TUGAS SEMINAR GIZI
Aghnia fadhlillah
2013-32-003
Fakultas ilmu- ilmu kesehatan
Ilmu gizi
Tugas
Mencari , membaca , menterjemahkan 5 abstrak jurnal
internasional
Abstrak jurnal 1
Long-term consequences of stunting in early life
This review summarizes the impact of stunting, highlights recent research findings, discusses policy and programme implications and identifies research priorities. There is growing evidence of the connections between slow growth in height early in life and impaired health and educational and economic performance later in life. Recent research findings, including follow-up of an intervention trial in Guatemala, indicate that stunting can have long-term effects on cognitive development, school achievement, economic productivity in adulthood and maternal reproductive outcomes. This evidence has contributed to the growing scientific consensus that tackling childhood stunting is a high priority for reducing the global burden of disease and for fostering economic development. Follow-up of randomized intervention trials is needed in other regions to add to the findings of the Guatemala trial. Further research is also needed to: understand the pathways by which prevention of stunting can have long-term effects; identify the pathways through which the non-genetic transmission of nutritional effects is mediated in future generations; and determine the impact of interventions focused on linear growth in early life on chronic disease risk in adulthood.
Terjemahan
konsekuensi jangka panjang dari stunting pada awal kehidupan
percobaan Guatemala. Penelitian lebih lanjut juga diperlukan untuk: memahami jalur dimana pencegahan stunting dapat memiliki efek jangka panjang; mengidentifikasi jalur yang dilalui transmisi non-genetik efek gizi dimediasi di generasi mendatang; dan menentukan dampak dari intervensi berfokus pada pertumbuhan linear dalam kehidupan awal risiko penyakit kronis di masa dewasa.
Abstrak jurnal 2
Obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes — a worldwide epidemic
Obesity is now commonly defined in adults as a BMI > 30 kg/m2. The prevalence of obesity in established market economies (Europe, USA, Canada, Australia, etc.) varies greatly, but a weighed estimate suggests an average prevalence in the order of 15–20 %. The prevalence in these countries generally shows increasing trends over time. Obesity is also relatively
common in Latin America, but much less so in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia where the majority of the world population lives. Nevertheless obesity rates are increasing there as well and, more importantly, rates of diabetes are increasing even more quickly, particularly in Asian countries. The risks of type 2 diabetes mellitus in these countries tend to increase sharply at levels of BMI generally classified as acceptable in European and North American white people. There have been suggestions to adopt specific classifications of obesity in Asians (e.g. BMI 23 for overweight and 25 or 27 kg/m2 for obesity) and this will greatly affect the prevalence estimates of obesity worldwide (currently at about 250 million people). Particularly for health promotion purposes BMI may be replaced by a classification based on waist circumference, but also specific classifications for different ethnic groups may be necessary. The number of diabetics has been projected to increase from 135 million in 1995 to 300 million in 2025. Much of this increase will be seen in Asia. In summary, both obesity and type 2 diabetes are common consequences of changing lifestyles (increased sedentary lifestyles and increased energy density of diets). Both are potentially preventable through lifestyle modification on a population level, but this requires a coherent and multifaceted strategy. Such strategies are not developed or implemented. These developments point toward the great urgency to develop global and national plans for adequate prevention and management of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Terjemahan
