PERENCANAAN
PERENCANAAN
dan
dan
PENGAMBILAN
PENGAMBILAN
KEPUTUSAN
KEPUTUSAN
CHAP
CHAP
TER
TER
4
4
MANAJEMEN
Learning Objectives
Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
–
Summarize the function of decision making and the
Summarize the function of decision making and the
planning process.
planning process.
–
Discuss the purpose of organizational goals, and identify
Discuss the purpose of organizational goals, and identify
different kinds of goals. Discuss who sets goals, and
different kinds of goals. Discuss who sets goals, and
describe how to manage multiple goals.
describe how to manage multiple goals.
–
Identify different kinds of organizational plans, note the
Identify different kinds of organizational plans, note the
time frames for planning, discuss who plans, and
time frames for planning, discuss who plans, and
describe contingency planning.
describe contingency planning.
–
Discuss how tactical plans are developed.
Discuss how tactical plans are developed.
–
Describe the basic types of operational plans used by
Describe the basic types of operational plans used by
organizations.
organizations.
–
Identify the major barriers to goal setting and planning,
Identify the major barriers to goal setting and planning,
how organizations overcome those barriers, and how to
how organizations overcome those barriers, and how to
use goals to implement plans.
Chapter Outline
Chapter Outline
Decision Making and the
Decision Making and the
Planning Process
Planning Process
Organizational Goals
Organizational Goals
–
Purposes of Goals
Purposes of Goals
–
Kinds of Goals
Kinds of Goals
–
Responsibilities for Goals
Responsibilities for Goals
–
Managing Multiple Goals
Managing Multiple Goals
Organizational Planning
Organizational Planning
–
Kinds of Organizational
Kinds of Organizational
Planning
Planning
–
Time Frames for Planning
Time Frames for Planning
–
Responsibilities for
Responsibilities for
Planning
Planning
–
Contingency Planning
Contingency Planning
Tactical Planning
Tactical Planning
–
Developing Tactical Plans
Developing Tactical Plans
–
Executing Tactical Plans
Executing Tactical Plans
Operational Planning
Operational Planning
–
Single-Use Plans
Single-Use Plans
–
Standing Plans
Standing Plans
Managing Goal-Setting and
Managing Goal-Setting and
Planning
Planning
Processes
Processes
–
Barriers to Goal Setting
Barriers to Goal Setting
and Planning
and Planning
–
Overcoming the Barriers
Overcoming the Barriers
–
Using Goals to
Using Goals to
Implement Plans
Implement Plans
Decision Making and the
Decision Making and the
Planning Process
Planning Process
The Planning Process
The Planning Process
Strategic goals
Strategic plans
Tactical goals
Operational goals
Operational plans
Misi Organisasi
Konteks Lingkungan
• Maksud/
Tujuan
• Dsr Pkiran• Nilai • Arahan
Tactical plans
Organizational Goals
Organizational Goals
Maksud dari Tujuan Organisasi
Maksud dari Tujuan Organisasi
–
Tujuan, memberi petunjuk dan kesatuan
Tujuan, memberi petunjuk dan kesatuan
arah bagi orang-orang dlm organisasi
arah bagi orang-orang dlm organisasi
–
Memberikan pengaruh yang kuat thdp
Memberikan pengaruh yang kuat thdp
kualitas dari aspek perencanaan
kualitas dari aspek perencanaan
–
Sumber motivasi bagi karyawan dlm
Sumber motivasi bagi karyawan dlm
organisasi
organisasi
–
Memberikan mekanismeyang efektif utk
Memberikan mekanismeyang efektif utk
evaluasi dan pengendalian
evaluasi dan pengendalian
Jenis Tujuan
Jenis Tujuan
Berdasarkan Tingkatannya
Berdasarkan Tingkatannya
–
Mission statement
Mission statement
:
:
pernyataan ttg maksud/tujuan
pernyataan ttg maksud/tujuan
organisasi yg fundamental
organisasi yg fundamental
–
Strategic goals
Strategic goals
:
:
tujuan yang dirancang oleh dan utk
tujuan yang dirancang oleh dan utk
manajemen puncak ; berkaitan dgn masalah
manajemen puncak ; berkaitan dgn masalah
umum dan luas
umum dan luas
–
Tactical goals
Tactical goals
:
:
dirancang oleh dan utk manajer
dirancang oleh dan utk manajer
menengah ; bgmn mengoperasionalkan strategic
menengah ; bgmn mengoperasionalkan strategic
goals
goals
–
Operational goals
Operational goals
:
:
dirancang oleh dan untuk
dirancang oleh dan untuk
manajer tk bawah ; berhubungan dgn
manajer tk bawah ; berhubungan dgn
operasionalisasi tactical goals bersifat jangka
operasionalisasi tactical goals bersifat jangka
pendek
pendek
Berdasarkan Bidang Tugas
Berdasarkan Bidang Tugas
–
Tujuan utk bidang produksi, pemasaran, SDM
Tujuan utk bidang produksi, pemasaran, SDM
Berdasarkan Waktu
Berdasarkan Waktu
–
Tujuan dirancang berdasarkan jangka panjang,
Tujuan dirancang berdasarkan jangka panjang,
menengah dan jangka pendek
Organizational
Organizational
Goals
Goals
Kinds of Goals for a
Kinds of Goals for a
Regional Fast-Food
Regional Fast-Food
Chain
Chain
8
Accounting manager ï Split accounts receivable/payable functions from other areas within two years
ï Computerize payroll system for each restaurant this year ï Pay all invoices within thirty days Advertising director
ï Develop regional advertising campaigns within one year ï Negotiate 5 percent lower advertising rates next year ï Implement this yearís promotional strategy Restaurant manager
ï Implement employee incentive system within one year ï Decrease waste by 5 percent this year
ï Hire and train new assistant manager
Vice president ñfinance ï Keep corporate debt to no more than 20 percent of liquid assets for next ten years
ï Revise computerized accounting system within five years
ï Earn 9 percent on excess cash this year
President and CEO ï Provide 14 percent return to investors for at least ten years ï Start or purchase new restaurant chain within five years
ï Negotiate new labor contract this year
Mission: Our mission is to operate a chain of restaurants that will prepare and serve high-quality food on a timely basis and at reasonable prices.
Vice president ñmarketing ï Increase per store sales 5 percent per year for ten years
ï Target and attract two new market segments during next five years ï Develop new promotional strategy for next year Vice president ñoperations
ï Open 150 new restaurants during next ten years
ï Decrease food-container costs by 15 percent during next five years ï Decrease average customer wait by thirty seconds this year