KORESPONDENSI ARTIKEL: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on socio-economic conditions for households in Jambi city, Indonesia

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KORESPONDENSI ARTIKEL:

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on socio-economic conditions for households in Jambi city, Indonesia

 BAGIAN I. Dokumentasi korespondensi email antara penulis dengan editor

 BAGIAN II. Artikel asli yang dikirim

 BAGIAN II. Artikel yang direvisi sesuai saran reviewer dan diterima

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BAGIAN I.

DOKUMENTASI KORESPONDENSI EMAIL ANTARA PENULIS DENGAN EDITOR

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<em@editorialmanager.com> Sun, Jan 17, 2021, 6:17 PM

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Dear Dr. Junaidi,

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Your submission entitled The Impact of The Covid-19 Pandemic on Socio-Economic Conditions for People in Jambi City, Indonesia - [EMID:b477556a4cb60407]

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<em@editorialmanager.com> Thu, Jan 21, 2021, 11:34 AM

to me HASSS

Dear Dr. Junaidi,

Your submission entitled "The Impact of The Covid-19 Pandemic on Socio-Economic Conditions for People in Jambi City, Indonesia" has been received by the journal, however, it is being returned to you for the following reason(s):

The submission file must be prepared by using HASSS template. https://so02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/hasss/about/submissions

Please address the above issue(s) prior to resubmitting your manuscript.

Thank you for submitting your work to this journal.

Kind regards,

Umabhorn Ratchatasaranyakul Managing Editor

Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences Studies

__________________________________________________

<junaidi@unja.ac.id> Thu, Jan 21, 2021, 10:56 PM

to HASSS junaidi chaniago

Dear editor

Thanks for the informa on. We have revised the manuscript and adjusted it to the journal template, and we have resubmi ed it.

-- Junaidi

Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Jambi Web-blog: https://junaidichaniago.wordpress.com Orchid ID: 0000-0001-5039-5395

Researcher ID: F-8344-2015 Researchgate: Profil Google Scholar: Profil

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Manuscript information (HASSS-D-21-00014)

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<junaidi@unja.ac.id> Tue, Feb 23, 2021, 11:19 PM

to HASSS, journals.surdi junaidi chaniago

Dear editor HASSS

Gree ng. Please provide informa on regarding our manuscript (HASSS-D-21-00014), which was submi ed on January 21, 2021. Can our manuscript meet the eligibility for the HASSS Journal?

Best Regards

-- Junaidi

<hasss.surdi@gmail.com> Wed, Mar 3, 2021, 10:35 AM

to me

HASSS Journal

Ref: HASSS-D-21-00014

Title “The Impact of The Covid-19 Pandemic on Socio-Economic Conditions for People in Jambi City, Indonesia”

Dear Junaidi Junaidi, Ph.D.,

Your manuscript is deemed eligible for peer review process. We have assigned the editor for your manuscript.

Sincerely,

Managing Editor

ในวันที อ. 23 ก.พ. 2021 เวลา 23:20 junaidi chaniago <junaidi@unja.ac.id> เขียนว่า:

<junaidi@unja.ac.id> Wed, Mar 3, 2021, 8:25 PM

Dear Managing Editor HASSS Thanks for your information.

Best Regards Junaidi

-- Junaidi

Mendeley: Profil

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Your Submission - [EMID:92e6f6385df325a5]

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<em@editorialmanager.com> Sun, Jun 27, 2021, 6:15 PM

to me HASSS

Ref.: Ms. No. HASSS-D-21-00014

Article Title: "The Impact of The Covid-19 Pandemic on Socio-Economic Conditions for People in Jambi City, Indonesia"

Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences Studies Dear Dr. Junaidi,

Reviewers have now commented on your paper. You will see that they are advising that you revise your manuscript. If you are prepared to undertake the work required, I would be pleased to reconsider my decision.

For your guidance, reviewers' comments are appended below.

If you decide to revise the work, please submit a list of changes or a rebuttal against each point which is being raised when you submit the revised manuscript.

Changes to the manuscript should be made in RED so they are distinct from the original text.

Your revision is due by 2021-07-11 23:59:59.

To submit a revision, go to https://www.editorialmanager.com/hasss/ and log in as an Author. You will see a menu item call Submission Needing Revision. You will find your submission record there.

Yours sincerely Korakoch Attaviriyanupap Chief Editor

Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences Studies Comments from the Editor and Reviewers :

Reviewer 1: I have the following comments for the authors to address and I am happy to review this paper again.

1) Under the Introduction, the authors stated "The covid-19 pandemic that started in the Wuhan area of China has spread to various developed and developing countries, including Indonesia" This statement is incorrect. Further evidence suggest COVID-19 did not start in Wuhan. It was first identified in Wuhan because COVID-19 was spreading in other countries in 2019. See reference below:

Italy: https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-italy-timing-idUSKBN27W1J2

2) Before talking about "Indonesia felt the problem of the covid-19 pandemic at the beginning of 2020." Please discuss how COVID-19 affect the world and Asian countries. Please mention the findings of the following studies in the Introduction:

World:

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review [published online ahead of print, 2020 Aug 8]. J Affect Disord.

