JINDA’S MOTIVATION TO STRUGGLE
AGAINST THE LAND-RENT SYSTEM
IN MINFONG HO’S
RICE WITHOUT RAIN
A
SARJANA PENDIDIKAN
THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Antonita Yuni Pramita Student Number: 071214065
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
i
JINDA’S MOTIVATION TO STRUGGLE
AGAINST THE LAND-RENT SYSTEM
IN MINFONG HO’S
RICE WITHOUT RAIN
A
SARJANA PENDIDIKAN
THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Antonita Yuni Pramita Student Number: 071214065
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
iv
Like
the
rice,
we
live
in
wait
for
the
rain.
In
times
of
drought,
we
wither
in
the
fields.
How
many
of
us
must
die
of
hunger,
Before
the
few
of
them
can
live
in
splendor?
Like
the
rice,
like
the
withered
rice,
We
live
in
wait
for
the
rain.
Each
grain
of
rice
is
a
bead
of
sweat.
Each
bead
of
sweat
is
a
drop
of
pain.
What
fills
the
rice
bowls
of
the
rich?
The
sweat
of
our
brow,
the
blood
in
our
veins.
(a Thai folk song)
I dedicate this thesis with much love to:
My beloved father, Ign. Joko Supraptono,
my beloved mother, Caecilia Resmini,
my lovely sister and brother,
v
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the references, as a scientific paper should.
Yogyakarta, October 31, 2011 The Writer,
vi
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama : Antonita Yuni Pramita Nomor Mahasiswa : 071214065
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
“JINDA’S MOTIVATION TO STRUGGLE AGAINST THE LAND-RENT SYSTEM IN MINFONG HO’S RICE WITHOUT RAIN”
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan data, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain, untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalty kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal: 31 Oktober 2011
Yang menyatakan
vii ABSTRACT
Pramita, Antonita Yuni. (2011). Jinda’s Motivation to Struggle Against the Land-Rent System in Minfong Ho’s Rice Without Rain. Yogyakarta: English Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.
This study analyzes Jinda’s motivation as a Thai young girl who was struggling against land-rent system which brought her life into poverty as seen in Minfong Ho’s Rice Without Rain. In 1973-1976, there was a land-rent system in Thailand which Thailand farmers had to pay much higher the land they used and it made Thailand farmers worked hard to struggle against it. In this novel, Jinda as the farmer headman’s daughter, wanted to help their village out of this kind of poverty condition and with her motivation, she hoped that she could struggle against the land-rent system.
This study aims at answering the two question problems which are, “How does Jinda, the main character of Rice Without Rain, struggle against poverty or rent system?” and ”What motivates Jinda to struggle against poverty or land-rent system?”.
To answer those two problems, the researcher conducted library research. There are two sources of the research, namely primary source and secondary source. The primary source is taken from Minfong Ho’s Rice Without Rain, while the secondary source includes Maslow’ theory of motivation considering the theories of human needs by some psychologists and the relationship of motivation with the theory of emotion.
The findings include three major parts; they are the poor condition in Maekung, Jinda’s ways to struggle against land-rent system, and Jinda’s motivation through her behavior. The first finding describes the poor condition in that village which becomes the basic factor that supports both of the two problems. The second finding describes that there are four ways that Jinda has to do in struggling against poverty and land-rent system. Those are by asking advices to student volunteers from Bangkok, spreading the information about land-rent to the other young villagers, asking for permission to help Inthorn, and joining activities related to land-reform in Bangkok. The third finding answers the second question problem. It describes the internal and the external factors that motivate Jinda to struggle for life. The internal factor is closely related to the Jinda’s needs of life and the influence of Jinda’s emotion toward her motivation. There are five needs of life proposed by Maslow, McClelland, Jose & Lena Stevens that the researcher used. They are Maslow’s needs transcendence, McClelland’s needs of power and needs of achievement, and Jose & Lena Stevens’ needs of freedom and needs of exchange. On the other hand, the external factors are Jinda’s father’s bravery, Ned’s help, a song lyric, and Jinda’s grandmother’s motto of life.
viii ABSTRAK
Pramita, Antonita Yuni. (2011). Jinda’s Motivation to Struggle Against the Land-Rent System in Minfong Ho’s Rice Without Rain. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Skripsi ini mengkaji tentang motivasi Jinda sebagai salah satu wanita muda Thailand yang berusaha untuk melawan sistem sewa tanah yang membawa kehidupan di desanya ke dalam kemiskinan yang terdapat dalam novel Rice Without Rain karya Minfong Ho. Pada tahun 1973-1976, Pemerintah Thailand mengeluarkan aturan tentang sistem sewa tanah yang mengharuskan para petani untuk membayar mahal sewa tanah yang mereka pakai dan hal itu membuat para petani berupaya keras untuk melawan aturan tersebut. Di dalam novel ini, Jinda sebagai anak dari seorang petani sekaligus kepala desa ingin membantu desanya agar terhindar dari kemiskinan dan dengan motivasinya, dia berharap agar dia dapat membantu usaha petani untuk melawan sistem sewa tanah.
Tujuan dari skripsi ini adalah untuk menjawab dua pertanyaan, yaitu “Bagaimana Jinda sebagai karakter utama dalam novel Minfong Ho Rice Without Rain melawan sistem sewa tanah yang membawa dampak kemiskinan? dan “Faktor apa saja yang memotivasi Jinda dalam upaya melawan sistem sewa tanah?”.