Obesitas sekarang sering didefinisikan pada orang dewasa sebagai BMI> 30 kg / m2. Prevalensi obesitas pada ekonomi pasar didirikan (Eropa, Amerika Serikat, Kanada, Australia, dll) sangat bervariasi, namun perkiraan ditimbang menunjukkan prevalensi rata-rata di urutan 15-20%. Prevalensi di negara-negara ini umumnya menunjukkan
kecenderungan meningkat dari waktu ke waktu. Obesitas juga relatif umum di Amerika Latin, tetapi jauh lebih sedikit sehingga di sub-Sahara Afrika dan Asia di mana sebagian besar penduduk dunia tinggal. Namun demikian tingkat obesitas meningkat di sana juga dan, yang lebih penting, tingkat diabetes meningkat bahkan lebih cepat, terutama di negara-negara Asia. Risiko diabetes melitus tipe 2 di negara-negara cenderung meningkat tajam pada tingkat BMI umumnya diklasifikasikan sebagai diterima pada orang kulit putih Eropa dan Amerika Utara. Ada saran untuk mengadopsi klasifikasi tertentu obesitas di Asia (mis BMI 23 untuk kelebihan berat badan dan 25 atau 27 kg / m2 untuk obesitas) dan ini akan sangat mempengaruhi perkiraan prevalensi obesitas di seluruh dunia (saat ini sekitar 250 juta orang). Terutama untuk tujuan promosi kesehatan BMI mungkin akan digantikan dengan klasifikasi berdasarkan lingkar pinggang, tetapi juga klasifikasi khusus untuk kelompok etnis yang berbeda mungkin diperlukan. Jumlah penderita diabetes telah diproyeksikan meningkat dari 135.000.000 pada tahun 1995 untuk 300 juta tahun 2025. Sebagian besar peningkatan ini akan terlihat di Asia. Singkatnya, baik obesitas dan diabetes tipe 2 adalah konsekuensi umum dari perubahan gaya hidup (meningkat gaya hidup menetap dan peningkatan kepadatan energi dari diet). Keduanya berpotensi dicegah melalui modifikasi gaya hidup pada tingkat populasi, tetapi hal ini membutuhkan strategi yang koheren dan multifaset. Strategi tersebut tidak dikembangkan atau diterapkan. Perkembangan ini mengarah ke urgensi yang besar untuk mengembangkan rencana global dan nasional untuk pencegahan yang memadai dan manajemen obesitas dan diabetes melitus tipe 2.
Abstrak jurnal 3
Anemia is still one of India's major public health problems, especially among adolescent girls.
Objective To investigate the severity and distribution of anemia among Indian adolescent girls aged 10 to 19 years and its association with socioeconomic and sociodemographic factors.
Methods The study used data from the District Level Household Survey, round II, 2002–04, conducted under the Reproductive and Child Health Project. Data were collected on
hemoglobin along with socioeconomic and sociodemographic factors of the households. The survey covered rural and urban areas of 35 states or union territories. Data from 177,670 adolescent girls were analyzed.
non-Christian girls, girls from Scheduled Tribes, girls living in west India, and married girls. The highest percentages of girls with normal hemoglobin were reported among Christian
Scheduled Tribes (39.4%) and among girls in northeastern India (40.1%). Analysis by binary ordered logistic regression showed that anemia status did not depend on urban or rural residence or on age.
Conclusions Enhancement of the economic status of families, especially poor families, is a prerequisite to the amelioration of anemia among adolescent girls. The level of education of the girls is also a major factor.
Terjemahan
Anemia masih merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang utama di India, terutama di kalangan remaja perempuan.
Tujuan Untuk menyelidiki tingkat keparahan dan distribusi anemia di kalangan remaja perempuan India berusia 10 sampai 19 tahun dan hubungannya dengan faktor-faktor sosial ekonomi dan sosiodemografi.
Metode Penelitian ini menggunakan data dari Tingkat Kabupaten Survei Rumah Tangga, putaran II, 2002-04, dilakukan di bawah Reproduksi dan Proyek Kesehatan Anak. Data dikumpulkan pada hemoglobin bersama dengan faktor sosial ekonomi dan sosiodemografi dari rumah tangga. Survei ini meliputi daerah pedesaan dan perkotaan dari 35 negara atau wilayah persatuan. Data dari 177.670 remaja perempuan dianalisis.
