How APP is toying
with extinction
Rainforests in Indonesia are being destroyed. Some of it ends up as packaging for well-known toy brands.
The companies that make the packaging for toy companies like Mattel, Disney, Hasbro and LEGO …
Greenpeace investigators went into the rainforest to document the impact of APP’s current operations on wildlife habitat and peat swamp forests.
Forensic testing by the world authority in paper analysis revealed Mixed Tropical Hardwood (MTH) in the packaging. MTH means rainforest clearance. MTH is only pulped at commercial scales in Indonesia.
... are buying paper from companies whose mills are pulping Indonesia’s rainforests. Only APP and one other company produce pulp using MTH. Products made from this pulp are traded globally.
Destroying Indonesia’s rainforests for toy packaging is pushing critically endangered wildlife like tigers towards extinction, and it is making climate change worse.
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Millions of hectares of
Indonesia’s rainforest
habitats and
carbon-rich peatlands
are earmarked for
destruction
The government of Indonesia has identified the pulp and palm oil sectors as the main drivers of
deforestation.1 Both of these sectors have been gearing
up for massive expansion, with targets to treble pulp production over the next 15 years2 and double palm oil
production in the next decade.3
In an attempt to curb Indonesia’s contribution to global emissions, some 85% of which are due to land-use change,4 in May 2011 the government announced a
moratorium on new business concessions on primary forests and peatlands.5
Greenpeace analysis shows that millions of hectares of forested wildlife habitat and carbon-rich peatlands remain available for pulp and palm oil expansion. For instance, within identified concession areas, best available government data suggest there are more than 30 million hectares of rainforests and peatland,6 as well as nearly half of all remaining orang-utan habitat.7 Clearance of these
areas will drive climate change and push endangered wildlife one step closer to extinction.
The leading player in both the pulp and palm oil sectors is the Sinar Mas Group: Asia Pulp & Paper (APP) is the pulp division; Golden Agri Resources (GAR) is the palm oil division. Both companies have made recent policy announcements in advance of the moratorium.
APP announced that it would need to remain dependent on clearance of Indonesia’s rainforests until the end of 2015.8
APP’s business development strategy is based on the ongoing expansion of its suppliers into rainforest areas. This is in sharp contrast with Sinar Mas’s palm oil division, Golden Agri Resources (GAR), which introduced a new forest conservation policy in 2011 ‘to ensure that its palm oil operations have no deforestation footprint’.9
Greenpeace investigations
link the toy sector to rainforest
destruction and APP
Greenpeace International investigations have linked the world’s leading toy brands to rainforest destruction.
Forensic testing shows that the packaging for Mattel-, Disney-, Hasbro- and LEGO-branded merchandise contains Indonesian rainforest fibre. Greenpeace investigators have also established links between these brands and Asia Pulp & Paper (APP), the largest and most notorious pulp and paper company operating in Indonesia.
The key steps for the investigation were as follows:
1. Greenpeace sourced a selection of toy products from leading
brands in a number of countries around the world. 2. Greenpeace identified printing houses or packaging
manufacturers from the packaging, where possible. 3. Greenpeace established links between these printers/
packaging manufacturers and APP through trade data, publicity materials and confidential sources.
4. Greenpeace sent samples of the packaging materials to IPS10
laboratories for analysis – IPS is the global authority for testing of paper products, widely used by the paper sector.
5. An IPS expert prepared and examined the packaging samples
under a forensic microscope to test for the presence of MTH (mixed tropical hardwood).
MTH is only pulped at commercial scales in Indonesia.11 Only APP
and one other company produce pulp using MTH.12 Products
made from this pulp are traded globally.
None of leading toy brands Mattel, Disney, Hasbro and LEGO has organisation-wide policies to ensure that neither it nor any of its third-party suppliers or licensees is contributing to the destruction of the world’s remaining rainforests.
The investigations show that some of the packaging for Mattel-, Disney-, LEGO- and Hasbro-branded merchandise is made using APP paper.
IPS has confirmed the presence of MTH in a range of the samples supplied by Greenpeace. This forensic evidence links major players in the toy sector to the destruction of Indonesia’s rainforests.
For a list of products and brands testing positive for the presence of MTH, see appendix.
