LEXICAL BUNDLES ACROSS TWO TYPES OF ENGLISH NEWS
PAPERS EDITED BY NATIVE AND NON NATIVE SPEAKERS
A THESIS
Submitted to English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of Requirement for the Degree of Magister Humaniora
By:
DAHLIA SIRAIT Register Number: 8126111003
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTIC STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
LEXICAL BUNDLES ACROSS TWO TYPES OF ENGLISH NEWS
PAPERS EDITED BY NATIVE AND NON NATIVE SPEAKERS
A THESIS
Submitted to English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of Requirement for the Degree of Magister Humaniora
By:
DAHLIA SIRAIT Register Number: 8126111003
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTIC STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
iii ABSTRACT
Sirait, Dahlia. Lexical Bundles across Two Types of English Newspapers Edited by Native and Non Native Speakers. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study Program, Postgraduate School, State University of Medan, 2014.
This study investigates lexical bundles across two types of English newspapers edited by native and non native speakers. The objectives of the study are: (1) to find out the types of lexical bundles used in Times and Jakarta Post, (2) to find out the lexical bundles realized in Times and Jakarta Post, and (3) to explain the reasons of the types of lexical bundles as in editorials of Times and Jakarta Post. The method of this study is descriptive qualitative research through documentary technique. The sources of data were taken from four editorials from each of newspaper published on January and February in 2014. The data were analyzed by using interactive technique by Miles and Huberman (1994). This research has drawn the following results. Firstly, there four types of linguistic features of lexical bundles were used in editorials of Times and Jakarta Post, namely dependent clause, verb phrase, prepositional phrase, and noun phrase. Secondly, The realized lexical bundles used in editorials of Times and Jakarta Post, namely: (1) the realized prepositional phrases, (2) the realized verb phrases, (3) the realized noun phrases, and (4) the realized dependent clause . Thirdly, the reasons of lexical bundles used in Times and Jakarta Post, they were: (1) prepositional phrases because to make the research oriented- related to the field of research and coherent the text, (2) verb phrases because to explain that expressing the writer’s judgment, (3) noun phrases because to procedure- research oriented- help writers to structure their activities, and (4) dependent clause because to be text oriented, situating arguments by specifying limiting conditions. Moreover, the lexical bundles in political editorials direct the readers to a scientific writing model which is mostly applied in academic communities. Therefore, it is encouraged to read editorials of Times and Jakarta Post.
iv ABSTRAK
Sirait, Dahlia. Lexical Bundles antara Dua Tipe Surat kabar Berbahasa Inggris yang Diedit oled Pembicara Asing dan Pribumi. Sebuah Tesis. Program Studi Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Universitas Negeri Medan, 2014.
Penelitian ini menyelidiki penggunaan leksikal bundles pada dua tipe surat kabar berbahasa inggris yang diedit oleh pembicara asing dan pribumi. Sasaran penelitian ini adalah (1) untuk menemukan tipe – tipe dari lexical bundles yang ada di Times dan Jakarta Post, (2) untuk menemukan bagaimana leksikal bundles diwujudkan di Times dan Jakarta Post, dan (3) menjelaskan mengapa tipe-tipe leksikal bundles digunakan seperti yang ada di Times dan Jakarta Post. metode penelitian ini yang digunakan adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif melalui dokumentari teknik. Sumber data yang diambil dari empat editorial setiap suratkabar yang diterbitkan di bulan Januari sampai dengan Februari pada tahun 2014. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik interaktif oleh Miles dan Huberman (1994). Hasil penelitian ini digambarkan sebagai berikut. Pertama, disana ada empat tipe jenis lexical bundles yang digunakan di editorial di Times dan Jakarta Post, yaitu: dependent clause, verb phrase, prepositional phrase, dan noun phrase. Kedua, perealisasian lexical bundles yang digunakan di dalam tiap-tiap jenis linguistik features yang ada di editorial Times dan Jakarta Post, yaitu: (1) perealisasian prepositional phrase, (2) perealisasian verb phrase, (3) perealisasian noun phrase, dan (4) perealisasian dependent clause. Ketiga, alasan kenapa tipe-tipe lexical bundles digunakan di Times dan Jakarta Post, yaitu: (1)prepositional phrase karena membuat penelitian berorientasi kepada teks dan membuat koheren teks, (2)verb phrase karena menjelaskan ekspresi dari pikiran penulis, (3)noun phrase karena menyusun orientasi penulis dan menolong penulis untuk menyusun kegiatannya, dan (4)dependent clause karena teks berorientasi kepada pembatasan pendapat penulis. Selain itu, leksikal bundles di editorial politik menuntun pembaca pada model pembacaan yang lebih ilmiah yang banyak digunakan di kalangan Akademisi dan dianjurkan untuk membaca editorial di Times dan Jakarta Post.
