Sustainable Livestock Production in the Perspective of Food Security, Policy, Genetic Resources, and Climate Change

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Sustainable Livestock Production in the Perspective of

Food Security, Policy, Genetic Resources, and Climate Change

A

P

Proceedings

Full Papers

Ministry of Agriculture Indonesian Society of Animal Sciences Gadjah Mada University

th

The 16 AAAP Congress

th

The 16

AAAP

Congress

Sustainable Livestock Production in the Perspective of

Food Security

, Policy

, Genetic Resources, and Climate Change

Proceedings

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 Scope of AAAP: AAAP is established to devote for the efficient animal production in the

Asian-Australasian region through national, regional, international cooperation and academic conferences.

 Brief History of AAAP: AAAP was founded in 1980 with 8 charter members representing 8

countries-those are Australia, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines and Thailand. Then, the society representing Taiwan joined AAAP in 1982 followed by Bangladesh in 1987, Papua New Guinea in 1990, India and Vietnam in 1992, Mongolia, Nepal and Pakistan in 1994, Iran in 2002, Sri Lanka and China in 2006 , thereafter currently 19 members.

 Major Activities of AAAP: Biennial AAAP Animal Science Congress, Publications of the

Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences and proceedings of the AAAP congress and symposia and Acknowledgement awards for the contribution of AAAP scientists.

 Organization of AAAP:

∙ President: Recommended by the national society hosting the next biennial AAAP Animal

Science Congress and approved by Council meeting and serve 2 years.

∙ Two Vice Presidents: One represents the present host society and the other represents next

host society of the very next AAAP Animal Science Congress.

∙ Secretary General: All managerial works for AAAP with 6 years term by approval by the

council

∙ Council Members: AAAP president, vice presidents, secretary general and each presidents or

representative of each member society are members of the council. The council decides congress venue and many important agenda of AAAP

 Office of AAAP: Decided by the council to have the permanent office of AAAP in Korea.

Currently # 909 Korea Sci &Tech Center Seoul 135-703, Korea

 Official Journal of AAAP: Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences (Asian-Aust. J.

Anim. Sci. ISSN 1011-2367. http://www.ajas.info) is published monthly with its main office in

Korea

 Current 19 Member Societies of AAAP:

ASAP(Australia), BAHA(Bangladesh), CAASVM(China), IAAP(India), ISAS(Indonesia),

IAAS(Iran), JSAS(Japan), KSAST(Korea), MSAP(Malaysia), MLSBA(Mongolia),

NASA(Nepal), NZSAP(New Zealand), PAHA(Pakistan), PNGSA(Papua New Guinea),

PSAS(Philippines), SLAAP(Sri Lanka), CSAS(Taiwan), AHAT(Thailand), AHAV(Vietnam).



Previous Venues of AAAP Animal Science Congress and AAAP Presidents

I 1980 Malaysia S. Jalaludin II 1982 Philippines V. G. Arganosa III 1985 Korea In Kyu Han IV 1987 New Zealand A. R. Sykes V 1990 Taiwan T. P. Yeh VI 1992 Thailand C. Chantalakhana VII 1994 Indonesia E. Soetirto VIII 1996 Japan T. Morichi IX 2000 Australia J. Ternouth X 2002 India P. N. Bhat XI 2004 Malaysia Z. A. Jelan XII 2006 Korea I. K. Paik XIII 2008 Vietnam N.V. Thien XIV 2010 Taiwan L.C. Hsia

XV 2012 Thailand C.Kittayachaweng XVI 2014 Indonesia Yudi.Guntara.Noor

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A 15 ID Effects of Estrous Synchronization of Bali Cattle Using PGF2α

Indira P N, Ismaya and Kustono

1

A 34 IN Prediction of 305 Days Lactation Milk Yield from Fortnightly Test

Milk Yields in Hill Cattle under Field Conditions

R K Pundir

5

A 42 ID Development of Technology Production of Frozen of Swamp

Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in the Kampar Regency

Yendraliza, C. Arman and J. Handoko

9

A 116 ID Analysis of Reproductive Efficiency in Peranakan Ongole (PO)- and

its Crosses with Limousin (LIMPO) Cattle in East Java, Indonesia

S. Suyadi and H. Nugroho

13

A 135 ID Performance Test and Genetic Potency of Bali Cattle Using Animal

Recording Software

Luqman Hakim and V.M. Ani Nurgiartiningsih

17

A 141 ID Application of Genetic Marker Technology for Predicting Twinning

Trait in Ongole Cattle

Endang Tri Margawati, Indriawati and Muhamad Ridwan

21

A 201 ID Membrane Status, Acrosome and Sperm Quality of Ongole Cross

Bred Bull after Sexing Using Percoll Density-Gradient Centrifugation and Albumin Separation