These investigations are just the tip of the iceberg in terms of revealing the potential scale of APP’s trade links within Indonesia
PT Indah Kiat, 28 August 2008: Stockpiles of logs at APP’s main pulp mill in Riau, Indonesia. ©Beltra/ Greenpeace
and China to the toy sector, as well as the wider impact of the toy sector on Indonesia’s rainforests.
Asia Pulp & Paper
is pulping Indonesia’s
rainforests
APP is the pulp and paper division of the Sinar Mas Group. Companies within the Sinar Mas Group supply APP pulp mills with pulpwood.
APP pulpwood suppliers clear rainforest from areas of critical wildlife habitat and deep peatland. Deep peat is theoretically off limits to development under Indonesian law. Current company policy shows APP will continue its dependence on rainforest clearance until 2015.13
Mapping analysis by Greenpeace shows that millions of hectares of wildlife habitat and carbon-rich peatland remain threatened by pulp sector expansion, led by APP. Rainforest areas targeted by APP suppliers remain unprotected under the recent government moratorium.
Forest clearance within areas targeted by APP suppliers is driving climate change and is pushing species such as the Sumatran tiger – only 400 or so of which remain in the wild14 –
one step closer to extinction. Two critical areas of forested tiger habitat under threat from APP suppliers are Bukit Tigapuluh and Kerumutan, both located on the island of Sumatra.
The Bukit Tigapuluh Forest Landscape in central Sumatra has been designated one of twenty Global Priority Tiger Conservation Landscapes.15 Around 30 tigers are estimated to live within the Bukit Tigapuluh Forest Landscape.16 The Landscape is also critical to the future of the Sumatran orang-utan – it is the site of the only successful reintroduction programme for this critically endangered species.17
The government has zoned much of this lowland forest for clearance for industrial plantations such as pulpwood.18 As
a result, APP suppliers continue to target and actively clear some of Sumatra’s most important forest for the survival of critically endangered wildlife. According to Greenpeace mapping analysis, between 2007 and 2011 APP’s suppliers
added 69,500 hectares inside the Bukit Tigapuluh Forest Landscape to its pulpwood supply areas. Aerial photographs by Greenpeace in April and August 2010 show extensive areas of clearance and recent plantation establishment in areas that were forested in 2006.
A further priority area for tiger conservation is the 1.3 million hectare Kerumutan Peat Swamp Forest in Riau.19 Riau in
Sumatra holds 40% of Indonesia’s peatland, perhaps the
world’s most critical carbon stores and a key defence against climate change. Much of the area is on deep (>3 metres) peat.20 Aerial photographs by Greenpeace in August 2010
and May 2011 document ongoing clearance of areas mapped as deep peatland.
Greenpeace satellite analysis reveals extensive clearance within SMG/APP supply areas, notably since 2009. Aerial photographs in August 2010 and May 2011 document ongoing rainforest clearance on deep peatland. ©Greenpeace
Greenpeace mapping analysis shows that between 2007 and 2011 APP’s suppliers added 69,500 hectares inside the Bukit Tigapuluh Forest Landscape to its pulpwood supply areas; two-thirds of this area was forested in 2006. Aerial photographs in April and August 2010 show extensive rainforest clearance and recent plantation establishment in mapped tiger habitat. ©Greenpeace
Kerumutan
Mattel is number
one in toys
Forensic testing shows that a wide range of packaging for the Mattel Barbie fashion dolls regularly contains MTH from Indonesia’s rainforests.21
Mattel facilities in Indonesia specialise in the manufacture of dolls, largely focusing on production of its wide range of Barbie products and its other iconic doll characters. In addition, Mattel is licensed by Disney to produce a large range of dolls from Disney films.22
Mattel requires testing and certification for materials, including paper products such as packaging, to attest that they meet its standards in terms of the exclusion or limitation of a range of hazardous chemicals. Mattel has recently received certificates for APP packaging material for use both within Indonesia and in China.23 APP’s paper and packaging mills are supplied
by APP’s pulp mills in Sumatra;24 these source MTH from
Indonesia’s rainforests.25
Mattel’s Indonesia facilities produce a wide range of fashion dolls. This includes dolls under Mattel’s own Barbie brand, as well as the popular Monster High brand and special edition dolls – usually linked to movie and TV characters. The Indonesian facilities also manufacture Disney-branded dolls under license; these include the Princess doll range and the High School Musical range.
