
3,115
3,807
3,440
ProfessionalsJuruteknik dan profesional bersekutu
2,327
2,000
2,435
2,200
Technicians and associate professionals
Pekerja sokongan perkeranian
1,645
1,500
1,718
1,500
Clerical support workers
Pekerja perkhidmatan dan jualan
1,254
950
1,299
1,000
Service and sales workers
Pekerja mahir pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan
954
800
1,065
860
Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers
Pekerja kemahiran dan pekerja pertukangan yang berkaitan
1,259
1,000
1,283
1,100
Craft and related trades workers
Operator loji dan mesin serta pemasang
1,115
950
1,216
1,000
Plant and machine-operators and assemblers
Pekerjaan asas
901
800
959
810
Elementary occupations Nota/Note:
Occupation is classified according to the Malaysia Standard Clasification of Occupations (MASCO) 2008
2011
Pekerjaan dikelaskan mengikut klasifikasi Piawaian Pengelasan Pekerjaan, Malaysia (MASCO) 2008
24
2012
(RM)
Jadual A5 (ii): Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pekerjaan, Malaysia, 2011–2012
(RM) Purata Mean Penengah Median Purata Mean Penengah Median Purata Mean Penengah Median Jumlah 1,772 1,265 1,775 1,300 1,881 1,400 Total
Pertanian, perhutanan dan perikanan 871 700 901 750 993 800
Agriculture, forestry and fishing
Perlombongan dan pengkuarian 3,368 2,180 3,340 2,100 3,358 2,200
Mining and quarrying
Pembuatan 1,489 1,000 1,468 1,020 1,647 1,200
Manufacturing
Bekalan elektrik, gas, wap dan pendingin udara 2,862 2,000 2,528 2,100 2,558 2,000
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply
Bekalan air; pembentungan, pengurusan sisa dan aktiviti pemulihan 1,418 1,200 1,689 1,300 1,568 1,300
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities
Pembinaan 1,498 1,170 1,547 1,200 1,608 1,200
Construction
Perdagangan borong dan runcit, pembaikan kenderaan bermotor dan motosikal 1,357 1,000 1,397 1,000 1,427 1,190
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicle and motorcycles
Pengangkutan dan penyimpanan 1,923 1,400 1,828 1,500 1,933 1,500
Transportation and storage
Penginapan dan aktiviti perkhidmatan makanan dan minuman 1,038 800 1,055 840 1,146 900
Real estate activities
Maklumat dan komunikasi 3,246 2,500 3,073 2,500 3,246 2,500
Information and communication
Aktiviti kewangan dan insurans/takaful 2,972 2,400 2,926 2,500 3,128 2,500
Financial and insurance/takaful activities
Aktiviti hartanah 2,759 2,500 3,016 2,300 2,759 2,000
Real estate activities
Aktiviti profesional, saintifik dan teknikal 2,615 1,800 2,617 2,000 2,800 2,000
Professional, scientific and technical activities
Aktiviti pentadbiran dan khidmat sokongan 1,228 848 1,178 800 1,106 840
Administrative and support services activities
Pentadbiran awam dan pertahanan; aktiviti keselamatan sosial wajib 2,374 2,045 2,466 2,140 2,564 2,225
Public administration and defence; compulsory social security
Pendidikan 2,898 2,800 2,895 2,850 3,135 3,060
Education
Aktiviti kesihatan kemanusiaan dan kerja sosial 2,349 1,980 2,330 2,000 2,439 2,086
Human health and social work activities
Kesenian, hiburan dan rekreasi 1,545 1,200 1,429 1,000 1,416 1,000
Arts, entertainment and recreation
Aktiviti perkhidmatan lain 1,319 1,000 1,303 1,000 1,373 1,200
Other service activities
Nota/Note:
Industry is classified according to the Malaysia Standard Industrial Clasification (MSIC) 2008
Industri dikelaskan mengikutPiawaian Klasifikasi Industri Malaysia (MSIC) 2008
2011 2010 25 Industri Industry 2012
Jadual A6: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut industri, Malaysia, 2010–2012
(RM) Pencapaian pendidikan Educational attainment Purata Mean Penengah Median Purata Mean Penengah Median Purata Mean Penengah Median Jumlah 1,772 1,265 1,775 1,300 1,881 1,400 Total