Trinil Susilawati, Sri Rahayu, Herni Sudarwati, Eko Nugroho, Setiabudi Udrayana and Lieyo Wahyudi

25

A 246 ID Phylogenetic Analysis of Simeulue Buffalo Breed of Indonesian

through Mitochondrial D-loop Region

Eka Meutia Sari, M. Yunus and Mohd. Agus Nashri Abdullah

29

A 339 JP Genetic Polymorphisms and Their Association with Growth and

Carcass Traits in Japanese Black Steers

F.N. Jomane, T. Ishida, K. Morimoto, T. Tokunagaand H. Harada

33

A 413 ID The Effect of Straw Position in Nitrogen Vapour During

Equilibration on Post-Thawing Motility and Membrane Integrity Following Quick Freezing in Maduran Cattle Sperm

H. Ratnani, MN. Ihsan, G. Ciptadi and S. Suyadi

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Sustainable Livestock Production in the Perspective of Food Security, Policy, Genetic Resources and Climate Change

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Code Title Page

A 951 ID Supplementation of Gonadotrophin in Culture Media in Vitro on

Matured of Goat Oocyte

Sri Wahjuningsih and Nurul Isnaini

132

A 1052 TW Heritability of Cytometric Measurements for Boar Sperm

C. C. Chang, H. L. Chang, T. Y. Kuo and M. C. Wu

135

A 1114 ID Comparison of Two Different Method for Sperm Concentration

Measurement of Ram and Buck Semen

R Iis Arifiantini, Ririn Riyanti and WM Nalley

138

A 1124 ID Determained Types of Intra Celullar Cryoprotectant (Cp) of Ultra

Rapid Method Freezing Method on Survival of Goat Embryo

Agung Budiyanto

142

Poultry

A 5 IR Likelihood Method Estimation of Genetic Parameters of Fars Native

Chicken

Beigi Nassiri M.T, Jafari F, Fayazi, J and Longhair M. A

146

A 96 ID Contribution of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2 Gene

on Growth Rate and Parameter Genetic of Kampung Chicken in Indonesia

Sri-Sudaryati, J.H.P. Sidadolog, Wihandoyo and W.T. Artama

150

A 119 TW Study on Genetic Diversity in Germplasm-Preserved White Tsaiya

Ducks by Microsatellite Markers

Y. Y. Chang, J. F. Huang, L. Y. Wei, M. C. Hsiao and H. C. Liu

154

A 182 ID KUB Chicken: “The First Indonesian Kampung Chicken Selected

for Egg Production”

Sofjan Iskandar and Tike Sartika

157

A 425 ID Polymorphisms of Growth Hormone (GH|MspI) Gene in Indonesia

Local Chicken and the Crossbred Using PCR-RFLP

Ria Putri Rahmadani, Cece Sumantri and Sri Darwati

161

A 441 ID The Effect of Centrifugation Time on the Quality of Domestic

Chicken Spermatozoa Maintained at 5°C

Yosephine Laura, Tri Yuwanta and Ismaya

165

A 675 ID Indigenous Chicken Breeds in Indonesia: Extinction Risk Status,

Driving Factors and Implications for Conservation

Indrawati Y. Asmara, Romy Greiner and Adam G. Drucker

169

A 676 KR Genome-wide QTL analysis of Economically Important Traits in

Korean Native Chicken

Dong-Won Seo, Hee-Bok Park, Shil Jin, Nu-Ri Choi, Muhammad Cahyadi, Chae-Kyoung Yoo, Jae-Bong Lee, Hyun-Tae Lim, Kang-Nyeong Heo, Cheorun Jo and Jun-Heon Lee

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E 265 ID Factors Affecting the Fattening Efficiency of Cull Bali Cows

Offered Local Complete Feeds

I G.N. Jelantik, G. E.M. Malelak, M. R. Deno-Ratu and C. Leo-Penu

870

E 411 ID Correlation Carcass Weight and Carcass Length with Fleshing Index

in Bali, Ongole Cross and Australian Commercial Cross Cattle

Undang Santosa, Irlandia Ginanjar and Maria Yosita

874

E 508 ID Identification of Feeding, Physiology States and Hematology of

Deliver Twin Calves Bali Cows

AS Dradjat, TS Panjaitan LA Zainuri and Sasongko

877

E 686 TH Performance and Carcass Traits of Beef Steers Fed Crude Glycerin

in the Diet

P. Chanjula, S. Yimmongkol, T. Raungprim, S. Poonko, S. Majarune, and W. Maitreejet

881

E 705 ID Life Cycle Assessment of Local and Crossbred Cattle Production

Systems in Central Java, Indonesia

T.S.M.Widi, H.M.J. Udo, K. Oldenbroek, I.G.S.Budisatria, T. Viets and A.J. van der Zijpp