Greenpeace identified two Indonesian printers producing packaging for Mattel’s ‘Made in Indonesia’ fashion dolls sold in Germany, Australia, the UK, the USA and elsewhere: Sansico and PT Bukit Muria Jaya (PT BMJ).26
Further investigations have uncovered the trade links between these companies and APP.
Sansico27 has facilities in Indonesia, and claims to produce
over 1 million items of packaging per week. Mattel is one of its principal clients, and Sansico has reportedly supplied printed packaging to the company for two decades.28 This
is primarily through Sansico’s printing house, PT Printec II, which adjoins Mattel Indonesia’s main production facility. The printing house produces all kinds of packaging products for Mattel, including those licensed to Disney. Sansico’s mill, PT Grafitec, also provides packaging to Mattel Indonesia.29
PT BMJ is part of the Indonesian Djarum Group and is one of the country’s leading packaging producers across sectors.30
According to confidential information, BMJ is a customer of APP Indonesia.
Disney is number
one licensed brand
Greenpeace has identified that Mattel manufactures Disney Princess and High School Musical-brand fashion dolls in Indonesia. These iconic dolls, including Snow White, Cinderella, Rapunzel and Sleeping Beauty, are manufactured at the same Mattel Indonesia facilities that produce Barbie. Forensic testing of a wide selection of packaging materials for these dolls reveals that they regularly contain significant amounts of MTH.31
Hasbro and
Lego are
major players
In addition to identifying Mattel- and Disney-branded products linked to the destruction of Indonesian rainforests, Greenpeace investigations have identified a number of other major toy manufacturers, including Hasbro and LEGO, which produce merchandise in China that has tested positive for MTH in its paper products.
Like Mattel, Hasbro requires certification for materials, including paper products such as packaging, to attest that they meet its standards in terms of the exclusion or limitation of a range of hazardous chemicals.32
Hasbro has recently received certificates for APP packaging material for use within China.33 APP’s paper
and packaging mills are supplied by APP’s pulp mills in Sumatra;34 these source MTH from Indonesia’s
rainforests.35
LEGO has an exclusive licensing agreement with Lucasfilm Ltd. granting the company the right to manufacture and market a series of LEGO sets based on themes from the original Star Wars trilogy and the three subsequent films.36 Some of these special edition Star Wars products are published by Dorling Kindersley (part of the Penguin Group) and printed in China by printers with links to APP.
The recipe for
low-carbon
development
Indonesia’s President’s vision for low-carbon development is being undermined by a weak moratorium on the allocation of new business concession areas in areas of primary forest and peatland.38 Millions of hectares of rainforest are being rebranded
as ‘degraded lands’ available for development. Greenpeace mapping analysis of areas earmarked for development as pulpwood, oil palm, timber or agricultural plantations include carbon-rich peatlands and areas critical for the survival of tigers and orang-utans in the wild.39
By contrast with this business-as-usual approach to economic growth based on deforestation-dependent expansion, Indonesian industry’s own figures show that Indonesia’s ambitions for economic growth can be met without the need to impact rainforests and biodiversity.40
What is missing is the political will and strong leadership from within key government ministries to support companies whose business models are based on forest conservation policies and high-efficiency productivity. At the same time, companies who pursue illegal or destructive operations must be penalised through strong law enforcement.
Urgent and concerted action is required to drive a shift away from a business-as-usual deforestation-dependent development model to a model based on zero deforestation and high-efficiency productivity.
Stop the problem and start the solution
Corporate consumers: A growing number of progressive companies are implementing policies to achieve a zero-deforestation footprint. This includes a set of requirements that suppliers must meet for all commodities linked to deforestation and peatland destruction.
APP: APP’s sister company within the Sinar Mas Group, GAR, has set the bar for a progressive forest conservation policy to ensure that operations have no deforestation footprint, including no development on peatlands.41 APP – and other
players within Indonesia’s pulp and palm oil sectors – needs to follow GAR’s lead.
Indonesian government: The current moratorium does not provide adequate scope to stem the conversion of rainforests and peatlands important to wildlife and climate stability. The government needs to extend the moratorium to cover ALL natural forest and peatland areas; this includes areas within existing concessions. This should be followed by a review of existing concessions to establish whether they were granted in compliance with Indonesian law.