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to extend writer’s endless gratitude to Allah SWT
who has given me strength to finish this thesis as one of the requirements to
gather the degree of Magister Humaniora.
The writer would like to express her sincere gratitude to Dr. Sri Minda
Murni, M.S her first adviser, for the valuable time spent in giving suggestions,
comments and criticism to qualify the content of this thesis. She also would like to
express her deep and sincere gratitude for Dr.I Wayan Dirgayasa Tangkas,
M.Hum as her second adviser who has spent his time for giving support, advise
and idea to complete this thesis.
She also extends most sincere gratitude to the board examiners Prof.
Amrin Saragih, M.A, Ph.D., Prof. Dr. Sumarsih, M.Pd., and Dr. Siti Aisyah
Ginting, M.Pd. for their constructive comments, suggestions and valuable time for
the improvement of this thesis.
The writer also would like to express her sincere gratitude to the Head of
Applied Linguistics Study Program Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd. and Dr. Sri
Minda Murni, M.S as the secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study Program,
for her assistance regarding the administrative procedures and all lectures who
have taught her valuable knowledge and attitude.
She would like also to extend most sincere gratitude to her beloved parents
Makmur Sirait and Asmawati Br. Saragih for giving support, care, prayers, love
and advice. Their patience, support, care, love, prayers and advice have been spirit
ii
brother Ayu Yulia Ningsih Sirait, AmKeb, Manja Julkipli Sirait, S.Pd and Nanda
Ariska Br. Sirait. A sincere gratitude to her beloved uncle and Aunt Prof. Dr.
Sahat Sarigih, M.Pd and Tumini, AmKep for their supports. And my cousin Vina
Sefriani and Horas Marito Sirait, And thank also to her best friend Lila Novra
Dini Saragih, S.Pd. M.Hum, Shopiah Anggraini Rambe, S.Pd.I., Irma Istiane
Matondang, S.S., Rosi Agustina Naibaho,S.Pd., Siti Rakiyah, S.Pd., Mariana
Natalia Siburian, S.S., and Juliyani Hasibuan, S.Pd and all my friends at LTBI
Reguler XXI, who had given her supports and suggestions for completing this
thesis. Then, a special debt of gratitude is addressed to Yan Redo Saragih, S.P for
his care, supports and prayers for finishing this thesis during her study in
Postgraduate of the State University of Medan.
Finally, the writer is aware of this thesis is far from being perfect.
Therefore, she had been high appreciation for all constructive critics for its
improvement.