885

E 737 TH Comparative Study on Conjugated Linoleic Acid in Meat from Thai

Native Beef and Swamp Buffalo

Suthipong Uriyapongsan and Danupastra Chanapia

890

E 748 TH Study on Fatty Acid Profiles and Fatty Acid Concentration in Meat

from Thai-native cattle, Brahman-Native and Holstein-Friesian

Suthipong Uriyapongson and Doungkamol Kusanteay

893

E 768 ID The Effect of Organic Selenium Supplemented Duration on the

Production Performance of Brahman Cross

Endang Yuni Setyowati, Undang Santosa, Denny Widaya Lukman and U. Hidayat Tanuwiria

896

E 787 ID Performance Ongole Grade and Simmental Ongole Crossbred Cow

at Village Breeding Center and Non Village Breeding Center at Special Region Yogyakarta

E. Baliarti, F. Ariyanti, Ismaya, N Ngadiyono,I Gede S Budisatria and Panjono

900

E 829 ID Morphometric Analysis of Bali Cattle in Jambi Province

Eko Wiyanto, Gushairiyanto dan Iskandar

904

E 912 TH Effect of Krabok Oil Supplementation on Feed Intake and Growth

Performance of Beef Cattle

C. Yuangklang, K. Vasupen, S. Bureenok, S. Wongsuthavas and B. Saenmahayak

908

E 998 ID Carcass Characteristics of Bali and Ongole Crossbreed Cattle Fed

With Sorghum Base

E.L. Aditia, R. Priyanto, M. Baihaqi, B.W. Putra and M. Ismail

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F 229 VN Impacts of Socio-Cultural Factors on Beef Cattle Value Chain: a Case Study of Producers in the Northwest Region of Vietnam

Duong Nam Ha, Pham Van Hung, Nguyen Thi Thu Huyen, Laurie Bonney and Stephen Ives

1000

F 323 VN Policies and Institutions Governing the Beef Cattle Value Chain in the North-West Highlands of Vietnam

G. Duteurtre, Hoang Xuan Truong, Dang Thi Hai, L. Bonney and S. Ives

1005

F 433 ID Implementation of NLIS on Supply Chain Imported Cattle in West

Java Indonesia

Tawaf Rochadi and Rachmat Setiadi

1009

F 511 ID The Effect of Country of Design and Country of Manufacturing on

Perceived PRODUCT Quality: Empirical Study on UHT Milk Product

Suci Paramitasari Syahlani, Rindang Matoati, Mujtahidah Anggriani Ummul Muzayyanah, Sudi Nurtini, Rini Widiati, and Tri Anggraeni Kusumastuti

1012

F 530 ID Techno-Economics Analysis of Complete Feed from Sugar Cane

Waste Product for Onggole Beef Cattle

Adrizal, Fauzia Agustin and Welpriadi

1016

F 564 LK Influence of Socio Economics Status on Milk Production at Small-Scale Dairy Farmer’s Level

Senanayake S. R. L. I. B. , De Silva P.H.G.J. and Thakshala Seresinhe

1019

F 926 ID Characteristics of End Users in the Beef Supply Chain in East Java,

Indonesia

Atien Priyanti, D. Andrayani, I. G.A. P. Mahendri, and R. A. Cramb

1023

F 1135 LA Trans-Boundary Cattle and Beef Trade Flows in the Mekong Region: Implications on Sustainable Livestock Production for Smallholders in Vietnam and Laos

Luong Pham and Aloun Phonvisay

1027

H 95 LK Achieving Practice Change and Adoption in Small Holder Dairy Farms in Sri Lanka

D. E. Burrell

1033

H 287 ID Institutions Hindering the Sustainable Adoption of Supplementation Technology for Bali Cattle Calves in West Timor, Indonesia

J.A. Jermias, C.L.O. Leo Penu, I.G.N. Jelantik, and A.C. Tabun

1037

H 351 ID Risk Perception Analysis of Dairy Farmers in the Southern Slope of Merapi Volcano Post Eruption 2010

S. Andarwati, R. Rijanta, R. Widiati and Y. Opatpatanakit

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K 727 ID Agronomic Performance of Leucaena leucocephala cv. Tarramba in