Packaging found
to contain MTH
#
Country
Brand/
Product
Printer MTH Acacia
of Purchase
Product
Code
MATTEL BRANDS MADE IN INDONESIA
1
US
Barbie Swan Lake
T4792
Sansico
2
US
Barbie Happy Birthday
T0272
-
3
UK
Barbie Swim ‘n’ Dance Mermaid
T1474
-
4
UK
Barbie Swim ‘n’ Dance Mermaid (instruction leaflet)
T1474
-
5
Australia
Barbie Princess Perfect
N5242
PT BMJ
6
Germany
Barbie Ballerina
T2214
Sansico
7
Germany
Barbie Ballerina
T2214
Sansico
8
Germany
Barbie Spring/Summer (pink dress version 1)
R4183
Sansico
9
Germany
Barbie Spring/Summer (pink dress version 1)
R4183
Sansico
10
Germany
Barbie Spring/Summer (pink dress version 2)
R4184
Sansico
11
Germany
Barbie Spring/Summer (pink dress version 2)
R4184
Sansico
12
Germany
Barbie Spring/Summer (pink dress version 3)
R4185
Sansico
13
Germany
Barbie Spring/Summer (pink dress version 3)
R4185
Sansico
14
Germany
Barbie 12 Dancing Princesses
V1970
Sansico
15
Germany
Barbie Mermaid Colour Change Hair
T7404
PT BMJ
16
UK
Monster High Draculaura
N5946
-
17
Brazil
Barbie Ballerina
R4304
-
MATTEL BRANDS MADE IN CHINA
18
US
Barbie Ballroom Dancer
T2691
-
19
Australia
Barbie Glamour
N4822
-
20
Netherlands
Barbie Fashionistas
-
DISNEY BRANDS MADE BY MATTEL IN INDONESIA
21
UK
Sleeping Beauty
R4855
-
22
UK
High School Musical 3
N6880
-
23
UK
Cinderella
R4854
-
24
UK
Snow White
R4858
-
25
UK
Princess Doll Belle
R4842
Sansico
26
UK
Rapunzel
T3244
-
27
UK
Rapunzel doll (instruction leaflet)
T2579
-
28
Germany
Princess Belle / Bath Beauty
R4870
Sansico
29
Brazil
Princess Ballerina Cinderella
R4304
-
DISNEY BRANDS MADE BY MATTEL IN CHINA
30
Germany
Winnie the Pooh Uno card game
HASBRO BRANDS MADE IN CHINA
31
Netherlands
Transformers / Robot Fighters
-
32
Netherlands
My Little Pony / Pinkie Pie
-
LEGO BRANDS MADE IN CHINA
Full presentation of the evidence summarised in this briefing is available at www.greenpeace.org.
June 2011
Published by Greenpeace International,
Ottho Heldringstraat 5, 1066 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands enquiries@greenpeace.org
1 DNPI (Dewan Nasional Perubahan Iklim – National Council on Climate Change) (2010) ‘Indonesia’s greenhouse gas abatement cost curve’ August 2010 www.dnpi.go.id/report/ DNPI-Media-Kit/reports/indonesia-ghg_abatement_cost_ curve/Indonesia_ghg_cost_curve_english.pdf
2 DNPI/UNCCC (2009) ‘National economic, environment and development study (NEEDS) for climate change: Indonesia country study’ final report December 2009
3 Media Indonesia (2010) ‘Step Up Palm Oil Production Without Expansion’ Media Indonesia 28 September 2010
www.mediaindonesia.com/webtorial/asianagri/eng/?ar_ id=NzgyNg==
4 DNPI (2010): 12, 13 attributes net deforestation emissions as 772Mt from peat and 838Mt from other LULUCF sources. Other DNPI documents from 2010 give net deforestation emissions as 763Mt, peat decomposition as 300Mt and peat fire as 550Mt in 2005.