Peneliti menggunakan studi pustaka untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut. Ada dua sumber yang dipakai dalam studi ini, yaitu sumber utama dan sumber kedua. Sumber utama diambil dari novel Rice Without Rain sendiri, sedangkan sumber kedua meliputi teori motivation oleh Maslow yang dengan mempertimbangkan juga teori tentang kebutuhan hidup manusia oleh beberapa psikologis dan teori tentang hubungan motivasi dengan teori emotional.
ix
berubah menjadi lebih baik yang keduanya dicetuskan oleh Jose & Lena Stevens. Sebaliknya, eksternal faktor yang memotivasi Jinda di antaranya keberanian ayahnya berjuang melawan sistem pemerintahan, bantuan dari Ned, lirik sebuah lagu, dan pedoman hidup neneknya.
x
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I know the Lord will make a way for me. This is the way He makes for me. Everything that has been done in my life is all because of His Grace. Because of His Grace, I would like to give my best and greatest gratitude to my savior Jesus Christ and Mother Mary who are always beside me.
Second, I would also like to convey my deepest gratitude to my sponsor, Henny Herawati, S.Pd., M.Hum., for sharing a lot of knowledge about literature and for her patience in guiding me to finish this thesis. I really thank her for giving me supports, advices, and suggestions so that I could always be on the right track up to the end. My best gratitude would also come to Sr. Margaret O’Donohue, FCJ for her willingness to be my proof reader. With her kindness she has checked the language I used and given some suggestions that are useful to finish this thesis. I would also like to express my best gratitude to all lecturers of English Language Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University for the helps, guidance, and knowledge they have shared that would be great provisions for me to be a good English teacher in the future.
xi
My gratitude goes to Antonius Dian Fibrianto Setyawan, for his support and his greatest patience when I was so sad and gave up in the process of doing my thesis. My gratitude also goes to Rieta, Oda, Wichan, Bertha, Nana, Beni, Duwi, and Susi for helping me in doing my thesis with their extraordinary support, especially to Rieta as my proofreaders. I also thank to them for bringing back my smile when I was down. I would also like to thank Rereth, Kiki, Uci, Putri, and Kanya for the friendship and for sharing happiness in every wonderful day.
Finally, I would like to say thanks to all my friends in English Education Study Program of 2007 for studying and gaining knowledge together, especially to all my friends in “Tangled” play performance, PPL, KKN XLI 03 OYEE, and to my seniors who have helped me a lot, and to Mbak Dhanniek and Mbak Tari for helping and facilitating me when I studied in PBI. Thanks to all people and families who have helped and supported me that I cannot mention one by one for help and support that have been given during my study.
xii
1. 1. Background of the Study………. 1. 2. Problem Formulation……….…. 1. 3. Objectives of the Study………... 1. 4. Benefits of the Study………... 1. 5. Definition of Terms……….
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2. 1. The Psychological Approach to Literature………...
xiii
2. 2. Theory of Motivation.…….………. 2. 3. Theory of Human Needs... 2. 4. Theory of Emotion... 2. 5. Relationship of Emotion and Motivation... 2. 6. Theoretical Framework………
4. 1. Poor Condition in Maekung……… 4. 2. Jinda’s Ways on Struggling against Poverty or Land-Rent
System ………... 4. 2. 1. Asking Advices to Student Volunteers from
Bangkok... 4. 2. 2. Spreading the Information about Land-Rent to
the Other Young Villagers………... 4. 2. 3. Asking for Permission to Help Inthorn... 4. 2. 4. Joining Activities Related to Land-Reform in
xiv
4. 3. Jinda’s Motivation in Struggling against Poverty or Land-Rent System... 4. 3. 1. Intrinsic Motivation... 4. 3. 2. Extrinsic Motivation...
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5. 1. Conclusions………. 5. 2. Suggestions……….. 5. 2. 1. Suggestions for Future Researchers………... 5. 2. 2. Suggestions for English Teachers………...
REFERENCES....……… APPENDICES………..
31 31 40
44 48 48 49
xv
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1 Lesson Plan for Teaching Basic Reading I………... Appendix 2 Lesson Unit Plan KPE 141 Basic Reading I……... Appendix 3 Teaching Materials……… Appendix 4 The Summary of Rice Without Rain………... Appendix 5 The Biography of Minfong Ho...………... Appendix 6 The Pictures of Rice-fields in Thailand...………….. Appendix 7 The Pictures of Poor Condition in Maekung...……... Appendix 8 The Pictures of Farmers’ Round Rally Against Land-Rent System...
56 58 64 73 75 87 88
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter deals with the background of the study, problem formulation, the objectives of the study, the benefits of the study, and the definition of terms used in this study. The background of the study describes the reason why the writer chooses the topic of the study and literary work as the study. The objective of the study includes the writer’s aims of finding the answers to the questions stated in the problem formulation. The writer formulates two questions that become the focus discussed in this study. The next part, which is benefits of the study, contains some advantages from this study. The last part of this chapter gives the description of some terms in order to avoid misconception in analyzing this study.
1.1Background of the Study
Over two-thirds of Thailand's populations are rice farmers. Most of them grow rice in the regions of the central plains, the north, and the northeast. The land in the central plains is very fertile. However, the land in the northeast is very mountainous and there are often droughts. The people in the northeast are a lot poorer than those in other areas of the country. Rice has an important place in Thai history and culture.
households were landless. In the early 1970s university students helped to bring some of the local protests out on to the national stage. The protests focused on land loss, high rents, the heavy handed role of the police, corruption among the bureaucracy and the local elite, poor infrastructure, and overwhelming poverty. It was the same in Thailand. From 1973-1976, students in Thailand tried to gain more rights for the poor farmers. The students in the cities were moved by the poverty they saw around them as well as by the poverty of the rice farmers in rural areas. They wanted to build a new Thailand which was fairer for its entire people.
Rice Without Rain is a novel written by Minfong Ho, which focuses on the life of Thailand people where at that time there was a system of land-rent. At that time, Thailand farmers were suffering. They could hardly get their rights because they had to obey the rule of the Land-rent system. The rule was really adverse for women.