Tropical Environment of Sumbawa

Tanda Panjaitan, Muhammad Fauzan, Dahlanuddin, Michael Halliday, and Max Shelton

1365

K 745 ID Productivity and Species Diversity of Domestic Forage Based on

Altitude in Malang Regency, East Java

Iwan Prihantoro, Fransiska Rahmadani, Agustinus Tri Aryanto and M. Agus Setiana

1369

K 885 ID Effects of Land Type on Vegetative Character (Germination, Leaves,

Stems) and Rooting (Heavy, Long, Nodule) of Peanut (Arachis

hypogaea)

Bambang Suwignyo, S. Al - Kautsar and Bambang Suhartanto

1373

K 941 ID The Effect of Legumes Mulch as Fertilizer on Growth Characteristics

and Production of Rumput Benggala (Panicum maximum)

Lizah Khairani and Iin Susilawati

1377

POSTER PRESENTATION

Genetic and Reproduction

Large Ruminant

A 63 BT Effect of Traditional Inter-Species Crossing (Bos indicus x Bos

frontalis) on Cattle Productivity in Bhutan

Nar B Tamang, Tashi Samdup and John Perkins

1383

A 107 KR Molecular Genetic Evaluation of Korean Native Cattle Breeds

Using Microsatellite Markers

Sangwon Suh, Mi-Jeong Byun, Chang-Yeon Cho, Seong-Bok Choi, Young-Sin Kim, Yeoung-Gyu Ko and Jae-Hwan Kim

1387

A 163 ID Reproductive Performance of Brahman Cows Kept in Individual or

Group Pens in East Java, Indonesia

D. Ratnawati, L. Affandhy, D.A. Indrakusuma, D.E. Mayberry and D.P. Poppi

1390

A 167 LK Genetic Parameters and the Effect of Production and Type Traits on

Productive Life of Korean Holsteins at First Lactation

Nidarshani Wasana, Gwang Hyun Cho, Su Bong Park, Si Dong Kim, Jae Gwan Choi, Byung Ho Park and Chang Hee Do

1394

A 171 KR An Analysis of Monthly Measured Acetone and β Hydroxybutyrate

Acid in Milk of Holstein Cows

Yang Shin Chul, Gwang Hyun Cho, Chan Hyuk Park, Hyung Jun Song and Chang Hee Do

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Proceedings of the 16th _{AAAP Animal Science Congress Vol. II}

10-14 November 2014, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

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A 555 ID Genetic and Phenotypic Parameters for Milk Production of

Priangan Sheep

Bess Tiesnamurti

1531

A 822 TH Efficacy of Estrus Synchronization Methods with Fixed-Time

Artificial Insemination in Admixture Breed Goat

Jitthasak Maungkhiow, Chanyut Kaphol, and Thunchira Thepparat

1535

A 932 ID Effect of Time after Mating on the Recovery and Motility of

Spermatozoa from the Female Reproductive Tract of Ewes

Ismaya and Phillip Summers

1538

A 962 ID Quantitative and Qualitative Characteristics of Kosta Goat

Endang Romjali, Hasanatun Hasinah, Eko Handiwirawan, Bess Tiesnamurti, and Ismeth Inounu

1541

A 971 ID Study Identifcation of GDF9 Gene and Its Relationship with the

Prolific Traits on Four Breeds of Indonesian Local Goats

Aron Batubara, R.R. Noor, A. Farajallah and B. Tiessnamurti

1544

A 992 ID Productivity Indices of Composite Breed of Sheep and Their

Contemporary

Subandriyo, Bambang Setiadi, Eko Handiwirawan, and Ismeth Inounu

1548

A 1091 TW Effect of Vitamin E on the Reproductive Performance of Nubian Goats and Barbado Sheep Ewes

Y. W. Chen and L. C. Hsia

1552

A 1092 TW Seasonal Variation of Semen Quality in Nubian Goats and Barbado Sheep

Y. W. Chen and L. C. Hsia

1555

A 1099 TH Estimates of Genetic Parameters for Kleiber Ratio from Birth to Weaning in Thai Native Goats

Sansak Nakavisut and Mongkol Thepparat

1558

Poultry

A 91 ID Identification of Avian Influenza Resistance Using 3 Primers Mx

Gene at Merawang Chicken from South Sumatera Island, Indonesia

Tike Sartika

1562

A 100 TW Impact of Environmental Factors on Eggs at Late Stage of

Incubation in the Shipping Container

C. H. Cheng, C. H. Su, J. H. Lin, and J. F. Huang

1566

A 102 TW Study on Muscovy Semen Stored in Different Temperature

L. Y. Wei, H. C. Liu, Y. C. Chen, Y. Y. Chang, Y. A. Lin, and J. F. Huang

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A 299 ID Grouping of Alabio, Mojosari and Crossbred of Peking X White