5 Government of Indonesia (2011) Presidential Instruction No. 10/2011, 20 May 2011
6 Greenpeace analysis based on MoFor (Indonesian Ministry of Forestry) (2009) ‘Landcover Indonesia 2006’ and MoFor (2010a) ‘Landuse maps (provincial planning maps/Forest Land Use by Consensus maps (TGHK)’, provided by the Planning Department of the Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia, downloaded as Google Earth files (kml) from appgis.dephut. go.id/appgis/kml.aspx March 2010. Note: for Riau and Central Kalimantan, MoFor still uses the outdated TGHK maps. For the purpose of this report, for Riau, the draft provincial planning map as of 2007 has been used. 7 Greenpeace analysis based on: MoFor (2009); MoFor
(2010a); MoFor (2010b) HTI concession maps, provided by the Planning Department of the Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia, downloaded as Google Earth files (kml) from appgis.dephut.go.id/appgis/kml.aspx September 2010 and updated using information available at www.dephut. go.id/files/Buku_pemanfaatan_2010.pdf and webgis. dephut.go.id/ditplanjs/index.html; and Meijaard et al (2004) Borneo Orangutan PHVA Habitats Units: Composite dataset developed by Meijaard & Dennis (2003), amended by delegates of the Orangutan PHVA Workshop, Jakarta, 15–18 January 2004, and subsequently further updated by Erik Meijaard.
8 Greenbury (2011) ‘Truly sustainable business model eliminates “either/or” choices’, Eco-Business. com, 14 April 2011 www.eco-business.com/blog/ truly-sustainable-business-model-eliminates- %E2%80%9Ceitheror%E2%80%9D-choices-by-aida-greenbury/
9 GAR (2011) ‘Golden Agri-Resources Initiates Industry Engagement for Forest Conservation’ 9 February 2011 www.goldenagri.com.sg/110209%20Golden%20Agri-Resources%20Initiates%20Industry%20Engagement%20 for%20Forest%20Conservation.pdf p4
10 Integrated Paper Services (IPS): www.ipstesting.com 11 See eg: Pihlajamäki & Hytonen (2004) ‘Mixed tropical
hardwood – a minor and declining source of fibre for paper’, twogether, Voith Paper customer magazine, issue 17. The
authors are working for pulp and paper industry specialist consultancy Jaakko Pövry.
12 The other two companies producing large amounts of pulp, Kertas Nusantara (ex Kiani Kertas) and PT Tanjung Enim Lestari, use acacia fibre only. See Pirard & Cossalter (2006) ‘The Revival of Industrial Forest Plantations in Indonesia’s Kalimantan Provinces’, PT Tanjung Enim Lestari website www.telpp.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view& id=3&Itemid=10 accessed 13 May 2011
13 Greenbury (2011)
14 WWF (2011) ‘WWF Captures Rare Footage of Sumatran Tiger Triplets Playing – in Forest Under Imminent Threat of Clearing’ 9 May 2011 www.orangutan-lifeboat.de/?id=61&r eportId=12&language=en
15 Global Priority Tiger Conservation Landscapes are habitats that can support at least 100 tigers and where there is evidence of breeding. Source: Dinerstein et al (2006) ‘Setting Priorities for the Conservation and Recovery of Wild Tigers: 2005–2015, A User’s Guide’. WWF, Wildlife Conservation Socity (WCS), Smithsonian, and NFWF-STF, Washington, D.C. – New York.
16 KKI Warsi / Frankfurt Zoological Society / Eyes on the Forest / WWF-Indonesia (2010) ‘Last chance to Save Bukit Tigapuluh: Sumatran tigers, elephants, orangutans and indigenous tribes face local extinction, along with forest’ 14 December 2010 indigenouspeoplesissues.com/attachments/ article/8051/SaveBukitTigapuluh.pdf p8 citing Balai Taman Nasional Bukit Tigapuluh, Kabupaten Tebo, Kabupaten Tanjabar, Kabupaten INHIL, Kabupaten INHU, Frankfurt Zoological Society, WWF, Warsi, ZSL, PKHS (2009) ‘The Bukit Tigapuluh Ecosystem Conservation Implementation Plan’ www.perthzoo.wa.gov.au/Documents/PDF/BTP%20 Conservation%20Plan.pdf
17 Perth Zoo website: www.perthzoo.wa.gov.au/Conservation- -Research/Projects-in-the-Wild/Sumatran-Orangutan-Pilot-Project/. The re-established orang-utan population now inhabits large parts of the Bukit Tigapuluh landscape, especially in the southern buffer zone. Source: GRASP (2009) Bukit Tigapuluh ecosystem background orang-utan reintroduction (Pers. Comm.), GRASP (Great Apes Survival Partnership).