There are three main characters in this story. They are Jinda, Inthorn, and Ned. The first part of the book tells us about the story of Jinda’s life with her father and her family. They lived in a poor condition. Two years of drought have brought deprivations to the village in which Jinda's sister has no milk and her baby starves to death. Still, the villagers greet these outsiders with suspicion, especially when they encourage the men to form a rent resistance movement. So, it makes Jinda want to end this kind of poverty condition and with her motivation, she hopes that she can struggle against the land-rent system.
way to save his village from the government rules. He realized that he had to do something, and he tried to break the rule and made it better for all the citizen.
The third is Ned. From the book, we knew that Ned was a university student from Bangkok and he became the group leader of volunteer (student radicals) to help people in Thailand who faced difficult problems. He, together with Jinda, lead a organization that might help Thailand people from suffering. They also joined with the community of guerrilas fighting the government to let the village develop for the better.
The Thailand efforts in this story are well-developed. Jinda’s effort really makes this novel great. She wants to have a better life. Although she was angry at that kind of unjust situation, she still wanted to change the condition by breaking the government rule and she hopes that someday there will be a miracle, a better future, both for herself and Thailand. That is why I analyze Jinda’s motivation to struggle against the land-rent system.
1.2Problem Formulation
In analyzing MinFong Ho’s novel, the writer focuses on Thailand women’s struggle to overcome their problems from the land-rent system that happens in their villlage. Therefore, the writer formulates two problems of this study that is stated as follows:
1. How does Jinda, the main character of Rice Without Rain, struggle against poverty or land-rent system?
1.3Objectives of the Study
Based on the problem formulation stated above, the objectives of this study are:
1. To describe the struggle of Jinda as the main character of Rice Without Rain in order to struggle against poverty.
2. To reveal the motivation of Jinda to have strength and beliefs to change life from poverty into a better future.
1.4Benefits of the Study
The study is expected to be able to give some benefits for the readers, students, and reseachers. First is for the readers. The analyses of this study are beneficial for the readers in gaining a better understanding related to the novel. It also helps the readers to enrich their knowledge about how Thailand women struggle in their life and through their love to face their problems. Through the literary works, they can adapt the concepts in the novel to be practiced in their real life.
Second is for students. The writer hopes that this study will also be useful for the students. By reading this study the students are gaining a lot of information related to the way the Thailand women have to fight for their rights and finally they hope for a better future.
approach. Hence, the researcher can observe and analyze some aspects of the novel by applying sociocultural-historical and psychological approach. The writer hopes that this study also inspires other researchers to analyzing this remarkable novel.
1.5Definition of Terms
In the last part of this chapter, I explain some significant terms used in this study. The definition of terms is aimed at avoiding misconception about this study.
1. Land-rent system
Land-rent system or usually called Land value taxation (LVT) according to Wyatt (2004) is an ad valorem tax on the value of land. This ignores buildings, improvements, and personal poverty (p. 99). Because of this, land-rent system is different from other property taxes on real estate-the combination of land, buildings, and improvement to land. Every jurisdiction that has a real estate property tax has an element of land value tax, because land value contributes to overall property value.
In this study, the term land-rent system means the system in which the farmers in Thailand have to pay higher price just to rent the land.
2. Motivation
attainment of specific goals, and it sustains the effort expended in reaching those goals” (p. 24). Behavior is also influenced by a need for something. Murray (1964) defines motivation as a desire that has a certain goal to be obtained (p.8). In this study, the term motivation means desire or drives which stimulate Jinda as the focus of this story to do things that are needed to achieve what she wants.
3. Struggle
Struggle according to Macmillan dictionary is the trying hard to do something that we find very difficult.
7
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter contains six parts. They are the theory of psychological approach to literature, the theory of motivation, theory of human needs, theory of emotion, relationship of emotion and motivation, and theoretical framework. The theory of psychological approach to literature involves the effort to locate and demonstrate certain recurrent patterns. Theory of motivation explains the approaches in studying motivation and the psychological aspects of human related to the character’s motivation in the novel. Theory of human needs explains the needs that force human beings to strive for their goals until the goals are achieved. Next part is theory of emotion. The theoy of emotion involves someone’s emotion to support his or her motivation in achieving his or her goals. In this part also provides the relationship of emotion and motivation in order to know the influence of someone’s emotion towards his or her motivation. The last is the theoretical framework in which the writer reveals the application of the theory to answer the research questions stated in the problem formulation.
2.1 The Psychological Approach to Literature
The theories and practices of Sigmund Freud (1972) provide the foundation for psychoanalytic criticism. He believes that the work of literature is the external expression of the author’s unconcious mind. The literary works must be treated like a dream, applying psychoanalytic techniques to the text to uncover the author’s hidden motivation and repressed desire (p. 149-153).
According to Freud, an author’s chief motivation for writing any story is to gratify some secret desire; some forbidden wish that probably developed during the time the author was suppressed and dumped in the unconcious. Bressler (1974) said that by using Freud’s psychoanalytic techniques as they are used in dream therapy, psychoanalytic critics believe the reader can unlock the hidden meaning contained within the story. Then the reader can have an accurate interpretation of the text (p. 159-160).
Basically, psychoanalytic criticism deals with a work literature primarily as an expression, in fictional form, of the state of mind and the structure of the personality of the individual author. According to Murphy (1972), the work of literature is correlated with its author’s distinctive mental and emotional traits: (1) reference to author’s personality in order to explain and interpret a literary work; (2) reference to literary works in order to establish, biographically, the personality of the author; (3) the mode of reading a literary work specifically as a way of experiencing the distinctive subjectivity, or unconciousness, of its author (p. 263).
works of literature. It is also the study in the literature effect upon its readers (p.81).
Psychology obviously can illuminate the creative process. Welleck added that for some concious artist, psychology may have tightened their sense of reality, sharpened their power of observation or allowed them to fall into hitherto undiscovered pattern. Psychology helps to uncover the author’s do with the literary works (p. 90-93).