Tiada pendidikan rasmi 739 650 689 600 786 700
No formal education Rendah 907 800 931 800 987 840 Primary Menengah 1,375 1,150 1,399 1,200 1,463 1,200 Secondary Tertiari 3,125 2,521 3,049 2,590 3,185 2,680 Tertiary 2012 Jadual A7: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut pencapaian pendidikan, Malaysia, 2010–2012
Table A7: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by educational attainment, Malaysia, 2010–2012
26
2011 2010
(RM) Purata Mean Penengah Median Purata Mean Penengah Median Purata Mean Penengah Median Jumlah 1,772 1,265 1,775 1,300 1,881 1,400 Total
UPSR/UPSRA atau yang setaraf 982 800 1,047 875 1,058 900
UPSR/UPSRA or equivalent
PMR/SRP/LCE/SRA atau yang setaraf 1,158 950 1,190 990 1,271 1,056
PMR/SRP/LCE/SRA or equivalent
SPM atau yang setaraf 1,488 1,221 1,502 1,250 1,567 1,300
SPM or equivalent
STPM atau yang setaraf 1,908 1,500 1,891 1,565 1,958 1,500
STPM or equivalent Sijil ¹ 1,855 1,500 1,867 1,500 1,889 1,600 Certificate Diploma 2,637 2,335 2,605 2,348 2,698 2,458 Ijazah 4,249 3,480 4,106 3,500 4,230 3,500 Degree Tiada sijil 879 780 857 720 943 800 No certificate Tidak berkenaan 739 650 689 600 786 700 Not applicable 1
Merujuk kepada sijil yang diperoleh dari kolej, politeknik atau institusi-institusi lain yang menawarkan pendidikan rasmi.
2012 Jadual A8: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut sijil tertinggi diperoleh, Malaysia, 2010–2012
Table A8: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by the highest certificate obtained, Malaysia, 2010–2012
27
2010 2011
Sijil tertinggi diperoleh Highest certificate obtained
(RM) Taraf perkahwinan Marital status Purata Mean Penengah Median Purata Mean Penengah Median Purata Mean Penengah Median Jumlah 1,772 1,265 1,775 1,300 1,881 1,400 Total
Tidak pernah berkahwin 1,322 1,000 1,347 1,000 1,416 1,100
Never married Berkahwin 2,037 1,500 2,074 1,522 2,193 1,600 Married Balu/Duda 1,437 900 1,416 840 1,464 1,000 Widowed Bercerai/Berpisah tetap 1,381 900 1,563 1,000 1,469 1,000 Divorced/permanently separated 28
Jadual A9: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut taraf perkahwinan, Malaysia, 2010–2012 Table A9: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by marital status, Malaysia, 2010–2012
(RM) Purata Mean Penengah Median Purata Mean Penengah Median Purata Mean Penengah Median Jumlah 1,772 1,265 1,775 1,300 1,881 1,400 Total Johor 1,669 1,200 1,808 1,350 1,903 1,500 Kedah 1,407 1,000 1,471 1,000 1,440 1,000 Kelantan 1,493 900 1,593 1,000 1,580 1,000 Melaka 1,629 1,200 1,646 1,200 1,769 1,300 Negeri Sembilan 1,712 1,325 1,805 1,310 1,756 1,300 Pahang 1,472 1,185 1,575 1,250 1,613 1,200 Pulau Pinang 1,792 1,350 1,838 1,300 1,906 1,450 Perak 1,475 1,128 1,538 1,096 1,634 1,200 Perlis 1,630 1,170 1,637 1,178 1,588 1,000 Selangor ¹ 2,368 1,800 2,085 1,500 2,283 1,800 Terengganu 1,601 1,080 1,573 1,040 1,702 1,100 Sabah 1,206 750 1,211 750 1,251 800 Sarawak 1,606 950 1,613 1,000 1,629 1,080 W.P. Kuala Lumpur 2,450 1,800 2,379 1,800 2,617 1,900 W.P. Labuan 1,879 1,200 1,736 1,300 1,785 1,328 W.P. Putrajaya - - 2,786 2,240 3,070 2,540 1
Tahun 2010 termasuk W.P. Putrajaya/Year 2010 includes W.P. Putrajaya
29
Jadual A10: Purata dan penengah gaji & upah bulanan mengikut negeri, Malaysia, 2010–2012 Table A10: Mean and median monthly salaries & wages by state, Malaysia, 2010–2012
2012 2011
2010 Negeri
NOTA TEKNIKAL
31
1. Pengenalan 1. Introduction
Konsep dan definisi yang digunapakai dalam Penyiasatan Gaji & Upah adalah
berdasarkan kepada An Integrated
System of Wages Statistics, International Labour Office (ILO).