2020;277:55-64. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.001

A chain mediation model on COVID-19 symptoms and mental health outcomes in Americans, Asians and Europeans. Sci Rep 11, 6481 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-85943-7

Asian Countries:

The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on physical and mental health of Asians: A study of seven middle-income countries in Asia. PLoS One. 2021 Feb 11;16(2):e0246824. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246824. PMID: 33571297.

3) The rapid spread of covid-19 and policies to anticipate it, such as social distancing, large-scale social restrictions, and lockdown or area quarantine, impact decreasing the

community's economic welfare and various social and psychosocial aspects. Please quote the following studies to support this statement:

Social distancing:

Impact of COVID-19 on Economic Well-Being and Quality of Life of the Vietnamese During the National Social Distancing. Front Psychol. 2020 Sep 11;11:565153. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.565153. PMID: 33041928; PMCID: PMC7518066.

Lockdown:

Anxiety and Depression Among People Under the Nationwide Partial Lockdown in Vietnam. Front Public Health. 2020;8:589359. Published 2020 Oct 29.

doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.589359

Evidence of COVID-19 Impacts on Occupations During the First Vietnamese National Lockdown. Ann Glob Health. 2020;86(1):112. Published 2020 Sep 3.

doi:10.5334/aogh.2976

Stay home order:

Effects of COVID-19-related stay-at-home order on neuropsychophysiological response to urban spaces: Beneficial role of exposure to nature? Journal of Environmental Psychology 2021, 75, 101590

Economy:

Characterize health and economic vulnerabilities of workers to control the emergence of COVID-19 in an industrial zone in Vietnam [published online ahead of

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print, 2020 May 12]. Saf Sci. 2020;104811. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104811

4) Under Introduction and discussion, the authors should discuss how other countries modify workplace to help people to cope with the pandemic and improve mental health

Is Returning to Work during the COVID-19 Pandemic Stressful? A Study on Immediate Mental Health Status and Psychoneuroimmunity Prevention Measures of Chinese Workforce [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 23]. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;S0889-1591(20)30603-6. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.055 5) Please discuss future research direction on COVID-19 vaccine based on the variables used in the following study:

An Asia-Pacific study on healthcare worker's perception and willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccination. Int J Infect Dis. 2021 Mar 26:S1201-9712(21)00287- 3. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.03.069. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33781902; PMCID: PMC7997703.

Reviewer 2: Please find the attached file

In compliance with data protection regulations, you may request that we remove your personal registration details at any time. (Remove my information/details). Please contact the publication office if you have any questions.

<junaidi@unja.ac.id> Mon, Jun 28, 2021, 3:48 PM

to HASSS, journals.surdi junaidi chaniago

Dear editor

In this email, it is stated that the comments from the second reviewer are attached. But I can't find this email attachment. Information, please.

Best Regards

-- Junaidi

Mendeley: Profil

<hasss.surdi@gmail.com> Mon, Jun 28, 2021, 4:05 PM

to me

HASSS Journal

Title: "The Impact of The Covid-19 Pandemic on Socio-Economic Conditions for People in Jambi City, Indonesia"

Journal: Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences Studies Dear Junaidu Chaniago,

Please kindly find the attachment from the second reviewer attached to this e-mail.

Please feel free to contact me if you have any questions or concerns about your submission.

Sincerely,

Parichat Chaisawas Managing Editor

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Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences Studies (HASSS)

ในวันที จ. 28 มิ.ย. 2021 เวลา 15:48 junaidi chaniago <junaidi@unja.ac.id> เขียนว่า:

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[HASSS_2021_E0…

<junaidi@unja.ac.id> Mon, Jun 28, 2021, 9:02 PM

Dear editor

Thank you. I will correct the manuscript immediately according to the reviewer's suggestions.

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REVIEWER REPORT

Comments to Author:

Abstract

Line 17 “coping strategies” could be specified for “economic coping strategies” because coping in COVID-19 situation includes many aspects, such as, personal health: mental health, personal hygiene Line 21 Research results : The author should show number of respondents and report the quantitative impact data such as reduction of average income,% of job changing or loss job, %of working hour changing, % reduction of socio-cultural activities or % deficit nutrition. This information is important because they reveal the intensity of economic impact of the respondents.

Line 24 using word of “household coping” instead of community coping and clarify the meaning of relatively low (when compare with..?). Or instead of describe by low, moderate, highly used strategy, the author can show that the main strategy of coping is cutting back expense, it was used more than generating more income strategy.

Line 26 The recommendation to the government seems not related to the main finding. The author should describe more about policy recommendations that are specific with the finding.

Introduction

Adding overview of economic change due to COVID-19, particular in Indonesia

The introduction should mention about the Jambi city, socio-economic characteristics of the city, such as, urban or rural area, agricultural or industrial city, labor market, unemployment rate, or important of Jambi city in real sector. So the reader will understand the situation before COVID-19 and it will related to the coping strategy that the respondents used.