One important concept of psychological analysis is relative deprivation. This concept refers to feelings of dissatisfaction that arise from comparisons of one’s own situation with that of certain other persons, usually similar to oneself in some relevant way. It relates with the psychological ingredient in activating the powerless to try to acquire greater control over outcomes affecting them.
2.2 Theory of Motivation
Minfong Ho’s novel Rice without Rain reveals Jinda’s motivation as a Thailand women to show her struggle against the land-rent system. This part will describe the meaning of motivation based on theories proposed by psychologist.
Basically, a motive is an internal factor that arouses, directs, and integrates a person’s behavior. According to Steers and Porter (1991) in their book
Motivation and work behavior (5th ed.), “motivation is a force that serves three functions: it energizes or causes people to act, it directs behavior toward the attainment of specific goals, and it sustains the effort expended in reaching those goals” (p. 24). Other psychologist, Murray (1964), in his book Motivation and Emotion states:
Motivation is distinguished from other factors that also influence behavior, such as the past experience of the person, his physical capabilities, and the environmental situation in which he finds himself, although these other factors may influence motivation (p. 7).
Some psychologists add that motivation must be able to include terms such as desires, wishes, plans, goals, intents, impulses, and purposes. This is sometimes called want. In general, when we speak of motives we are referring to the causes or reasons that underlie a given behavior.
motivation is defined as the value or pleasure associated with an activity as opposed to the goal toward which the activity is directed while the extrinsic motivation emphasizes the external goals toward which the activity is directed. It is possible for two kinds of motivation interact such that extrinsic motivation reduce the degree of intrisic motivation for a task.
Beck (1978) in his book Motivation Theories and Principles states that there should be an interaction of intrinsic element and external rewards. If the individual sees himself as the causal factor for desirable outcomes, then the behavior producing those outcomes is intrisically motivating and desirable. On the other hand, if the individual sees his rewards as being dependent on someone else, the activity necessary to get those rewards will be intrisically motivating (p. 145).
Motivation theories start with the assumption that there is a cause for every behavior. The goal is to identify the causes. Psychologists distinguish between approach causes and avoidant causes. In approach behavior, people do things because of something they want, desire, or need. In avoidant behavior, people do things to avoid something. All behavior represents an attempt to adapt to the environment. Social interaction with others is one factor which construct in motivation. Some theories have also pointed out that we are socially motivated. Petry (1981) in his book Motivation: Theory and Research states that social situation have a large influence on our behavior because the presence of others alters our motivation (p. 259).
2.3 Theory of Human Needs
All human behavior is motivated by some needs. The needs highly influence human beings to behave in a certain way and to make decisions in accordance with goals. The needs force human beings to strive for their goals until the goals are achieved. In relation to this study, the writer thinks that it is crucial to employ the theory of human needs to find out what motivates Jinda in struggling against poverty and in addition to explain Jinda needs that motivate her.
(taken from http://pcm.me/maslows-hierarchy-of-needs/Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs motivational model.html)
Chapman (2001) stated that Maslow overstated the imortance of sequentially working one’s way up the pyramid. Although we fulfill basic needs first when possible, if circumtances allow only partial satisfaction, we can still go on to pursue higher level needs (http://pcm.me/maslows-hierarchy-of-needs/Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs motivational model.html).
the major construct the motivation. It is called effectance motivation by some and personal causation by others (p. 13).
McClelland's (1985), in his book Human Motivation states:
Theory sometimes referred to as the three need theory or as the learned needs theory, categorizes the needs as follows: (1) the need for affiliation, (2) the need for power, and (3) the need for achievement. A person’s needs are influenced by their cultural background and life experiences. The majority of these needs can be classified as the needs for affiliation, achievement or power (p. 223).
There are still the other needs that people may have to achieve. Based on Nine Needs Material adapted from various workshops by psychologists Jose & Lena Stevens, Pivotal Resources and JP Van Hulle, Michael Education Foundation, it is clearly stated that there are nine needs that people may have to achieve. Jose and Lena Stevens (1997) stated:
The nine needs are the needs of security, adventure, freedom, exchange, power, expansion, acceptance, community, and expression.Security is the need to feel safe, to feel assured that they know what is going to happen, to know ahead of time what the plans are. The second is the need of adventure. Adventure is the need for an adrenaline rush, to have new experiences, to travel, to have big experiences, to have drama in their life, to have a sense of anticipation about upcoming events. Next is the need of freedom. Freedom is the need of independence and spontaneity. It is also the need to have choices and to feel in control of making those choices. The need of exchange is the need to trade information and knowledge with others, not just to combine or socialize, but to deliver and receive something of value. Then, need of power. People with a need for power need to be in a position of authority and responsibility. They need to explore power, leadership and accomplishment. Expansion is the need to build something, to add onto, to create an empire, to expand horizons, to go where no one has gone before. Next is the need of acceptance. Acceptance is the need to accept yourself and be accepted by others. This includes a feeling of belonging. The next need is the need of community. People with a need of community like to have people around. They are highly social and will express their enjoyment of gatherings. The last need is the need of expression. Expression is the need to be artistic, to be seen, to be heard, to be felt. It is the need to express oneself through words, speech, actions, dress, art and self-creations of all types (http://www.itstime.com/jun97.htm).
2.4 Theory of Emotion
proposed by Jung, Arnold, Leeper, Lazarus, Kleinginna and Kleinginna, and also Worchel and Shebilske.
The theory of emotion proposed by Jung (1978), states that emotion is a category of feeling, which includes fear, anger, hate, as well as pleasure, humor, joy, excitement, and boredom (p. 4).
According to Arnold (1960), as stated in Murray’s book Motivation and Emotion, says that most of the emphasis has been on the second half on the sequence emotion, expression, action; and not enough on the initial perception (p. 50). An important feature of Arnold’s theory is that emotion is defined in a motivational sense. This is very close to McDougall’s theory in which each motive is thought to be accompanied by a characteristic emotion.
