Sistem kontrol saraf dan
endokrin
Departemen Fisiologi
Fakultas Kedokteran
Specific Learning Objectives
1. Mengidentifikasi level organisasi dalam
organisme.
2. Mengidentifikasi sistem organ dalam
tubuh manusia dan komponen utama tiap
sistem.
Levels of
Organization:
♠
CHEMICAL LEVEL
-
includes all chemical substances necessary for life; together form the next higher level♠
CELLULAR LEVEL
-
cells are the basic structural and functional units of the human body & there are many different types of cells (e.g., muscle, nerve, blood, and so on)♠
TISSUE LEVEL
-
a tissue is a group of cells that perform a specific function and the basic types of tissues in the human body include epithelial, muscle, nervous, and connective tissues♠
ORGAN LEVEL
-
an organ consists of 2 or more tissues that perform a particular function (e.g., heart, liver, stomach, and so on)♠
SYSTEM LEVEL
-
an association of organs that have a common function; the major systems in the human body includeFertilised
ovum
Tissues
Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous
Organs
Heart, Lungs, Kidneys, Liver, Brain, Pancreas etc...
Cell Division
Differentiation
Organs are classified
Organs are classified
into systems based
into systems based
on their function.
on their function.
Organ systems are composed
of two or more different organs
that work together to provide a
common function.
There are
10
10
major organ
major organ
systems
systems
in the
Major Role:
The main role of the
skeletal system is to
provide support for the
body, to protect delicate
internal organs and to
provide attachment sites for
the organs
Major Organs:
Bones, cartilage, tendons
and ligaments
Major Role:
The main role of the muscular system
is to provide movement. Muscles
work in pairs to move limbs and
provide the organism with mobility.
Muscles also control the movement of
materials through some organs, such
as the stomach and intestine, and the
heart and circulatory system.
Major Organs:
Skeletal muscles and smooth
muscles throughout the body.
Establishing the factors
responsible for the heart
beat
How the heart pumps
the blood around the
circulation
How it is distributed to
perfuse the tissues
according to their needs
Respiratory System
:
How is the air moved
in & out of the lungs
How is the volume of
air breathed adjusted to
meet the requirements of
the body
What limits the rate of
How is food ingested
(broken down &
ingested)
How are the individual
nutrients absorbed
How is the food moved
through the gut
How are the
indigestible remains
eliminated from the
body.
How do the kidney regulate
the ... Of the blood
How do they eliminate toxic
waste
How do they respond to
stresses such as dehydration
What mechanisms allow the
storage & elimination of the
urine
How are the sperm & egg
produced
What is the mechanism of
fertilization
How does the embryo grow &
develope
How is it delivered &
nourished until it can tend for it
self
Reproductive System:
Major Role:
The main role of the immune
system is to destroy and remove
invading microbes and viruses
from the body. The lymphatic
system also removes fat and
excess fluids from the blood.
Major Organs:
Lymph, lymph nodes and vessels,
white blood cells, T- and B- cells.
Major Role:
The main role of the nervous system
is to relay electrical signals through
the body. The nervous system
directs behaviour and movement
and, along with the endocrine
system, controls physiological
processes such as digestion,
circulation, etc.
Major Organs:
Brain, spinal cord and peripheral
nerves
Major Role:
The main role of the endocrine
system is to relay chemical messages
through the body. In conjunction with
the nervous system, these chemical
messages help control physiological
processes such as nutrient
absorption, growth, etc.
Major Organs:
Many glands exist in the body that
secrete endocrine hormones. Among
these are the hypothalamus, pituitary,
thyroid, pancreas and adrenal glands.
Function of Control System:
• Activities of all tissues must be
co-ordinated
to maintain normal function
and to ensure survival of the organism.
Control &
Integration
•
Nerves
– rapid response
• milli-seconds
– short duration
• seconds
Hormones
Hormones
slower response
slower response
minutes/hours/days
minutes/hours/days
sustained duration
sustained duration
days/months/years
days/months/years
Eg. Pain/withdrawal reflex
Eg. Growth/pregnancy
The Nervous and Endocrine
The Nervous and Endocrine
Systems are
Homeostasis and
Feedback Control
Negative feedback
Positive feedback
Nervous system
Endocrine system
Regulates mainly
muscular and
secretory activities
Regulates mainly
the metabolic
function
Regulation
of
Nervous System
•
The master controlling and
communicating system of the body
•
Functions
•
Sensory input – monitoring stimuli occurring
inside and outside the body
•
Integration – interpretation of sensory input
•
Motor output – response to stimuli by
Endocrine system
•
Maintenance of the internal
environment in the body
•
Integration and regulation of growth and
development.
•
Control, maintenance and instigation of
sexual reproduction, including
gametogenesis, coitus, fertilization, fetal
growth and development and
NERVOUS SYSTEM INTERACT WITH
NERVOUS SYSTEM INTERACT WITH
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM?
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM?
Endocrine tissue innervated
Endocrine tissue innervated
Some neurons produce hormones
Some neurons produce hormones
Neurosecretory cells do
Neurosecretory cells do
not
not
make
make
synaptic connections, but instead
synaptic connections, but instead
release neurohormones into blood
release neurohormones into blood
stream.
stream.
Thus, a part of the nervous system is
Thus, a part of the nervous system is
a part of the endocrine system.
NERVOUS SYSTEM vs ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM vs ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
PROPERTIY
PROPERTIY NERVOUS SYSTEMNERVOUS SYSTEM ENDOCRINE SYSTEMENDOCRINE SYSTEM Anatomic
Anatomic ““wired” system; specific structural wired” system; specific structural arrangement between neurons &
arrangement between neurons &
their target cells
their target cells
“
“wireless” system, widely wireless” system, widely dispersed & not structurally
dispersed & not structurally
related to their target cells
related to their target cells
Type of Chemical
Type of Chemical
messenger
messenger
Neurotransmitter released into
Neurotransmitter released into
synaptic cleft
synaptic cleft Hormones release into bloodHormones release into blood
Distance of action
Distance of action
of chemical messenger
of chemical messenger
Very short distance
Very short distance Long distance (carried by Long distance (carried by blood)
blood)
Means of specificity
Means of specificity
of action on target cell
of action on target cell
Dependent on close anatomic
Dependent on close anatomic
relationship between nerve cell &
relationship between nerve cell &
their target cells
their target cells
Dependent on specifity of
Dependent on specifity of
target cell binding &
target cell binding &
responsiveness to a particular
responsiveness to a particular
hormone
hormone
Speed of response
Speed of response Rapid (milliseconds)Rapid (milliseconds) Slow (minutes to hour)Slow (minutes to hour)
Duration of action
Duration of action Brief (millisecond)Brief (millisecond) Long (minutes to days or Long (minutes to days or longer)
longer)
Major function
Major function Coordinates rapid, precise Coordinates rapid, precise responses
responses Controls activities that require long duration rather than Controls activities that require long duration rather than speed.