Medan, April 2014
Dahlia Sirait
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………i
ABSTRACT………...iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS………...v
LISTS OF TABLE………...viii
LISTS OF APPENDIXES………...ix
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 The background of the Study………...1
1.2 The Problems of the Study……… ...6
1.3 The Objectives of the Study………...6
1.4 The Scope of the Study………..… ...6
1.5 The Significances of the Study………...7
CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Lexical Bundles………...8
2.1.1 Structures of Disciplinary Bundles…………...9
2.1.2 Structural Taxonomy of LB…………...…....11
2.1.3 Function of Lexical Bundles………... ...13
2.2 The Language of Newspapers...16
2.3 The Newspaper...19
2.3.1 The Times...21
2.3.2 The Jakarta Post………....…...23
vi
2.5 Lexical Bundles Delivered by Non Native
Speaker……....…...26
2.6 Relevant Studies………...28
2.7 Conceptual Framework………...30
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD 3.1 Research Design………...32
3.2 Object of Research ……… ………..…...33
3.3 Data and Data Sources………...33
3.4 Technique of Data Collection………...35
3.5 Trustworthiness of the Study ………....35
3.6 Technique of Data Analysis………...37
CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 The Data Analysis………...39
4.1.1 The Types of LB in Editorials of Times and Jakarta Post...40
4.1.1.1The Types of Dependent Clauses in Editorialsof Times and Jakarta Post...40
4.1.1.2 The Types of Verb Phrases in Editorials of Times andJakartaPost...42
4.1.1.3 The Types of Prepositional Phrases in Editorialsof Times and Jakarta Post...44
4.1.1.4 The Types of Prepositional Phrases in Editorialsof Times and Jakarta Post...46
4.1.2 The Ways the LB are realized in Editorials of Times and Jakarta Post………..………...49
4.1.2.1 The Realization of Dependent Clause...52
4.1.2.2 The Realization of Verb Phrases...54
4.1.2.3 The Realization of Prepositional Phrases…...58
vii
4.1.3 The Reasons for certain use of Types of LB
Used in Editorials of Times and Jakarta Post...61
4.2 Findings………....………...64
4.3 Discussion………...66
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion...…...………...71
5.2 Suggestion………...72
REFERENCES………...73
viii
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 2.1 Most common pattern of 4 – word bundles
in academic writing………...10
Table 2.2 Structural Taxonomy of Lexical Bundles…...11
Table 3.1 Lists the Selected Editorial………...34
Table 4.1 The Distribution of Dependent Clause in Editorials of Times
and Jakarta Post………...40
Table 4.2 The Distribution of Verb Phrases in Editorials of Times and
Jakarta Post...42
Table 4.3The Distribution of Prepositional Phrases in Editorials of
Times and Jakarta Post………...44
Table 4.4 The Distribution of Noun Phrases in Editorials of Times and
Jakarta Post………...46
Table 4.5 The Percentage of Linguistic Featuresn of Lexical Bundles in
Editorial of Times and Jakarta Post…………... ...48
Table 4.6 The Distribution are Realized in Editorials of Times and
Jakarta Post………...50
Table 4.7 The Distribution of Reasons Lexical Bundles are Used in
ix
LISTS OF APPENDIXES
Page
Appendixes A Table Analysis of Linguistic Features of
Lexical Bundles in Editorials of Times………...77
Appendixes B Table Analysis of Linguistic Features of
Lexical Bundles in Editorial of Jakarta Post………...140
Appendixes C Table Analysis of Subcategories of Each
Types of Linguistic Features of Lexical Bundles in Times……...194
Appendixes D Table Analysis of Subcategories of Each
Types of Linguistic Features of Lexical Bundles in Jakarta Post…...204
Appendixes E Editorials of Times…...……...214
Appendixes F Editorials of Jakarta Post………...…...221
1
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
Media language can tell us both media and language. Media is a tool of
communication which is important. By using media we will get more information.
For example, the media is newspaper; it is one the media of information that
reader can get the information in daily life. The language plays an important role
in human life. It is said so because language serves many functions. Some of them
are to give information, to deliver messages, to express feeling, to persuade
people to do something or to believe us, to entertain others, and to share one’s
thought. The language of newspapers is quite different from, for instance,
business language or academic language. According to Crystal and David (1969:
173) everything that happens to be printed in a newspaper or written by a
journalist is not going to be linguistically homogenous. It means that the function
of language of newspaper are for information about events and conditions in
society and the world; indicating relations of power; facilitating innovation,
adaptation and progress. And also any correlation for the information to explain
interpreting and commenting on the meaning of events and information,
expressing the dominant culture and recognizing subcultures and new cultural
developments, and also providing amusement, diversion and the means of
relaxation and reducing social tension.
2
Crystal and David (1969) also claim that there is not any reason to expect
such a “homogeneity” since a newspaper is always very eclectic from the stylistic
point of view. We come across a number of “journalists” in the pages of various
daily presses, and as a striking fact, while they are dealing with the same issue
their overall styles are very different.
Everything that is written in a newspaper has to be transmitted through the
medium of language. The transmission of a message through language entails
encoding values into the message. Therefore, what language encompasses is
emotional and cultural loading. The content of this loading, on the other hand, is
determined by the nature of the culture or sub-culture in which the language exists
(Reah, 1998). It means that when the language of newspaper has been transmitted
by medium of information that the message of newspaper is determined by the
nature or culture of language from newspaper inside. Lexical bundles are
recurrent word that repetitively in the academic prose and conversation. In
academic prose, lexical bundles happened in the newspaper language, book, thesis
and dissertation.