Another psychologist, Leeper (1970) as stated in Murray’s book, believes that emotions organize and direct behavior just as motives do (p. 63). Just the same with Leeper, Lazarus (1970) also has reviewed on the effects of emotional stress on task performance. Stress was introduced by arranging the test situations so that the subject failed or by complicating the task so that the subject was distracted (p. 64).
As Worchel and Shebilske (1989) pointed out that the first step in experiencing emotions is appraising (judging or interpreting) the situation. It determines whether we view the situation as threatening or nonthreatening, and it also determines our response to the situation (p. 373-377).
Emotions, proposed by some psychologists above, can be underlined that the major focus of emotion theory is on how people can learn to develop emotions that sustain goal-directed behavior and to neutralize or deflect emotions that tend to undermine goal-directed behavior. From some theories of some psychologists above, the writer prefer to use the theory of emotion proposed by Jung supported with theories by Leeper, Lazarus, and Worchel and Shebilske in order to analyze the influence of Jinda’s emotion toward her motivation.
2.5 Relationship of Emotion and Motivation
explanations, trigger a variety of internal adjustment, and elicit expressive, goal-directed, and adaptive behaviors.
According to Jung (1978), emotion is related to motivation because it sometimes operates as motivating factors, and influence motivation in the process of response to something (p. 4). Furthermore, motivation, according to Smith (1982), influences someone’s behavior in order to the condition or to gain something (p. 282). The example is that a student who is going to have a final examination feels afraid of being failed in that examination. His fear motivates him to study hard. In that case, he spends his time for studying rather than playing with his friends, watching television, even reading his favorite comics. His motivation influences his behavior in order to gain his goal that is to pass the exam. This situation is just the same with what Jinda was faced will. Her motivation also influences her behavior to gain her goal that is to live freely without land-rent system so that she can feel the prosperity.
2.6 Theoretical Framework
Theories are the basis for analyzing the novel. Based on the theories that have been explained in the preceding section, the researcher would like to draw up the application of the theories in this theoretical framework.
Basically, there are two research questions will be discussed in this study with the same approach for both those two research questions. Since both of the research questions are dealing with the psychology aspect, the researchers used the Psychological Approach to discuss it.
After deciding the approach, the approach is used as a base to choose the theories based on the approaches. The first question is related with the way Jinda, as the main character of Rice without Rain, struggles against the land-rent system. The researcher uses the analysis of Jinda’s behavior in the novel. Having finished analyzing the first research question, the researcher goes on to discuss the second research question. The researcher wants to find out what motivates Jinda to struggle against the land-rent system. Since the second research question is related to the human motivation, the researcher applies the psychological approach. The psychological approach used in the literary work will sharpen the analysis the correlation between literature and psychology aspects.
experienced by Jinda. The writer also chooses the theory of motivation proposed by Steers & Porter, Murray, Beck, and Petry in order to analyze Jinda’s motivation to struggle against poverty. Based on theory of motivation, there are the stages of needs. Therefore, the writer also uses theory of human needs by Maslow and McClelland. In this study, needs are the reason which motivates Jinda to do something. Besides, in order to know the influence of Jinda’s emotion towards her motivation, the writer uses the relationship of emotion and motivation by Huitt and Jung in analyzing Jinda’s motivation.
21
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter contains three parts, namely the subject matter, an approach, and research procedures. The subject matter explains the novel briefly and reviews the object of the study. An approach discusses the Psychological approach in analyzing the study. Research procedures describe the milestones of method which are applied to accomplish the analysis of the study.
3.1 Subject Matter
The primary subject of this study is Minfong Ho’s Rice Without Rain. The novel used in this study was published by Marshall Cavendish Editions. The novel is divided into 15 chapters. It contains 206 pages. It is a novel which is written by Thailand writer; Minfong Ho. Minfong Ho spent most of her childhood in Thailand, and then studied in Taiwan and at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. Now she lives with her husband and three children in Ithaca, New York.
Minfong Ho presented the tension that Thailand women experience in best-selling novel like Rice Without Rain. Rice Without Rain crowned The New York Times best-seller list. Minfong Ho’s novel gives an interesting and at times absorbing glimpse of class struggle in the Thailand of the 1970s.
who she is as the world around her revolves in what seems to be never –ending change. Although Jinda feels anger at injustice and sometimes face sorrow, but she still is hopeful for a better future, both for herself and Thailand. Jinda, as the main character, is especially well-drawn, although the others are stereotypes.
However, the novel is not only about the motivation inside the main character, Jinda. The novel can reflect the Thailand farmers’ life that lives under government authority and they have to pay more land-rent for the land they used.
3.2 Approach
According to Mary Rohrberger and Samuel H. Woods, there are five approaches that could be applied in analyzing literary works. They are the formalist approach, the biographical approach, the sociocultural-historical approach, the mythopoeic approach, and the psychological approach. However, there is only one approach applied in this study.
The only approach applied in this study is the Psychological approach. This approach was to analyze the research questions related to the theory of motivation, a branch of psychology theory. This approach brought us to analyze the novel from the psychological point of view of human beings (Rohrberger and Woods 9). The approach guided the writer in analyzing what was the motivation of Jinda to change the government law of land-rent system.
human motivation to present the explanation of Jinda’s emotion which influence her motivation to struggle against poverty, which becomes the focus of this study.
3.3 Research Procedures
The writer used library research as the research method to gather the primary and secondary data. It meant that the data were gained from taking notes and analyzing the novel from the reliable data. The writer took some stages in order to accomplish the study.