Statistik mengenai gaji & upah
merupakan maklumat penting pasaran buruh yang dapat digunakan untuk menilai taraf kehidupan dan keadaan kerja. Keperluan terhadap statistik berkaitan gaji & upah dan apa-apa jua bentuk ganjaran ke atas sesuatu kerja yang dilaksanakan semakin mendesak terutamanya bagi kegunaan perancangan ekonomi dan pembangunan sosial, penetapan polisi fiskal, pendapatan, struktur upah, penggunaan buruh dan lain-lain.
The concept and definition of Salaries & Wages Survey are based on An Integrated System of Wages Statistics, International Labour Office (ILO).
Statistics on salaries & wages are important labour market information that can be used to evaluate the standard of living and conditions of work. There is crucial need for statistics relating to salaries & wages particularly for the economic planning and social development, fiscal policy formulation, earnings, wage structure, usage of labour and others.
2. Objektif dan kegunaan statistik upah 2. Objective and usage of wages statistics
2.1 Gaji membawa fungsi yang berbeza dan oleh yang demikian, pengukuran statistik gaji perlu membezakan konsep gaji sebagai kos buruh, pendapatan kepada pekerja dan juga kos kepada majikan. Statistik siri masa kadar upah (wage
rate), pendapatan, pampasan pekerja
dan kos buruh setiap satunya mengukur aspek gaji yang berbeza. Antaranya ialah:
2.1 Salary bears different functions and therefore, the measurement of statistics for salaries need to differentiate the concept of salaries as labour cost, earnings for employees and also cost to employer. Each time series for statistics of wage rate, earnings, compensation of employees and labour cost measure the different aspects of salary, such as:
tahap kehidupan pekerja; employee’s standard of living;
penetapan upah termasuk
perundingan majikan pekerjadan
productivity linked wage system;
wage decision includes collective bargaining and productivity linked wage system;
indikator ekonomi; economic indicator;
trend gaji & upah; salaries & wages trend;
teori empirik data dan upah; data and wage empirical theory;
NOTA TEKNIKAL
32 perancangan, kajian dan analisis ekonomi, sosial dan guna tenaga; dan
planning, research and analysis of economic, social and manpower; and
polisi upah, pendapatan dan harga.
wage, income and price policy.
2.2 Maklumat terperinci mengenai statistik gaji & upah, pemboleh ubah yang perlu dikutip, pendekatan dan kegunaannya adalah seperti di Lampiran 1.
2.2 Detailed information on salaries & wages statistics, variables to be collected, its approach and usage is as in Appendix 1.
2.3 Setelah dikaji kesesuaian maklumat yang
boleh dikutip dengan pendekatan isi rumah, maklumat gaji & upah yang dikutip ialah maklumat kadar upah.
Maklumat kadar upah boleh dipungut
melalui dua pendekatan iaitu:
2.3 Having studied the suitability of the information to be collected using the household approach, wage rate information was selected as the most appropriate variable for data collection purposes. Wage rate data can be collected through two approaches which are:
a. kadar upah sebagai pekerja; atau a. wage rate as a worker; or
b. kadar upah daripada pekerjaan
utama. b. wage rate from principal job.
Memandangkan maklumat kadar upah
yang diperlukan adalah mengikut
pekerjaan, maka adalah sesuai agar
pendekatan kadar upah daripada
pekerjaan utama digunakan.
As the information of wage rate is needed by occupation, it is suitable to use wage rate from principal job approach.
2.4 Maklumat kadar upah dapat digunakan
untuk mengukur perbezaan upah dan juga menilai kaitan gaji & upah dengan mobiliti buruh. Maklumat gaji & upah bagi mengukur kos buruh, pampasan pekerja, pendapatan dan productivity linked wage system lebih sesuai dikutip dengan pendekatan pertubuhan. Ini adalah kerana hanya majikan yang dapat membekalkan maklumat yang lebih lengkap dan tepat bagi pemboleh ubah
kemudahan bukan tunai (bayaran
ditanggung majikan) seperti perumahan, pengangkutan, makanan, perkhidmatan, kesihatan, insurans, percutian dan lain-lain.
2.4 Wage rate information can be used to measure wage differentials and also to analyse the correlation between salaries & wages and labour mobility. Salaries & wages information used to measure labour cost, employee’s compensation, earnings and productivity linked wage system are more suitable to be collected using the establishment approach. This is because, only employers are able to supply complete and accurate information on facilities in kind (payment by employer) such as housing, transportation, food, services, health, insurance, vacation and others.