In here the language of newspaper is not only send the message that any in
lexical bundles that recurrent word for idiom or collocation that happen in the
newspaper language. They are in three, four and five kinds of lexical bundles in
the newspaper, for example, they are 4 words bundles by the time the, on a bed in,
it is hard to, and the belief that, one of four children and as in many other. It
means that the lexical bundles of newspaper by applying the theory of Biber
(1999) that but not only some parts of analyzing to determine the lexical bundles
3
idiom or collocation that are not only in newspaper but in the book, in the corpus
of freshman writing, academic prose and conversation.
The functions of lexical bundles are in newspapers to fulfill the text to
make coherent a text. If there is no current word to the fixed the word it makes the
text cannot read because they make the clusters, chunks or fixed expression. In
this study, the two types of English newspapers are the Times and the Jakarta
Post. The 4 words of lexical bundles, for example, they are he said it appeared, in
the short term, as well as illegal, in the Banten case, regardless of the fact and as
long as it. According to Biber, et al (1999) lexical bundles defined them as
recurrent expressions that usually occur in natural language use, regardless of
their idiomaticity and their lexical status.
The lexical bundles between the times and the Jakarta post that edited by
native and non native speaker that are taken some of parts of newspapers. Those
lexical bundles which have the incorporate verb phrase fragment that include three
sub categories for it. It is assumed that the lexical bundle of native speaker (the
Times) is more than lexical bundles of non native speaker (the Jakarta Post). All
lexical bundles of two types of newspapers are analyzed on the lexical bundles
that incorporate verb phrase fragments by applying theories of structural
taxonomy of lexical bundles.
Therefore, lexical bundles, a particular and relatively newborn category of
word combinations, are words which follow each other more frequently than
expected by chance, helping to shape text meanings and contributing to our sense
of distinctiveness in a register. Thus the presence of extended collocations like as
4
belonging to an academic register while with regard to, in pursuance of, and in
accordance with are likely to mark out a legal text (Hyland, 2008). It means that
the contributing of lexical bundles of the newborn of category happen in the
different of text to determine the academic of register as a belonging of discourse.
As Hyland (2008) the study of lexical bundles among other word
combinations are a crucial but almost an over looked aspect of genre analysis.
Considering this problem, the present study tries to investigate variations across
mainstream newspaper whose editorial boards are directed by native speakers of
English and Non native speakers. During the last century, the study of word
combinations has attracted many linguists and researchers. What makes
researchers more interested is the use of these building blocks by EFL learners of
English. In a study done by Rafiee, et al (2011) the essays written by Iranian
students and native English speakers were compared and it was concluded that
Iranian students used more recurrent word combinations, compared to their
counterpart, native speakers. Because the lexical bundles of Iranian students more
bundles than native speaker because of their very bundles with their academic
register to conclude the recurrent word to be meaningful in discourse.
Hyland (2008) stated that, who explored forms, functions and structures of
lexical bundles in three disciplinary variations; research articles, doctoral
dissertations and master’s theses. Although there are studies designed to make a
contrastive inter language analysis of lexical bundles used by native and non
native English speakers, there should be more works to be done in this field.
It is also pay attention to Jukneviciene (2009) in her study of “lexical
5
Lithuanian EFL learners vs. English native speakers in three different levels in
terms of the use of lexical bundles. The finding shows that non native learners
"rely on more limited set of lexical phrases" and they often use the same "safe"
bundles more repetitively in their writing. In another study Ping (2009) compared
the functions and structures of lexical bundles in argumentative writing between
Chinese EFL learners and English native speakers. The Chinese learners were
found "to use 4 times as many lexical bundles as the native speakers do". In terms
of functional and structural analysis of lexical bundles, the two groups show
different usage of bundles in their writings. Essentially, these are words which
follow each other more frequently than expected by chance, helping to shape text
meanings and contributing to our sense of distinctiveness in a register. Thus the
presence of extended collocations like as a result of, it should be noted that, I’m
going to, that was one of the, I mean you know, and as can be seen help identify a
text as belonging to a newspaper register while with regard to, in pursuance of,
and in accordance with are likely to mark out a legal text. These bundles are
familiar to writers and readers who regularly participate in a particular discourse,
their very ‘naturalness’ signaling competent participation in a given community.