The first stage was choosing the novel as the primary data of the study. The writer chose Minfong Ho’s Rice Without Rain as the primary data of the study. In order to understand the novel deeply, the writer read the novel for several times. During the understanding process of novel, the writer could observe the portrait of Thailand’s social life in the novel. The main character of the novel, Jinda applied the Thailand women power in her daily life. It made the writer more focused on the Thailand women power relied on the novel. After understanding the novel, the writer found out the problems which could be analyzed as it was formulated in the problem formulation. The writer was attracted to analyze what motivates Thailand women to have strength and beliefs to change their life from poverty into a better future and also what kind of struggle that Thailand women go through in order to overcome their anger at injustice in that kind of poverty situation.
study were related to the psychological approach and motivation, the writer collected some books of Psychological Approach, Psychological Theory, and many other related to this. The writer also found some books explaining about human motivation in universal theory especially the theory of women motivation in struggling against the unbreakable government rule.
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
This chapter is intended to answer the research problems. It consists of two parts. The first part is the discussion on Jinda’s ways on struggling against poverty or land-rent system. Then, the second part deals with Jinda’s motivation in struggling against poverty or land-rent system.
Before the writer discusses those two research problems, the poor condition in Maekung, where Jinda and her family lived, is discussed first. This part is very crucial to be discussed, first because this is one of the basic reasons that supports both two research problems. We should know the condition in Maekung at that time that brings the effect on Jinda’s motivation. As we know that the government rules of land-rent system bring Maekung into poverty and Jinda has to struggle for it, for better life.
4.1 Poor Condition in Maekung
condition also brought bad effects to Jinda’s family. They lived in a poor condition. There was no rice, no food, and no milk that could be eaten. From the novel, we know that Jinda’s sister, Dao, had no milk for her daughter, little Oi. Jinda knew this fact and she tried not to disturb her sister although she cared about it. It is showed in chapter 1, “Jinda held her breath. She tried not to look, knowing that her sister had become shy about brest-feeding ever since her milk had begun to dry up” (p. 15).
Most people there were having the same conversation everyday. They often talked about the dryness and poverty, even though they had tried to work harder as farmers. Everytime they tried to look forward waiting for rains, but it did not come. Their harvest was getting dry as showed in the conversation among them:
“We have no meat, no fish, no milk,” she said kindly. ...”But what is there now when the fields are cracked and hard, and the mountainsides barren even of leaves? Don’t talk to us of meat and fish, child. We’re hungry, all of us-but the little ones most of all” (p. 47).
what should they do to resist on paying the land-rent. They were afraid if Dusit would take all of their rice as stated on the novel:
“Inextricably tied to this was the villagers’ anxiety about the rent. It was already early December, and the threshing almost finished. ...and soon Dusit, the rent-collector, would be due to take half of it away. ... After he had collected his rent, would there, the villagers asked each other, would there be enough rice left to last them for the coming year?” (p. 54, ch. 5)
It explains that farmers were afraid if Dusit came and took off all of their rice as the rent so that there would not be enough rice left for them to last them for the coming year.
4.2 Jinda’s Ways on Struggling against Poverty or Land-Rent System
The poor condition that brought poverty in Maekung made Jinda, a daughter of a farmer, felt that she had to do something to make people’s life better. This section is written to discuss how Jinda struggled against poverty or land-rent system and the things that are related to her ways on struggling for life.
4.2.1 Asking Advices to Student Volunteers from Bangkok
had the chance to talk to Ned directly about this” (p. 54). From that sentence, we know that Jinda wanted to share to Ned the problems that happened. Jinda wanted to know about Ned’s opinions or his solutions that might help her. That is the first way she had to do because by knowing someone else’s opinion, Jinda got the idea on what she should do and it could be the basic way for her to struggle against poverty and the land-rent system.
4.2.2 Spreading the Information about Land-Rent to the Other Young Villagers
4.2.3 Asking for Permission to Help Inthorn
Ned’s arrival in Maekung really helped Jinda do something useful for both herself and her village. Jinda had done many things in Bangkok together with Ned. Actually, Ned persuaded and invited Jinda to go with him to Bangkok to arrange a plan. During that time, Jinda faced the problem that made her powerless to rebuild her condition. Her father, Inthorn, had to be imprisoned in Bangkok and it made Jinda feel hard and difficult to save him. Therefore, Jinda tried to ask for permission from the prison authorities to see her father in prison and to help him get out of it as stated below:
“Together with Ned, she had made the long trip into town, and tried to petition for permission to see Inthorn. ... the waiting seemed interminable to Jinda. It was almost three weeks later, that she finally received a letter from the prison authorities informing her that she could visit her father” (p. 91).
Besides, there is also a proof to show Jinda’s way in helping her father out of prison as stated, “... Ned had pretended to like her and help care for her. Ned had made the rounds of the bureaucracy with her, trying to get permission to see her father” (p. 99), and also in chapter 9, “Jinda decided to go to Bangkok, Jinda felt a flash of anger. ‘I’m going to Bangkok,’ she said, ‘because I’m trying to help get Father out of prison” (p. 108).
4.2.4 Joining Activities Related to Land-Reform in Bangkok
It is stated in the novel that Jinda also joined some activities which were related to her will on struggling against the land-rent in Bangkok. In chapter 8, it is stated that, "Jinda leafed through the article. Quickly she skimmed through the long phrases-‘symbol of the oppressed peasants,’ ‘revolutionary leader of the farmer’s movement,’ ‘challenger of the exploitative and feudalistic land rent system” (p. 98). Besides, Jinda had attended political meetings in many opportunities on land-reform, visited Bangkok newspaper offices, made the rounds rally, and many others. As the writer has explained before that Jinda wrote an article about the farmers’ rent movement. Not only writing an article, but she had also interviewed some people or farmers who had to speak up against the high land rents and attended a group discussion among them. It is supported in a paragraph in the novel below:
“... She followed him to newspaper offices where she was interviewed by people who noted down everything she said. She visited a textile factory where workers were on strike. She made the rounds of other school active in organising the upcoming rally. She met farmer leaders from North and Northeastern Thailand who had come to Bangkok to speak up against the high land rents.