18 Based on Greenpeace Mapping Unit analysis of Ministry of Forestry Landuse maps. Source: MoFor (2010a). 19 Dinerstein et al (2006)
20 Wahyunto, S Ritung and H Subagjo (2003) ‘Peta Luas Sebaran Lahan Gambut dan Kandungan Karbon di Pulau Sumatera / Maps of of Peatland Distribution Area and Carbon Content in Sumatra, 1990–2002’ Wetlands International – Indonesia Programme & Wildlife Habitat Canada (WHC) 21 IPS test results 2010–2011. Copies held by Greenpeace. 22 Greenpeace investigations 2010–2011
23 Indah Kiat Pulp & Paper (Sinar Mas) Serang mill, online, product certificates www.ikserang.com/products_ certificates.asp; Ningbo Zhonghua Paper Co. Ltd., online www.zhonghua-paper.com/service/ewebeditor/ UploadFile/20091210114914396.pdf
24 See eg APP (Asia Pulp & Paper) (2007) ‘Environmental and
Social Sustainability Report for Indonesia 2005 –2006’ www. asiapulppaper.com/portal/APP_Portal.nsf/Web-MenuPage/ F1F6E3DAF915A1904725739B00232E67/$FILE/APP%20 Environmental%20and%20Social%20Sustainability%20 Report%20for%20Indonesia%202005%20-%202006.pdf p34
25 20% in 2007, according to APP (2009) ‘Growing a Sustainable Future – Environmental and Social Sustainability Report for Indonesia 2007’ www.asiapulppaper.com/portal/ APP_Portal.nsf/WebMenuPage/5BFB083D5FD9781C472 575EF0035E314/$FILE/090724%20APP-2007-New%20 Rev1Final.pdf. Greenpeace calculations based on Indonesian government data likewise resulted in 20% for 2009. Source: MoFor (2010c) ‘Daftar Nama-Nama iPHHK dan rekapitulasi realisasi Pemenuhan Bahan Baku tahun 2009 Nasional Kapakitas Lebih dari 6.000 M3/tahun (31-12-2009)’. 26 KBA (2010) ‘Sansico Group in Jakarta takes Rapida 105
and Genius 52UV: KBA technology invigorates Indonesian packaging sector’ www.kba-print.de/en/news/newsanzeige. html?newsfocus=nxps%3A%2F%2Fkba%2Fnews%2F16f2b9 6d-fac0-451b-8798-aefc273e55e4%2F%3Flanguage%3De n%26pool%3Dkba and BMJ (2008) ‘BMJ Printing Catalogue’ www.bmj-indonesia.com/Peckaging/bmj_catalogue.pdf 27 Sansico Resources website: www.sansicoresources.com/
Affiliated.html 28 KBA (2010) 29 KBA (2010)
30 Goliath (2010) ‘Indonesian Commercial Newsletter’ 1 November 2010 goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-14478221/Djarum-Group.html
31 IPS test results 2010–2011. Copies held by Greenpeace. 32 Hasbro (2005) ‘Corporate Quality Assurance Safety and
Reliability Specifications’ 12 December 2005 33 Indah Kiat Pulp & Paper (Sinar Mas) Serang mill, online,
product certificates www.ikserang.com/products_ certificates.asp; Ningbo Zhonghua Paper Co. Ltd., online www.zhonghua-paper.com/service/ewebeditor/ UploadFile/20091210114914396.pdf
34 See eg APP (2007): 34
35 20% in 2007, according to APP (2009). Greenpeace calculations based on Indonesian government data likewise resulted in 20% for 2009. Source: MoFor (2010c). 36 LEGO Group (2011b) ‘Company Profile: An
introduction to the LEGO Group 2010’ 2 November 2011 cache.lego.com/upload/contentTemplating/ AboutUsFactsAndFiguresContent/otherfiles/ download98E142631E71927FDD52304C1C0F1685.pdf 37 IPS test results 2010–2011. Copies held by Greenpeace. 38 Government of Indonesia (2011)
39 Mapping analysis using 2006 forest cover data (MoFor 2009) and best available data on existing and allocated concession areas
40 See Greenpeace (2010) ‘Protection Money’ 23 November 2010 www.greenpeace.org/international/en/publications/ reports/Protection-Money/ p43 for full figures 41 GAR (2011): 4