Mojosari (PMp) Ducks Based on Their Growth

T. Susanti and L.H. Prasetyo

1572

A 445 TH Genetic Evaluation for Reproductive Performance in Thai Native

Cocks (Pradu Hang Dam and Chee)

W. Boonkum, M. Duangjinda, B. Laopaiboon,and T. Wongpralub

1577

A 642 JP Genetic Diversity and Differentiation within Breeds of Native

Japanese Chickens Based on Microsatellite DNA Analysis

T. Oka and M. Tsudzuki

1580

A 750 TH Comparative Study on Live Weight and Growth Performance of

Thai Synthetic Chickens

T. Buasook, S. Siripanya, B. Laopaiboon, M. Daungjinda and S. Kunhareang

1584

A 1007 IT A Logistic Model to Describe the Growth of a Nondescript Chicken

Breed From Apulia, Italy

Maria Selvaggi, Vincenzo Tufarelli, Francesco Pinto, Federica Ioanna, and Cataldo Dario

1588

A 1078 ID The Effects of Diluents and Cryoprotectants on Sperm Motility of

Native Chicken Frozen Semen

W. Asmarawati, Kustono, D. T. Widayati, S. Bintara and Ismaya

1592

Others

A 185 KR The Effect of Ultrasound Live Body Composition and Structure

Traits on Carcass Traits in Crossbred Pigs of Korea

ChangheeDo, Chanhyuk Park, Nidarshani Wasana, Jaegwan Choi,Su Bong Park, Sidong Kim, Gyuho Cho, Incheol Kim and Donghee Lee

1596

A 222 KR Selection Response of Production Traits in the Closed Herd in

Swine

ChangHee Do, JaeGwan Choi, YoungGuk Joo, ChanHyuk Park, Nidarshani Wasana, HyungJun Song, SeokHyun Lee, HyeongSeop Kim

1600

A 375 KR Production of Alpha1,3-Galactosyltransferase Null Pig Expressing

Membrane Cofactor Protein

Keon Bong Oh, Seongsoo Hwang, Jeong-Woong Lee, Sun-A Ock, Dae-Jin Kwon and Seok Ki Im

1604

A 656 JP Genome-Wide Association Study of Disease Caused by

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in Duroc

Tomoshi Yoneno, Shimazu Tomoyuki, Liushiqi Borjigin, Yuki Katayama, Ryosuke Otsu, Hayato Saito, Hiroshi Kunii, Toshimi Matsumoto, Tadahiko Okumura, Hirohide Uenishi, and Keichi Suzuki

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B 192 TH Effect of Soybean Oil Supplementation on Conjugated Linoleic

Acid Contents and Milk Quality in Dairy Goat

Sasipron Cholumyai, Chaianan Racho and Udorn Srisaeng

1881

B 332 ID Usage of Sago Waste as Component of Complete Feed for Growing

Boerka Goats

Kiston Simanihuruk, Antonius and Juniar Sirait

1885

B 402 ID Effect of Different Protein and Energy Levels in Concentrate Diets

on Anglo-Nubian Young Goat Performance

Supriyati, L. Praharani, IGM Budiarsana and I-K. Sutama

1890

B 474 TH Effects of Supplementing Dietary Neem Foliage on Protozoan

Population in the Rumen and Faecal Nematode Egg Excretion in Meat Goats

S. Srisaikham, P. Paengkoum and W. Suksombat

1894

B 532 ID Nutrition Status of Female Bligon Goat Fed Diets Containing

Undegraded Protein Supplement

Ahmad Iskandar Setiyawan, Kustantinah, Subur Priyono Sasmito Budhi, Zuprizal and Nanung Danar Dono

1898

B 743 ID Application of Total Mixture Forages Silage on Sheep Farming:

Bean Sprouts Addition and Controlled Internal Drug Release Vaginal Insertion on Sheep Reproduction

Zaenal Bachruddin, Dodo Ramadhan, Yusuf Candra Kurnia, Edi Suryanto, Ismaya and Lies Mira Yusiati

1902

B 800 TH Effect of Sunflower Oil and Nitrate on Rumen Nutrient

Digestibility in Meat Goats Fed Low Quality Roughage Using Gas Production Technique

Jiravan Khotsakdee, Chalermpon Yuangklang, Thansamay

Vorlaphim, Bhutharit Vittayaphattananurak Raksasiri and Pramote Paengkoum

1906

B 845 DZ Clay in the Feeding of Ewes: Effect on the Quality of Milk and

Blood Parameters

Meredef Aissa, Ouachem Derradji, Soltane Mahmoud and Dehimi Mohamed Laziz

1910

B 881 MY Effect of Different Levels of L. leucocephala and M. esculenta

Leaves on Urinary Purine Derivatives of Goats

Liyana, A. H., Alimon, A. R. and Samsudin, A. A.