Based on the explanation previously, it is a theory of Biber et al (2004)
that the lexical bundles of structural taxonomy, the writer tries to analyze that
there are 3,4 and 5 words lexical bundles across two types of English news papers
Times and Jakarta Post. That’s why; this phenomenon is as the main reason to
conduct in this study in order to answer what types of the lexical bundles used in
6
Jakarta Post, and why the types of lexical bundles used in the way they are in
Times and Jakarta Post.
1.2 The Problems of the Study
Based on the background, the problems are formulated as the following:
1. What are the types of lexical bundles used in Times and Jakarta Post?
2. How are the lexical bundles realized in Times and Jakarta Post?
3. Why are the types of lexical bundles used in Times and Jakarta Post?
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
Based on the problems of the study, the objectives of the research are:
1. To find out the types of lexical bundles used in Times and Jakarta Post.
2. To find out the lexical bundles realized in Times and Jakarta Post.
3. To explain the reasons of the types of lexical bundles as in Times and
Jakarta Post.
1.4 The Scope of the Study
This study is conducted to find out the types of lexical bundles used in
Times and Jakarta Post. The researcher is to find out the using of 3, 4, and 5 word
7
bundles in Times and Jakarta Post are generally most common in both newspapers
and also can be considered as a kind of extended collocation association. Thus,
the study limited only in observing 3, 4, and 5 - word of lexical bundles in
editorial of Times and Jakarta Post.
1.5 The Significances of the Study
The findings of this study have two general significances, theoretically and
practically. Theoretically, the results of this study are useful to enrich and develop
the knowledge of Discourse analysis particularly with the lexical bundles edited
by native and non native speaker. And practically, the results of this study are
useful as the guiding information for interviewer and interviewee to obey the
lexical bundles during having the discourse analysis and. And for information and
idea for other researchers is who want to carry out further study on lexical bundles
in edited by native and non native speaker of the other field. And also the
guidance for participants is to increase the sensitivity in practicing an effective
71
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1 Conclusion
With reference to research problems, some conclusions are drawn as the
following.
(1) There are four types of linguistic features of lexical bundles in editorial of
Times and Jakarta Post which consist of (1) Dependent Clauses, (2) Verb
Phrases, (3) Prepositional Phrases and (4) Noun Phrases.
(2) There are 15 subcategories delivered for each of linguistic features of
lexical bundles found in editorials in Times and Jakarta Post, they were (1)
Dependent clause; (a) WH Clause Fragment, (b) (verb/ adjective +)
to-clause fragments, (c) That-to-clause fragments, (d) If-to-clause fragments, (2)
Verb Phrases; (a) (connector) + 3rd person pronoun + VP fragment, (b)
Verb phrase with passive verb, (c) WH question fragments, (d) Discourse
marker + VP fragment, (e) Verb phrase (with non-passive verb), and (f)
(connector)+ 1st/2nd person pronoun + VP fragment, (3) Prepositional
Phrases; (a) Prepositional phrase expressions, (b) Comparative
expressions, (4) Noun Phrases; (a) Noun Phrase with other post modifier
fragment, (b) (connector)+ Noun phrase with of-phrase fragments, and (c)
72
(3) There are four reasons of each types of linguistic features, they were (1)
prepositional phrases because to make the research oriented- related to the
field of research and coherent the text, (2) verb phrases because to explain
that expressing the writer’s judgment, (3) noun phrases because to
procedure- research oriented- help writers to structure their activities, (4)
dependent clause because to be text oriented, situating arguments by
specifying limiting conditions.
5.2 Suggestion
In relation to conclusions which have been states previously, some
constructive points are suggested as the following.
1. In relation with the findings in this study, it is suggested to the other
researchers to use the lexical bundles (Biber et al, 2004) in classifying
lexical bundles since it can be found in any context.
2. In the newspapers where the lexical bundle is used, it is suggested that for
language teachers must use the 3, 4, and 5 word of lexical bundles in their
study.
3. In lexical bundles with the native and non native speakers in English newspapers, it is suggested to the political editors of newspapers must use
bundles to see if the use of them by writers of different eras has been
73
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