Line 13 page 2 – from the phrase of the necessity to conduct the research “for formulating policy to anticipate a decrease of welfare”, normally public policy should increase welfare increase quality of life rather than the decrease of welfare.

Topic 1.1 focusing only mortality, morbidity, mental health aspects, it should give more detail about the government interventions in Red zone area, such as lock down, close some businesses that related to spreading of COVID-19, or others that related to economic of household.

Topic 1.2 describe more about internal and external household coping. This concept can be applied to the coping strategies in this study, or not? If so, it should be discussed in the discussion part.

Coping strategies for stressful situation and food need that were reviewed seems not related to the coping strategies that listed in the questionnaires. The author may add coping strategy for the situation of economic recession, economic crisis, it might be useful for understand the coping strategies for household economic problem.

Topic 1.3 It mention about food security because it is a fundamental essential of living. In facts, some expenses are crucial for living too, for example healthcare expense, utility expense. This study should point out the reason why choose only food security into the scope of this study.

Materia and methods

Population of the study are “head of household” or “all families in Jambi”

Why selected 2.5% of household in each subdistrict? Please give detail about sample size calculation.

For sampling technique, the author selected high population density for the first stage, and the tree

largest number of families in the second one. It is noted that the socio-economic status of the higher

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density area is different from the less density in terms of occupation, number of family member.

These factors affect incomes and expenses of residences in each area. It may be adding in the discussion part about this issue.

To the above issue, the selected area might not be a good representative of all Jambi area. But it is good for the research question to find out the economic problems and coping in this group. This group tends to experience the problems and had coping strategies.

In the second stage of sampling, how the author did a simple random sampling in each area? It might be accidental or purposive sample or not?

Linge 56 page 4 The topic of “coping strategy” may be specified to “ economic coping strategy”.

Line 12 Give more detail about food record : how long to keep the record or a specific period used in the study, who and how interpret the records to amount of fat, protein intake or calories intake.

Results and discussion

Additional data should be reported (if the author has collected these data) including: number of family member, occupations or employment status or regularity of income before COVID-19.

Table 4 Is the freelance same as casual daily labors, the last one is more understandable. Is the scavenger the same as garbage man? What is online transportation?

Line 52 page 6, please clarify the word of “lower productivity”. This word seems not similar to less income.

Table 5 The word “Fixed” might be misunderstood as corrected the problem. Other words e.g. not change would be better, easy to understand, please consider. In addition, “does not work any more”

might change to “loss job”. Does “change” in the table include both change of work type and working time?

Figure 1 what is the total number of respondents in this figure, 196 or only change (n=17)? Why the name of the figure has mentioned to the “community” work hour.

3.2.2 The result from this part should be reported in the abstract. It really show the economic impact to the household. How many respondents in this calculation? Does the loss job (income =0) included?

The name of Figure 2 : community income or household income?

Table 6 Listed activities could be rearranged from large to small reduction.

3.2.4 should mention about number of respondents who reported food record, if not all respondents had recorded it.

Table 8 “urban poor household” should not mentioned in the name of table. By the way, if this is the main characteristic of the respondents, the readers can understand from introduction, and population characteristic or from sampling method.

3.2.5 The high category include reducing expenditure on food need, this could discussion the consequences of this strategy that related to the data from table 7 and table 8.

In results part, most of results are from the quantitative method. Are there any results from the qualitative approach such as in-dept interview data?

For the discussion part, the finding should compare with other related studies for similarity or differences of finding.

Conclusion

The conclusion part should mention about some major impact finding from quantitative results, such as, % reduction of income, % loss job, % nutritional deficit.

Recommended policy should be specific to the findings, for instances, the policy that support

nutritional food to household, subsidy for the expense that they try to reduce.

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Your Submission - [EMID:49a3a88db5b6dcc3]

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<em@editorialmanager.com> Thu, Jul 15, 2021, 4:22 PM

to me HASSS

Ref.: Ms. No. HASSS-D-21-00014R1

The Impact of The Covid-19 Pandemic on Socio-Economic Conditions for Households in Jambi City, Indonesia Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences Studies

Dear Dr. Junaidi,

I am pleased to tell you that your work has now been accepted for publication in Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences Studies.

It was accepted on 2021-07-15 05:22:15

Comments from the Editor and Reviewers can be found below.

Thank you for submitting your work to this journal.

With kind regards

Korakoch Attaviriyanupap Chief Editor

Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences Studies Comments from the Editors and Reviewers:

__________________________________________________

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[HASSS_2021_E009] Ask for the language improvement ^External ^Inbox

<hasss.surdi@gmail.com> Thu, Jul 15, 2021, 7:28 P

to me, Korakoch HASSS Journal

Title: “The Impact of The Covid-19 Pandemic on Socio-Economic Conditions for People in Jambi City, Indonesia”

Journal: Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences Studies Dear Junaidi Junaidi,

Please get the whole article proofread by a qualified native English speaker or a professional language editing service and attac language proofreading certificate file.

Thank you for your co-operation. We look forward to receiving the revised manuscript.