Jinda came to spend most of her time at ‘The Headquarters’, a set of dingy rooms in a two-storey building near Ned’s house, across the river from Thammasart University. ...
At first Jinda could not get used to the constant whirl of noise ande activity at the Headquarters. If she was attending a discussion group on land-reform, she would be distracted by the news report coming from a radio which was never switched off. Or if she was helping to write an article about the farmers’ rent movement, the contact prints which the student photographers carried out from their little darkroom next door always seemed more interesting” (p. 136-137, ch. 11).
activity rally planning on land-rent. She spent most of her time at The Headquarters, and was very much caught up in the discussions there on the problems of land-rent. Jinda found herself more hopeful than ever that, with the pressure generated by this rally, her father and the other rent resistence leaders would be released from prison. Although it was hard and sometimes she felt so bored and tired, she had done her best.
4.3 Jinda’s Motivation in Struggling against Poverty or Land-Rent System The second part of this chapter has discussed the ways of how Jinda, a Thailand young girl, struggled against poverty. She had done a lot of efforts to struggle for it. Her efforts to struggle against poverty are the implementation of her motivation. Although she knew that it was difficult to solve the problems, she worked hard to struggle. There must be some great motivation which become the base of her behavior. The writer discusses it in the second research question which aims to find out what motivates Jinda, as a Thailand woman, to struggle against poverty.
4.3.1 Intrinsic Motivation
The second research question is answered by applying the psychological theories of human motivation. As Murray (1964) has stated in his book
Motivation and Emotion:
Intrinsic motivation related to theory of human needs. The needs of life influence human behavior to gain or to achieve their goal. Therefore, the writer uses theories of human needs by Maslow, McClelland, and Jose & Lena Stevens. The first need is Maslow’s needs of transcendence. Transcendence is the highest level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Maslow (1990) believes that we should study and cultivate peak experiences as a way of providing a route to achieve personal growth, integration, and fulfillment. Peak experiences are unifying, and ego-transcending, bringing a sense of purpose to the individual and a sense of integration. In other words, the individual’s own needs are put aside, to a great extent, in favor of service to others and to some higher force or cause conceived as being outside the personal self. Transcendence occurs when one helps others realize their potentials. In this novel, Jinda helped farmers get out of their difficulties. Although Jinda did not show her sympathy directly, she had shown her willingness to help her village by repeating Inthorn’s speech about the land-rent to the other young village girls and boys so that they could realize that they had potentials to help farmers and to help their village as seen on page 75. By doing such kind of action, Jinda had helped others to survive from the land-rent issue and poverty.
the needs of affiliation, achievement, or power. In this study, the writer used two needs of them; those are the need of power and the need of achievement. Therefore, the second need is McClelland’s need of power. The need of power is the need to lead others and make an impact. McClelland divided the need of power into two types. First is the need for institutional power. People with the need for institutional power want to direct the effort of their team to further the objectives of their organisation. It is supported by Jinda’s willingness when students from Thammasart University in Bangkok came to help her village. She wanted to direct the effort of people in her village and the effort of those four students so that they had one big power to get the solutions for the problems they faced. Jinda wanted to unite the efforts they had to struggle for life so that, together with others, she could build Maekung with no poverty anymore.
enough food to be eaten as the source of nutrition for her body. Therefore, she had to be treated. Jinda wanted to help little Oi together with Sri’s help. It shows that Jinda really cared about people’s health in Maekung and she had done it. Therefore, she wanted to help them so that they could hold on their pain and could do their works, their activities, and their tasks in order to achieve their goals which is resisting on paying the land-rent. The supports from the farmers for Inthorn also made Jinda have a power to invite other people to struggle against the land-rent system. Most of the farmers had supported Inthorn as stated below:
Most of the farmers supported Inthorn, and had vowed to resist the rent too. ... “First they must feel that the land truly belongs to them, that they have right to the rice they’ve grown on their land. Then, the next step is to hold back that part of the rice which we need for ourselves, for our children.” That’s what the fight was about, after all, so that the little ones of Maekung need never go hungry again during the lean years (p. 74, ch. 7).
That support gave Jinda a power to help Inthorn and the other farmers by setting a rally around the issue in the city with Ned, as the writer has explained before.
The third need is McClelland’s need for achievement. The need for achievement is the need to achieve, excel, and succeed. According to McClelland, a person with this type of need, will set goals that are challenging but realistic. He believed that people with a strong need for achievement, make the best leaders for a variety of reasons including setting goals, reviewing progress and continuously looking at how things can be done better. From this novel, the writer knows that Jinda was also motivated in the conversation between the farmers and Ned about land-rent as stated:
next two weeks, the rent-collector would come in his truck, and in one day, haul of half the rice they had taken five months to grow. ...where the land-rent was only one-tenth the value of the crop, or of other villages in Thailand where farmers were beginning to refuse to pay this high rent” (p. 45, ch. 4).
Therefore, Jinda set a goal to get the solution for the problems happened and to look for something that could make her achieve her goals by going to Bangkok and doing everything which was related to the land-rent and poverty there, for better Maekung in the future.
people in Maekung needed to be freed from the land-rent they had faced. As the writer has explained before, the condition in Maekung was very poor. People lived there in poverty and in depression because of the government rules about paying high land-rent. That condition made people in Maekung needed to feel the freedom without any rules to obey. In other words, Maekung people needed to make their own decision and their own choice for their life. It also happened to Jinda. She needed to be freed from the land-rent system that caused her father go to prison and brought her life into poverty.
experiences in struggling for life, and much other information they need to change their own life.