1914

B 915 IR Fermentation Characteristics and Aerobic Stability of Triticale

Silage Treated with Formic Acid or a Mixture of Formic and Propionic Acids

A. R.Vakili, M. Danesh Mesgaran and A. Hodjatpanah-Montazeri

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The Effect of Centrifugation Time on the Quality of Domestic Chicken

Spermatozoa Maintained at 5°C

Yosephine Laura, Tri Yuwanta and Ismaya

Faculty of Animal Science, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Corresponding email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of centrifugation time on the quality of sperm diluted in diluter containing physiological sodium chloride and 20% yolk maintained in 5ºC. Sperm was collected from 5 Pelung cocks aged of one year old. The quality of fresh semen was checked. Sperm was centrifugated as well as control (P0), centrifugated 15 (P1), 20 (P2), and 25 (P3) minutes. All sperm treatments were diluted (physiological sodium chloride added by 20% egg yolk) and maintained at 5º C. The quality of sperm such as pH, motility, viability, and abnormality were checked on storage after 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 hours. All of control and treatments combination were replicated for five replications. The data were analyzed using split-plot design with SPSS 17 for windows. The results showed that time of centrifugation had no effect on sperm quality but the time of storage had a significant effect (P≤0.01) on sperm quality. Time of centrifugation was significantly different (P≤0.05) at 3 hours storaged motility. The averages of pH in each treatment (P0, P1, P2, and P3) were 6.31±0.33; 6.20±0.35; 6.18±0.35; and 6.20±0.35, respectively. The averages of motility in each treatment were 60±14.7%; 65.8±17.1%; 65±20.7%; and 67.2±19.7%, respectively. The averages of viability in each treatment were 54.5±22.3%; 64.1±21.6%; 58.6±22.8%; and 57.4±21.0%, respectively. The averages of abnormality in each treatment were 32.9±18.4%; 36.3±17.6%; 37.4±19.1%; and 36.4±15.3%, respectively. Motility in each treatment (P0, P1, P2, and P3) 3 hours storaged were 69.00±8.94%; 79.00±6.51%; 78.00±4.47%; and 82.00±5.70%, respectively. It can be concluded that centrifugation unable to maintain the sperm quality. The sperm quality decreased gradually during storage.

Key Words: Domestic chicken, Centrifugation, Storage, Sperm

INTRODUCTION

One of the characteristics of poultry semen is low semen volume with a very high concentration of spermatozoa. It was shown that a little seminal plasma components must supply nutrients to meet the metabolic needs of spermatozoa. Competition between spermatozoa in the use of nutrient sources in seminal plasma can cause deposits metabolic waste and disrupt of other spermatozoa metabolism. Consequently, spermatozoa poisoned by metabolic waste and nutrient deficiencies cause abnormalities even death. Seminal plasma is an important component, but its existence is very limited and deposits of metabolic waste need to be addressed. Centrifugation is a method used to separate the seminal plasma and spermatozoa. Centrifugation causes spermatozoa to settle in the base layer while in the top is seminal plasma. Centrifugation is a mechanical treatment that can cause membrane damage in spermatozoa. The longer the time of centrifugation will cause friction for longer and higher damage. Further examination of the length of time of centrifugation is necessary to be able perfectly separate the seminal plasma and spermatozoa while maintaining spermatozoa quality.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The experiment was carried out in the Laboratoroium of Physiologi and Reproduction Animal. Faculty of Animal Science, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta.

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Birds and Semen collection

Five roosters (twelve months old) of domestic chicken were used as the semen donors were kept in individual cages. Roosters were provided with commercial feed for reproductive chicken and water ad libitum. Semen was collected and pooled twice a week by the dorso-abdominal massage method.

Centrifugation method and preparation of diluent

Medium used for centrifugation was physiological saline diluted 1:9. Treatments were divided into four tubes. The first tube was control tube without washing (P0), the second tube by centrifugation for 15 min (P1), a third tube by centrifugation for 20 min (P2), and the fourth tube by centrifugation for 25 min (P3). Centrifugation was at 1500 rpm with centrifugation machine MLW T52.1. Seminal plasma was removed with micropipette and the diluents were added. Control tube contained 1:9 sperm and diluent. The diluent was made from 80% physiological saline solution was added with antibiotic gentamicin 5μg/ml and 20% egg yolk of laying hens.