Kind regards,

Korakoch Attaviriyanupap Editor-in-Chief

Humanties, Arts and Social Sciences Studies

[Example] native …

<junaidi@unja.ac.id> Fri, Jul 16, 2021, 4:02 P

Dear Korakoch Attaviriyanupap

Editor-in-Chief Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences Studies Thank you. I will fix and complete the manuscript soon

-- Junaidi

Mendeley: Profil

<junaidi@unja.ac.id> Sat, Jul 17, 2021, 10:30 P

Dear Korakoch Attaviriyanupap ( Editor-in-Chief Humanties, Arts and Social Sciences Studies)

Thank you for accepting our manuscript in the HASSS journal. Attached is the article proofread by a qualified native English speaker or a professional lang service and proofreading certificate file. Please, for more information, the steps of our manuscript that we have to do.

Kind Regards Junaidi

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covid proofread fi… certificate_72747…

<hasss.surdi@gmail.com> Tue, Jul 20, 2021, 3:54 P

to me

HASSS Journal

Title: “The Impact of The Covid-19 Pandemic on Socio-Economic Conditions for People in Jambi City, Indonesia”

Well received with thanks. After it is considered by the editorial office, we will notify you of their consideration.

Sincerely,

ในวันที ส. 17 ก.ค. 2021 เวลา 22:30 junaidi chaniago <junaidi@unja.ac.id> เขียนว่า:

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[HASSS_2021_E009] letter of publication

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<hasss.surdi@gmail.com> Mon, Jul 26, 2021, 1:24 PM

to me, Korakoch HASSS Journal

Title: “The Impact of The Covid-19 Pandemic on Socio-Economic Conditions for Households in Jambi City, Indonesia”

Journal: Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences Studies

Dear Junaidi Junaidi,

We are pleased to inform you that your paper has been accepted for publication, it will proceed to copy-editing and production. Please find the attached letter of publication.

Thank you for submitting your work to Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences Studies. We hope you consider us again for future submissions.

Kind regards,

Korakoch Attaviriyanupap Editor-in-chief

Humanties, Arts and Social Sciences Studies

[HASSS_2021_E0…

<junaidi@unja.ac.id> Mon, Jul 26, 2021, 8:17 PM

Dear Korakoch Attaviriyanupap Editor-in-chief

Thank you for accepting our paper in the HASSS journal. Thank you also for the opportunity given to us to contribute.

Kind Regards Junaidi

-- Junaidi

Mendeley: Profil

<junaidi@unja.ac.id> Sun, Mar 6, 1:29 AM

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Dear Korakoch Attaviriyanupap Editor-in-chief

Greetings

If you will please, we hereby request information regarding the publication schedule for our manuscript. Thank you for your help and support.(HASSS-D-21- 00014). Thank you for your help and support.

Best regards Junaidi

<hasss.surdi@gmail.com> Mon, Mar 7, 9:56 AM

to me

HASSS Journal

Your paper is not scheduled to be published at the moment. We will notify you after it is considered published.

If you have further questions, feel free to contact me.

Sincerely,

ในวันที อา. 6 มี.ค. 2022 เวลา 01:29 junaidi chaniago <junaidi@unja.ac.id> เขียนว่า:

<junaidi@unja.ac.id> Tue, Mar 8, 11:53 PM

Dear editor

Thanks for your information. I'm waiting for the good news.

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Re: [HASSS_2021_E009] Ask for proofreading (No files attached to the email)

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<junaidi@unja.ac.id> Thu, Aug 4, 8:12 PM

Dear Parichat Chaisawas,

I can't find the revised artwork attached in your previous e-mail. Please kindly send it again with the attachment.

Sincerely, Junaidi

On Thu, Aug 4, 2022 at 1:13 PM HASSS Journal <hasss.surdi@gmail.com> wrote:

Please kindly find the revised artwork of your article file. The yellow highlight is where the editor changed.

The editorial board would like to ask for your cooperation (especially the green highlight) to check the file and return the page proofs with corrections by 6 August 2022. Changes to the article should be made in RED so they are distinct from the original text.

Sincerely,

ในวันที พ. 29 มิ.ย. 2022 เวลา 21:16 junaidi chaniago <junaidi@unja.ac.id> เขียนว่า:

Dear Parichat Chaisawas Managing Editor

Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences Studies (HASSS)

Thank you for the artwork file. Here we re-submit a correction to the article.

On Wed, Jun 29, 2022 at 2:08 PM HASSS Journal <hasss.surdi@gmail.com> wrote:

Please kindly find the first artwork of your article file.

The editorial board would like to ask for your cooperation to check the file and return the page proofs with corrections as soon as possible. Changes to the article should be made in RED so they are distinct from the original text.

Sincerely,

Parichat Chaisawas

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Managing Editor

-- Junaidi

Mendeley: Profil

-- Junaidi

Mendeley: Profil

<junaidi@unja.ac.id> Fri, Aug 5, 7:07 AM

to korakocha junaidi chaniago

<hasss.surdi@gmail.com> Fri, Aug 5, 9:50 AM

to me

HASSS Journal

My apologies for the mistake. Please kindly find the artwork of your article file.