Hasil Prevalensi tertinggi anemia (99,9%) diamati di Jharkhand di India timur. Prevalensi di negara bagian timur laut relatif rendah. Tingkat prevalensi tertinggi yang diamati antara gadis-gadis yang lebih tua (15 sampai 19 tahun), anak perempuan buta huruf yang tinggal di daerah pedesaan, anak perempuan di rumah tangga buta huruf, anak perempuan dari rumah tangga dengan standar hidup yang rendah, gadis non-Kristen, gadis dari suku Dijadwalkan, anak perempuan yang hidup di India barat, dan anak perempuan menikah. Persentase
tertinggi gadis dengan hemoglobin normal dilaporkan antara Suku Terjadwal Kristen (39,4%) dan di antara gadis-gadis di timur laut India (40,1%). Analisis dengan regresi logistik biner memerintahkan menunjukkan bahwa status anemia tidak tergantung pada tempat tinggal perkotaan atau pedesaan atau di usia.
Abstrak jurnal 4
Risk Factors for Clinical Marasmus: A Case-Control Study of Bangladeshi Children
A case-control study of risk factors of clinical marasmus was undertaken to guide intervention efforts in rural Bangladesh. Cases were children whose mid-upper arm
circumference measured <110 mm and controls were children matched for age and sex with arm circumference >120 mm. Between June 1988 and June 1989, 164 such pairs of children aged 1–4 years were studied. The effects of various demographic, socioeconomic,
environmental, and health factors, reported by mothers, were investigated in a multivariate analysis using conditional logistic regression. Results showed an increased risk of marasmus among children from families with other children under 5 years of age (odds ratio [OR]=2.51; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.33–4.74), and children who consumed formula foods
(OR=16.41, 95% CI: 3.39–79.36). Higher maternal education was associated with reduced risk of marasmus, compared with no education, the OR for <5 years of schooling=0.57, 95% CI: 0.23–1.41; OR for ≥5 years of schooling=0.34, 95% CI: 0.15–0.76. The strong
association of childhood marasmus with mother's education and child spacing supports the notion that non-nutritional factors should be essential components of efforts to reduce severe malnutrition in Bangladesh.
Terjemahan
Faktor risiko untuk Marasmus Klinis: A Case-Control Study of Children Bangladesh
Abstrak jurnal 5
protein and exercise Abstract
Position Statement
The following seven points related to the intake of protein for healthy, exercising individuals constitute the position stand of the Society. They have been approved by the Research Committee of the Society. 1) Vast research supports the contention that individuals engaged in regular exercise training require more dietary protein than sedentary individuals. 2) Protein intakes of 1.4 – 2.0 g/kg/day for physically active individuals is not only safe, but may improve the training adaptations to exercise training. 3) When part of a balanced, nutrient-dense diet, protein intakes at this level are not detrimental to kidney function or bone
metabolism in healthy, active persons. 4) While it is possible for physically active individuals to obtain their daily protein requirements through a varied, regular diet, supplemental protein in various forms are a practical way of ensuring adequate and quality protein intake for athletes. 5) Different types and quality of protein can affect amino acid bioavailability following protein supplementation. The superiority of one protein type over another in terms of optimizing recovery and/or training adaptations remains to be convincingly demonstrated. 6) Appropriately timed protein intake is an important component of an overall exercise training program, essential for proper recovery, immune function, and the growth and maintenance of lean body mass. 7) Under certain circumstances, specific amino acid supplements, such as branched-chain amino acids (BCAA's), may improve exercise performance and recovery from exercise.
Terjemahan
protein dan olahraga
Pernyataan posisi
memastikan asupan yang memadai dan protein berkualitas untuk atlet. 5) Berbagai jenis dan kualitas protein dapat mempengaruhi bioavailabilitas asam amino berikut suplemen protein. Keunggulan satu jenis protein di atas yang lain dalam hal mengoptimalkan pemulihan dan / atau pelatihan adaptasi masih harus meyakinkan ditunjukkan. 6) asupan protein Tepat waktunya merupakan komponen penting dari program latihan olahraga secara keseluruhan, penting untuk pemulihan yang tepat, fungsi kekebalan tubuh, dan pertumbuhan dan