Sperm examination

Quality of fresh semen was checked including macroscopic observation of the volume, color, pH, and consistency; then microscopic observations include concentration, motility, viability, and abnormalities. Assessment of sperm quality after treatment were pH, motility, viability, and abnormality during storage at 5° C in 0, 3, 6, 9, and 24 h observations. All microscopic assessments were checked visually with Nikon 120 Microscope.

Statistical analysis

All data were counted from 5 replications. The effect of centrifugation time and preservation was analyzed with Split-plot design and Duncan’s multiple range tests (SPSS for windows 17).

RESULTS

Quality of sperm after centrifugation and preservation

Table 1. Characteristics of sperm pH after centrifugation and observation in preservation 0, 3, 6, 9, and 24 hours at 5ºC

Treatment Observation (h)

0 3 6 9 24 Mean±SD

P0 6.44±0.39 6.32±0.37 6.30±0.34 6.26±0.33 6.24±0.32 6.31±0.33

P1 6.38±0.38 6.24±0.39 6.16±0.34 6.12±0.40 6.10±0.34 6.20±0.35

P2 6.30±0.41 6.22±0.44 6.18±0.37 6.10±0.30 6.10±0.33 6.18±0.35

P3 6.34±0.37 6.28±0.39 6.20±0.34 6.12±0.29 6.08±0.34 6.20±0.35

Table 2. Characteristics of sperm motility after centrifugation and observation in preservation 0, 3, 6, 9, and 24 hours at 5ºC

0 3 6 9 24 Mean±SDns

P0 73±9.74r 69±8.94aqr 62±4.47qr 58±4.47q 38±13.03p 60±14.79

P1 79±8.21r 79±6.51br 70±10.00qr 61±11.40q 32±15.24p 66±17.18

P2 83±2.73r 78±4.47bqr 68±12.54qr 63±13.96q 33±16.80p 65±20.71

P3 84±4.18r 82±5.70br 68±16.43qr 62±15.24q 41±17.66p 67±19.79

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Table 3. Characteristics of sperm viability after centrifugation and observation in preservation 0, 3, 6, 9, and 24 hours at 5ºC

P0 80.7±11.73r 61.7±20.79qr 55.3±14.53pqr 43.5±16.14pq 31.3±14.12p 54.5±22.32

P1 81.8±6.08q 68.6±7.22q 71.8±10.35q 70.1±12.54q 28.5±18.41p 64.1±21.65

P2 76.1±10.52q 70.1±5.27q 63.3±13.53q 60.8±23.14q 22.8±10.22p 58.6±22.89

P3 75.8±12.72q 71.1±7.62q 65.3±12.99q 44.7±14.45p 28.6±8.89p 57.4±21.09

Table 4. Characteristics of sperm abnormality after centrifugation and observation in preservation 0, 3, 6, 9, and 24 hours at 5ºC

Treatment

Observation (h)

P0 19.7±3.21p 25.8±6.39p 22.8±5.74p 30.8±7.68p 64.8±14.79q 32.8±18.47

P1 16.3±4.41p 33.3±10.25pq 31.4±9.75pq 38.2±8.17q 62.6±13.33r 36.4±17.67

P2 24.1±11.11p 31.3±12.26p 30.3±16.00p 35.3±11.38p 66.4±12.52q 37.5±19.16

P3 26.2±8.70p 25.5±4.79p 29.5±7.49p 39.4±4.77p 61.5±9.83q 36.4±15.33

Values within each row with different superscripts differ significantly (p,q,r P≤0.05)

Values within each column with different superscripts differ significantly (a,b P≤0.01)

ns (non-significant)

DISCUSSION

The results showed that sperm centrifugation did not affect the pH of sperm. Centrifugation treatment can not maintain the pH of the sperm. The results differ from Tri-Yuwanta et al. (1998), that the centrifuge sperm cells will slow down decrease in pH value because metabolic processes of sperm cells that produce lactic acid can be suppressed. The decrease in pH affect sperm survival especially during storage. PH values higher or lower than normal sperm causes death sperm (Sujoko et al., 2009). There was a decrease of pH during storage of 24 h. The lowest pH showed in P2 resulted by the production of lactic acid. The results supported by the opinion of Christensen (1995), the low pH of the solution becomes less active sperm, thus reduced by the production of lactic acid. Chicken spermatozoa will produce carbon dioxide and lactic acid that make the lower pH during storage (Thurston, 1995).