Sincerely,

ในวันที พฤ. 4 ส.ค. 2022 เวลา 20:12 junaidi chaniago <junaidi@unja.ac.id> เขียนว่า:

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[HASSS_2021_E0…

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Re: [HASSS_2021_E009] Ask for proofreading

<junaidi@unja.ac.id> Fri, Aug 5, 11:23 PM

On Fri, Aug 5, 2022 at 9:50 AM HASSS Journal <hasss.surdi@gmail.com> wrote:

My apologies for the mistake. Please kindly find the artwork of your article file.

Sincerely,

ในวันที พฤ. 4 ส.ค. 2022 เวลา 20:12 junaidi chaniago <junaidi@unja.ac.id> เขียนว่า:

Dear Parichat Chaisawas,

I can't find the revised artwork attached in your previous e-mail. Please kindly send it again with the attachment.

Sincerely, Junaidi

On Thu, Aug 4, 2022 at 1:13 PM HASSS Journal <hasss.surdi@gmail.com> wrote:

Please kindly find the revised artwork of your article file. The yellow highlight is where the editor changed.

The editorial board would like to ask for your cooperation (especially the green highlight) to check the file and return the page proofs with corrections by 6 August 2022. Changes to the article should be made in RED so they are distinct from the original text.

Sincerely,

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ในวันที พ. 29 มิ.ย. 2022 เวลา 21:16 junaidi chaniago <junaidi@unja.ac.id> เขียนว่า:

On Wed, Jun 29, 2022 at 2:08 PM HASSS Journal <hasss.surdi@gmail.com> wrote:

Please kindly find the first artwork of your article file.

The editorial board would like to ask for your cooperation to check the file and return the page proofs with corrections as soon as possible. Changes to the article should be made in RED so they are distinct from the original text.

Sincerely,

-- Junaidi

Mendeley: Profil

-- Junaidi

Mendeley: Profil

-- Junaidi

Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Jambi

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Web-blog: https://junaidichaniago.wordpress.com Orchid ID: 0000-0001-5039-5395

Mendeley: Profil

[HASSS_2021_E0…

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[HASSS_2021_E009] Final version of your article

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<hasss.surdi@gmail.com> Tue, Aug 23, 2:09 PM

to me

HASSS Journal

Please check the final version of your article before publishing. If there need any changes, please contact us by 25 August 2022.

Sincerely,

[HASSS_2021_E0…

<junaidi@unja.ac.id> Tue, Aug 23, 8:09 PM

Thank you for the final version file. Yes, everything is correct.

-- Junaidi

Mendeley: Profil

<hasss.surdi@gmail.com> Thu, Aug 25, 11:41 AM

to me

HASSS Journal

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Please kindly see the link of your article https://so02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/hasss/article/view/258158

If there is any mistake, please contact us as soon as possible. Thank you for your patience.

Sincerely,

ในวันที อ. 23 ส.ค. 2022 เวลา 20:10 junaidi chaniago <junaidi@unja.ac.id> เขียนว่า:

<junaidi@unja.ac.id> Thu, Aug 25, 4:34 PM

Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences Studies (HASSS) Thank you for the good news. We really appreciate your help.

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Scopus Database

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<junaidi@unja.ac.id> Thu, Oct 6, 10:10 AM

Dear editor

Thank you for publishing my ar cle (en tled: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on socio-economic condi ons for households in Jambi city, Indonesia, in vol. 22 no. 2 in the HASSS journal on August 25, 2022). I ask for help and informa on regarding how long does it usually take for the ar cle to enter the SCOPUS database? Un l now, my ar cle has not been included in the Scopus database.

Thank you for your a en on and assistance.

Best Regards Junaidi

Mendeley: Profil

<hasss.surdi@gmail.com> Mon, Oct 10, 5:33 PM

to me

HASSS Journal

Dear Junaidi,

Greeting from HASSS. The Scopus team is indexing your paper into their database. I also cannot inform you when the process will be completed. However, I will contact them about how the process is going.

If the process is completed, I will send you the URL of your paper. Thank you for your patience.

Sincerely,

ในวันที พฤ. 6 ต.ค. 2022 เวลา 10:10 junaidi chaniago <junaidi@unja.ac.id> เขียนว่า:

<junaidi@unja.ac.id> Tue, Oct 11, 2:05 PM

Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences Studies (HASSS) Thank you for your attention.

--

<hasss.surdi@gmail.com> Mon, Nov 14, 9:47 AM

to me

HASSS Journal

Dear Junaidi,

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We are pleased to inform you that the paper entitled "THE IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON SOCIO- ECONOMIC CONDITIONS FOR HOUSEHOLDS IN JAMBI CITY, INDONESIA" was already indexed in the Scopus database. Please find the link of your article https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-

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BAGIAN II.

ARTIKEL ASLI YANG DIKIRIM

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1 The Impact of The Covid-19 Pandemic on Socio-Economic Conditions for People in Jambi City, Indonesia

Junaidi

^1*

, Suandi

²

and Silvia Mawari Perdana

³

1

Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Jambi, Jambi, Indonesia.