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3. Liputan 3. Coverage
3.1 Penyiasatan Gaji & Upah yang
merupakan salah satu modul Penyiasatan
Tenaga Buruh meliputi populasi
penyiasatan yang sama di kedua-dua kawasan bandar dan luar bandar bagi semua negeri di Malaysia.
3.1 Salaries & Wages Survey which is a module under the Labour Force Survey covers the same survey population for both urban and rural areas for all the states in Malaysia.
3.2 Definisi populasi penyiasatan meliputi penduduk yang tinggal di tempat kediaman persendirian di Malaysia dan tidak termasuk mereka yang tinggal di tempat kediaman institusi seperti hotel, rumah tumpangan, asrama, hospital, rumah orang tua, berek tentera dan penjara.
3.2 The survey population is defined to cover persons who live in private living quarters in Malaysia and hence exclude persons residing in institutions such as hotels, lodging houses, hostels, hospitals, old folk’s homes, military barracks and prisons.
3.3 Maklumat gaji & upah hanya dipungut bagi responden yang berumur 15 tahun dan lebih yang berstatus guna tenaga pekerja kerajaan atau pekerja swasta dan memenuhi kriteria berikut:
3.3 Salaries & wages data is only collected from respondents aged 15 years and over whom status in employment are either government or private employees and fulfill the following criteria:
pekerja (kerajaan atau swasta) yang bekerja sepenuh masa;
employees (government or private) working full-time;
pekerja yang tidak bekerja dalam bulan rujukan tetapi bergaji dan pasti akan dipanggil bekerja semula;
employees who did not work during the reference month but receiving salaries & wages and will definitely be called for work;
kerja dibuat sekurang-kurangnya 6 jam sehari atau sekurang-kurangnya 20 hari sebulan bagi pekerjaan biasa yang dilakukan secara tetap pada setiap bulan; atau
work done for at least 6 hours a day or at least 20 days a month for usual occupation everymonth; or
pekerja kontrak di sektor kerajaan.
contract workers in the government sector.
3.4 Maklumat gaji & upah tidak dipungut bagi responden berikut:
3.4 Salaries & wages data are not collected for the following respondents:
majikan; employers;
bekerja sendiri; own account workers;
34 pekerja sambilan seperti pelajar
yang bekerja di restoran
makanan segera dan menerima upah mengikut jam bekerja;
temporary workers such as students working in fast food restaurants and receive wages at hourly rate;
seorang perantis yang menerima elaun dalam bulan rujukan;
an apprentice who receives allowances in the reference month;
pekerja (kerajaan atau swasta) yang bercuti tanpa gaji dalam bulan rujukan walaupun ada kerja yang akan dikembalikan;
employees (government or private) on unpaid leave in the reference month even though they have work to return to;
pekerja yang menerima gaji terlalu rendah daripada biasa. Contohnya, disebabkan berhenti kerja dan tamat kontrak;
employees who receive low amount of salaries & wages than usual. For example, due to expiration of contract or quit working;
Pekerja Sambilan Harian (PSH) di sektor kerajaan; dan
Pekerja Sambilan Harian (PSH) in government sector; and
pekerja kasual. casual workers.
3.5 Bagi tujuan analisis, Penyiasatan Gaji & Upah mengambil kira umur bekerja 15 hingga 64 tahun. Ini bersesuaian dengan konsep Penyiasatan Tenaga Buruh yang menggunakan kumpulan umur tersebut dalam mengukur penduduk yang aktif dalam ekonomi.
3.5 For analysis purposes, the Salaries & Wages Survey takes into account the working age group of 15 to 64 years. This is in line with the concept of Labour Force Survey which defines this group as the economically active population.
4. 4.1
Tempoh rujukan
Tempoh rujukan Penyiasatan Gaji & Upah adalah satu bulan sebelum temu ramah atau pungutan data dijalankan. Bagi Penyiasatan Gaji & Upah 2012, terdapat enam tempoh rujukan iaitu:
4.
4.1
Reference period
The reference period for Salaries & Wages Survey is one month prior to interview session or data collection. For 2012 Salaries & Wages Survey, there were six reference periods i.e:
Penyiasatan Gaji & Upah 2012
Salaries & Wages Survey 2012
Tempoh rujukan Bulan penyiasatan
Reference period Survey month
Disember/December 2011 Januari/January 2012
Januari/January 2012 Februari/February 2012
Februari/February 2012 Mac/March 2012
Mac/March 2012 April 2012
April 2012 Mei/May 2012