Centrifugation was not significantly affect the sperm motility. Centrifugation treatment

significantly (P ≤ 0.05) affect motility during storage at 3 hours. Treatment of sperm with

longer centrifugation time of 25 minutes (P3) tend to produce the most good motility after dilution 3 hours. Centrifugation of sperm could be expected to reduce or even eliminate toxic substances from the seminal plasma and contaminate the remaining sperm cells themselves (Tri-Yuwanta et al., 1998). Components such as spermiophage in the seminal plasma or spermatozoa components as active seminal proteases or fat peroxide can harm sperm during storage (Donoghue and Wishart, 2000). Centrifugation 15 min (P2) and 20 min (P3) can separate the seminal plasma. Storage 24 hours caused a decrease in motility. Storage for 24 hours resulted in the lowest. Accumulation of metabolic waste caused lower motility Christensen (1995) sperm produces metabolic waste that can lower the pH make spermatozoa become inactive and decrease the motility.

Longer centrifugation did not significantly affect viability. Centrifugation increased the viability but longer can reduce viability. It is supported by Tri-Yuwanta (1998), that the centrifuging sperm is capable of removing toxic substances; whereas seminal plasma were toxic when used in the storage. Control treatment had the lowest viability during storage, it can be affected by toxic substances in seminal plasma that are so toxic to spermatozoa during storage. Centrifugation for 15 minutes tend to be the most excellent in maintaining sperm

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viability. Sujoko et al. (2009), stated that spermatozoa viability can be maintained only at the speed at 400g (1500 rpm) for 15 minutes; prolonged centrifugation can cause friction between spermatozoa with centrifuge tube wall, and medium. It damages to sperm membrane and decrease viability of spermatozoa.

The results showed that the centrifugation treatment did not affect sperm abnormalities during storage. Centrifugation treatment tends to increase the abnormalities. This is in accordance with the opinion of Sujoko et al. (2009), that centrifugation can decrease sperm binding and sperm membrane lipids due to high frictional forces that disrupted sperm membrane permeability. Sperm covered with a membrane called plasmolema (Hafez. 1987). Plasmolema is the outermost membrane of cells composed of lipoproteins, was selectively permeable, and serves as a transport between cells (Isdarmadi, 2008). The role of the sperm cell membrane is very important, if the cell membrane is damaged then the transport between cells is disrupted and eventually spermatozoa metabolism is also disturbed. Causes impaired metabolism abnormalities in sperm shape.

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that centrifugation unable to maintain the sperm quality. The sperm quality decreased gradually during storage.

REFERENCES

Christensen, L. V. 1995. Diluents, Dilution, and Storage Poultry Semen for Six Hours. In: Proceedings First International Symposium on the Artificial Insemination of Poultry (editors M.R. Bakst and G. J Wishart) Poultry science Association, Inc. printed in the United States of America.

Donoghue, A.M., G.J. Wishart. 2000. Storage of Poultry Semen. Animal Reproduction Science 62. Elsevier. United Kingdom.

Hafez, E. S. E. 1987. Reproduction in Farm Animals. Lea and Febiger. Philadelphia.

Isdarmadi. 2009. Anatomy, Physiology, and Reproductive Cells. Taken from:

http://www.isdarmady.blogspot.com. Accession date 12 April 2011.

Iskandar, S.; A.R. Setioko; S. Sopiyana; T. Sartika; Y. Saepudin; E. Wahyu; R. Hernawati dan E. Mardiah. 2005. In situ Conservation of Domestic Chicken (ayam pelung, sentul, dan kedu). Report of Research Activity Ciawi. Bogor.

Ismaya; Kustono; S. Bintara; dan D. T., Widayati. 2008. Reproductive Animal Technology. Faculty of Animal Husbandry. Gadjah Mada University. Yogyakarta.

Sujoko, H; M. Agus Setiadi; A. Boediono. 2009. Sheep Sperm Selection by Percoll Density Gradient Centrifugation Method. J. Veteriner 10:125-132.

Thurston, R. J. 1995. Storage of poultry semen above freezing for twenty-four to four-eight hours. Pages 107-122 in: Proceedings First International Symposium of the Artificial Insemination of Poultry. M. R. Bakst and G. J. Wishart, ed. Poultry Science Assosiation, Savoy, IL.

Tri-Yuwanta. 1998. Effect of Washing Sperm Cells and Sperm Storage on Fertility of Native Chicken . Buletin Peternakan 22:64-72.

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