2

Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Jambi, Jambi, Indonesia.

3

Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universitas Jambi, Jambi, Indonesia.

*

Corresponding Author: junaidi@unja.ac.id

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on Jambi City people's socio-economic conditions and analyze coping strategies carried out by families to survive in the covid-19 pandemic conditions also analyze the level of family food security in Jambi City in the covid-19 pandemic conditions. The primary data used comes from family surveys in Jambi City. This research uses a quantitative-qualitative approach with descriptive methods. The quantitative approach uses descriptive statistical tools supported by single and cross-frequency tables. Meanwhile, a qualitative approach is used in the framework of analyzing the in-depth interview results. The research results are expected to be useful as a basis for government policy to overcome the negative impact of Covid-19 on the welfare of the community. Theoretically, this study can enrich the literature and develop concepts or theories related to society's disaster aspects.

Keywords: Economic Condition, Covid-19 Pandemic, food security, coping strategies

INTRODUCTION

The world is currently in a severe and acute health emergency due to the

covid-19 pandemic (Gt Walker et al., 2020; Sorbello et al., 2020). The covid-19

pandemic that started in the Wuhan area of China has spread to various developed

and developing countries, including Indonesia (Depoux et al., 2020; Cascella et al.,

2020; Dong & Bouey, 2020).

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2 Indonesia felt the problem of the covid-19 pandemic at the beginning of 2020. This pandemic was the biggest shock experienced for decades in Indonesia and has caused many negative impacts. The policy to limit public activities to prevent transmission of the virus has resulted in a slowdown in almost all economic sectors.

World Bank (2020), Arshad Ali, et al. (2020), Sorbello et al. (2020) and Metcalfe, (2020) state that the economic sectors most affected are trade, tourism, and finance.

When the trade sector is affected, this pandemic will reduce the financial sector's activity and the real sector. At a later stage, this causes many people to lose their jobs and decrease productivity or income.

The rapid spread of covid-19 and policies to anticipate it, such as social distancing, large-scale social restrictions, and lockdown or area quarantine, impact decreasing the community's economic welfare and on various social and psychosocial aspects. Dong & Bouey (2020), Zhang & Ma (2020), Ferguson et al.

(2020) found that the very rapid spread of covid-19 has lowered the health system, mental health, decreased security and comfort, increased stress, and reduce social welfare.

Covid-19 virus cases as of January 16, 2021, have occurred in 223 countries with confirmed cases of 92,506,811 people and cases of death totaling 2,001,773 people. Meanwhile, for Indonesia, there were 907,929 positive cases of Covid-19, and 25,987 people died (covid19.go.id). Jambi Province is one of the areas in Indonesia with a relatively rapid spread of covid-19. As of January 16, 2021, the number of positive cases of covid-19 in Jambi Province has reached 3,894 people, with the most spread in Jambi City. The number of positive cases of covid-19 in Jambi City was 1,262 people. Based on these conditions, Jambi City has been designated as the covid-19 red zone area.

The rapid spread of covid-19 in Jambi City will certainly impact the vulnerability of the people's socio-economic conditions in this area. Based on this, it is necessary to conduct research related to the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on the community's socio-economic conditions in formulating policies to anticipate a decrease in the community's welfare.

This study aims to analyze the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on the socio- economic conditions for the people of Jambi City and analyze coping strategies carried out by families in order to survive in the covid-19 pandemic conditions, and also analyze the level of family food security in the City of Jambi is in a pandemic state of covid-19.

LITERATURE REVIEW

The Impact Of Covid-19 On Socio-Economic Conditions For The Community Various studies have shown the impact of covid-19 on the socio-economic conditions of the community. Chattu & Yaya (2020) stated that the world is currently experiencing drastic changes due to infectious and chronic diseases that cause morbidity and mortality. Various countries have also become fragile due to Covid- 19, impacting the community's social and economic conditions.

Rose & Liao (2005) and Groth et al. (2015) state that current human-made

disasters significantly impact the economy. According to Keogh-Brown et al. (2010)

and Rao et al. (2009), the epidemic of infectious diseases, which has become a

pandemic, has resulted in a decline in GDP of around 0.5-2 percent. On the other

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3 hand, Zhang & Ma (2020) stated that the direct impact of the covid-19 epidemic affects mental health and the quality of life of the community. This mental disorder will make a person stressed because of the mental pressure resulting from excessive fear. The bad impact is that some people cut off communication with family and friends for fear of contracting covid-19.

Coping Strategy

Coping is an attempt or transaction carried out by individuals to overcome various internal and external demands as burdensome and disrupt their survival (Maryam, 2017). Coping strategy is an active process of individuals and families to manage, adapt, or face stressful situations (Sunarti 2013). Friedman (1998) in Puspitawati (2012) proposed two types of coping strategies: internal family coping strategies and external family coping strategies.

Sunarti (2013) suggests that a person's personality determines coping strategies and the level of pressure experienced. According to Sunarti & Fitriani (2010), the factors that determine which strategy are used the most or often depend on a person's personality and the extent of the stress level of a condition or problem he/she is experiencing. The factors that influence individual coping strategies are physical health, positive beliefs or views, problem-solving skills, social skills, and social support. Apart from these aspects, the coping strategy chosen is also determined by the available resources. Coping resources can be interpreted as everything owned by the family, both physical and non-physical, to build coping behavior (Allen, Zebrack, Wittman, Hammelef & Morris, 2014; Hand, Hicks & Bahr 2015). Coping resources are subjective, so coping behavior can vary from person to person (Maschi, Viola, Morgen, & Koskinen, 2015).

There are eight coping strategies in dealing with various stressful situations (Folkman & Lazarus, 1984, in Maryam, 2017). The eight strategies include confrontation, seeking social support, planning problem solving, self-control, accepting responsibility, distance, positive judgment, and running away or avoiding.

Furthermore, Evans & Kim (2013) stated that the choice of coping strategy used and its impact depends on the type of pressure being faced.

In particular, the economic coping strategy to meet food needs, according to Maxwell (2001), the strategies carried out by families are: 1) reducing favorite foods and buying cheaper food; 2) borrowing food or money to buy food; 3) buying food on debt; 4) ask relatives or friends for help; 5) limiting and dividing food at mealtimes; 6) set aside a small amount of money from family members to buy food on the street; 7) limiting personal food consumption to ensure children are well fed;

8) reduce the type of food on one day, and 9) go through the day without eating. The various economic coping strategies to meet these food needs can be grouped into two, as Puspitawati (2012) stated, namely the cutting-back expenses strategy and the income-generating strategy. These two groupings will also be used as the basis for this study.

Household Food Security

Food security can also be interpreted as a guarantee for every population to

have adequate food and nutrition needs as the primary condition for achieving a

degree of health and welfare (Khomsan 2002). Hasan (1998) states that food security

at the household level is reflected, among others, by the availability of sufficient and

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4 even food at all times and is affordable to the community, both physically and economically, as well as the attainment of diverse food consumption that meets the nutritional requirements received. Meanwhile, the definition of household food security, according to the International Congres of Nutrition (ICN) in Rome in 1992, is the ability of a household to meet the food sufficiency of its members from time to time so that they can live healthily and be able to carry out daily activities.

Based on the results of the National Food Security Workshop (Ministry of Agriculture, 1996), household food security is defined in several alternative formulas, namely: 1) the ability to meet the food needs of household members in quantity, quality, and variety according to local culture from time to time in order to live healthily; 2) the ability of the household to meet the food sufficiency of its members from their production, or buy from time to time in order to live; 3) the household's ability to meet the food sufficiency of its members from time to time in order to live a healthy life.

Classification of household food security into food secure and food insecure can be done using a measurement of the output indicator, namely food consumption or individual nutritional status (especially pregnant women and toddlers).

Households are categorized as vulnerable to food security if the energy consumption level is lower than the cut-off point <70.0% (Zeitlin & Brown, 1990).

According to Hasan (1995), food security at the household level can be identified by collecting data on consumption and food availability through direct food surveys. The results are compared with predetermined adequacy rates. In addition to measuring food consumption and availability through surveys, socio- economic and demographic data can also be used to determine food security risks such as income, education, family structure, food prices, and food expenditure. This data can be used as a risk indicator for food security at the household level (Sukandar, 2001).

Another concept of measuring food security developed by Hardinsyah and Roedjito (1986) is based on the quality of consumption using a food diversification score. The concept of measuring food security using a food diversification score is relatively simple and straightforward. Besides taking into account the amount of food consumed (quantity aspect) and grouping it into five food groups, four healthy five perfect (and calculated the quantity using the consumer unit so that differences in the composition of the age and sex of household members can be considered.

RESEARCH METHOD

The primary data in this study are primary data collected from household respondents. The population in this study were all families in Jambi City. Sampling uses stratified two-stage sampling, namely:

1. The first stage, selecting the sample sub-district to be the research location.

Conducted by purposive sampling with the following considerations and approaches:

a. Jambi City has 11 sub-districts. Of the 11 sub-districts, three sub-

districts with the highest population density were Jelutung District,

Danau Sipin District, and South Jambi District. By determining

research locations in areas with the highest population density, it is

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5 hoped that a high diversity of family socio-economic conditions will be obtained in the research locations.

b. From each sub-district, one sub-district with the largest number of families is determined. Based on this, Jelutung Village in Jelutung District, Legok Village in Danau Sipin District, and Thehok Village in South Jambi District were determined as research locations.

2. The second stage, selecting a sample of 2.5 percent of the target population at the research location. Sampling was carried out in the following stages:

a. Listing of poor households in each selected sub-district. Household listing is based on family data collection conducted by BKKBN in 2019, which contains information on family population "by name by address."

b. We select a simple random sampling of families for each family, using RNG (Random Number Generator) software.

The distribution of the number of family samples according to the research location is given in Table 1:

Table 1. Distribution Of The Number Of Family Samples

District Sub-district Family Sample

Jelutung Jelutung 67

Danau Sipin Legok 56

Jambi Selatan Thehok 73

Total

196 Sources: Data Processed

The instrument for collecting data on the sample used a questionnaire. In addition to the questionnaire, an interview guide instrument was also used for in- depth interviews with selected families to obtain various qualitative information to complete the questionnaire instrument's quantitative information.

The approach used in this research is a quantitative-qualitative approach with descriptive methods. The quantitative approach uses descriptive statistical tools supported by single and cross-frequency tables. A qualitative approach is used in the framework of analyzing the in-depth interview results.

The measurement and assessment of the main variables in the study are given as follows:

Family Socioeconomic Conditions

In this case, the family's socioeconomic condition is assessed from the condition of social relations, religion and worship, health, psychological conditions, livelihoods, productivity, and income.

Coping Strategy

A coping strategy is an effort made by families to overcome family problems in terms of finances by cutting back expenses and generating additional income.

Measuring the economic coping strategy through a modified questionnaire from various previous research results. All statements and answers per item are scored = 1 (never), = 2 (sometimes), = 3 (often) and = 4 (always).

Food Security

Measurement or assessment of food consumption in this study is carried out

in quantitative and qualitative methods. The quantitative method is intended to

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6 determine the amount of food consumed to calculate nutritional consumption. The method for quantitative food consumption measurement used in this case is household food records.

Qualitative methods are usually used to determine the frequency of eating, the frequency of consumption by type of food, and to gather information about eating habits. The qualitative method used in this research is the food frequency method.

The food frequency method aims to obtain qualitative food consumption data and descriptive information about consumption patterns. This method is also used to assess food consumption semi-quantitatively by including the portion size of the meal. This method can also assess the frequency of use of certain foods or food groups, for example, sources of fat, sources of protein, sources of vitamin A) during a specific period, for example, per day, week, month, year, and at the same time estimating the consumption of nutrients.

The standards for the adequacy of daily consumption of calories and protein per capita at WNPG in 2012 stipulate that the standard of energy and protein needs is 2150 kcal and 57 grams. Meeting food needs can be indicated by meeting energy and protein needs (Adriani & Wirtjatmadi, 2012)

The classification of energy and protein consumption levels can be divided into four, namely:

1. Deficit: if the nutritional adequacy level is less than 70% of the nutritional adequacy rate.

2. Inadequate: if the nutritional adequacy level is less than 70% - <80% of the nutritional adequacy rate.

3. Moderate: if the nutritional adequacy level is less than 80% - <90% of the nutritional adequacy rate.

4. Good: if the nutritional adequacy level is 90% or more than the nutritional adequacy rate.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Respondent Characteristics

Table 2 describes the age characteristics of the head of the household studied.

Age directly or indirectly affects the behavior and patterns of individual decision making. This age's effect can be attributed to the experience and maturity side of thinking that accompanies an increase in a person's age.

Table 2. Distribution of Respondents Impact of COVID-19 by Age in Jambi City in 2020

Age Group Amount %

<= 29 13 6.63

30 – 39 58 29.59

40 – 49 51 26.02

50 – 59 49 25.00

>= 60 25 12.76

Total

196 100.0

Age Average

44,94 Sources: Field Survey, 2020

Based on age, it can be concluded that the average age of the head of the

household is 44.94 years. The frequency distribution shows that almost two-thirds

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7 (62.24 percent) are under or equal to 49 years of age, and only about 12.76 percent are 60 years or more. In other words, the age distribution shows that the heads of the sample houses are generally in the productive age groups.

Furthermore, it is evident that household heads' education is still relatively low in terms of formal education. Of the total households, almost half (48.98 percent) are headed by household heads with only a junior high school education and below, and only 3.57 percent of them have tertiary education (Diploma to Bachelor Degree).

The higher the head of the family's education, the higher his ability to utilize various available resources to increase income. Therefore, the low level of education of the household head impacts the low attainment of household resilience.

Table 3. Distribution of Covid-19 Impact Respondents According to Education in Jambi City in 2020

Education Amount %

Not Completed in Primary School 4 2.04

Elementary School 46 23.47

Junior High School 46 23.47

Senior High School 93 47.45

College 7 3.57

Total

196 100.0

Sources: Field Survey, 2020

Furthermore, based on their occupation, the largest proportion (nearly a quarter or 23.47 percent) of household heads work as casual daily laborers. Other types of work that also quite dominate are work as private employees (14.29 percent), traders (12.24 percent), and self-employed (11.73 percent). Among the household heads, 13.27 percent of them are currently not working anymore.

Table 4. Distribution of Covid-19 Impact Respondents by Type of Work in Jambi City in 2020

Type of Work Amount %

Freelance 46 23.47

General Employees 28 14.29

Traders 24 12.24

Entrepreneur 23 11.73

Offline Transportation 14 7.14

Online Transportation 9 4.59

Household Assistant 6 3.06

Civil Servants and Police 5 2.55

Retired 5 2.55

Scavenger 5 2.55

Others 5 2.55

Unemployment 26 13.27

Total