Emotion can also become an intrinsic motivation. Based on Jung’s (1978) theory of emotions, emotion is related to motivation because it sometimes operates as motivating factors, and influence motivation in the process of response to something. Therefore, the writer discusses the influence of Jinda’s emotion towards her motivation to struggle for life. According to Leeper (1965) as stated on chapter two before, emotions organize and direct behavior. Lazarus (1964)also agreed with Leeper. He has reviewed the effects of emotional stress on task performance. The differences of opinion between Jinda and Ned about the land-rent made Jinda depressed, but it did not make her surrender. Jinda had more motivation to face the problem although she was arguing with Ned at once as proved below:
“Paying half the harvest as rent is far too high!” Ned said. .... “Even after a good harvest, it’s too high. But in a drought like this, it’s a crime! How can you give so much away?”
“We don’t give it away,” Jinda replied drily, “it’s taken from us.” “You don’t have to let them take it away,” Ned said. “Keep a bigger share for yourself.” ...
“Resist the rent. Keep two-thirds of your rice for yourselves, and give one-third to this Dusit. That’s only fair.” ...
“It’s against the law, that’s why not! We’ll be arrested.” ...
“We’d be forced off the land,” Jinda said. “Replaced by other tenant farmers who aren’t troublemakers.”
“Not if all Maekung decides to resist together,” Ned argued. “In some countries the rent is only one-third, or even one-tenth of the crop.”
“Other countries!” Jinda felt a surge of impatience. “We are not farming in other countries.”
“But we can make Thailand like other countries,” Ned argued. “Our new government is considering a law limiting the amount of rent due to a landlord. If this legislation is approved...”
From their arguing above, the writer knows that Jinda had different opinion about the land-rent system with Ned. The conversation shows that although Jinda was in her emotion, but she could make her emotion be her motivation to struggle for life. Jinda’s anger after knowing that her sister, Dao, had a relationship with Dusit, the rent-collector, also became a motivation for her to break the rules that brought Maekung into poverty. Her anger is shown in the statement:
Jinda stared at her sister. “So that’s it,” she said slowly. “You and that Dusit. This isn’t the first time, is it, that you’ve crept out to meet him? All this time you were avoiding me, you were actually just seeing him, weren’t you? Oh Dao, how could you?”
...
Dao tucked a stray wisp of hair behind her hair. “And then nothing, sister,” she said. “I told Mr. Dusit and he offered to help father out this harvest, that’s all.”
...
“But why are you so friendly with him, Dao? You know he’s the rent-collector; you know how everyone else in Maekung feels about him. He’s not one of us. He belongs on their side” (p. 79).
Jinda felt disappointed with her sister, Dao, and it made her hate Dusit and more convinced to struggle against the land-rent.
wake up, but this situation motivated her to help both her father and her village feel free from the government rules. The condition of Jinda’s family while Inthorn was in prison had changed.
From the explanation above, the writer agrees that the major focus of emotion theory is on how people can learn to develop emotions that sustain goal-directed behavior and to neutralize or deflect emotions that tend to undermine goal-directed behavior.
4.3.2 Extrinsic Motivation
Besides, there are also external factors that motivate Jinda to struggle for life which is called as extrinsic motivation. As the writer has explained in chapter two that extrinsic motivation is terminated by reaching a goal, obtaining a reward or reinforcement situation. Social situation also has a large influence on our behavior towards our motivation (Petry : 1981). The first factor that motivates Jinda is her father’s bravery in facing the problems. It can be seen from her father’s speech:
“No more. From this day on, I say that my land belongs to me. Yes, I will continue to give the landlord a part of my rice, because I recognise that some title deed somewhere has his name, and not mine, on it. But I will give him only what I say is fair, not what he demands. ... this year I am starting to fight back. This year, I will resist the rent” (p.72),
According to Locke and Latham (1968), as reviewed on chapter two, goals affect behavior in four ways. Those are directing attention, mobilizing effort to the task, encouraging persistence, and facilitating the development of strategies. Whether people will set difficult goals for themselves or commit themselves to such goals depends on whether they perceive that they have, or can develop, the abilities they will need to attain the goals. Not only being motivated by her father, Jinda also got her motivation from Ned who always cared about her. Therefore, the second factor is Ned’s help over Jinda. As the writer has explained before that Ned’s arrival really helped Jinda to overcome the problems that happened and it also motivated Jinda to help her father. Together with Ned, Jinda set a strategy that could make their life better than before. They developed the abilities they needed to attain the goals. Actually, what made Ned want to come and live in Jinda’s village is that he wanted to help the farmers there and he had the same goals as Jinda’s. Therefore, Ned helped Jinda and she appreciated it. Ned always gave his opinion in every dialog meeting with the other farmers, including Inthorn. From that time, Jinda thought that she could ask for Ned’s helps so that they could rebuild Maekung.
had an idea on how to see Inthorn in prison and to help him get out of there. He set a plan with Jinda and they decided to go to town, tried to get the permission to see Inthorn, as stated, “together with Ned, she had made the long trip into town, and tried to petition for permission to see Inthorn” (p. 91). Her patience brought her into happiness. After three weeks, she got a letter from prison authorities which informed her that she could visit her father. Although she knew that it was difficult to help her father get out of prison, but she was very happy to see her father blessed. Besides, Jinda felt happy because she could make her sister, Dao, get closer to their father by visiting their father in prison. This also motivates Jinda to change the life for beter future.
The next factor is a song lyric. Sometimes, a song can be a motivation
for someone. Lyric in a song can be powerful words, a great motivation that affects one’s attitude and behavior. Songs can inspire someone to be strong and empowered to do everything. Songs can also lead someone to reach their goals, to achieve what they want in their life. It is just like this song lyric: “If I could be born a bird, with wings to fly, far far away, I’d ask to be a white dove, to lead my people to freedom” (p. 157). This song motivates Jinda to struggle against poverty so that she could lead people in the village to the freedom. She could bring out people from poverty and from the land-rent that oppressed them.
are many ways to overcome it. Therefore, Jinda thought that there was a hope for the better future and she would do her best for it, for both herself and her village.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter consists of two parts, namely conclusions and suggestions. The writer draws the conclusions of this study by analyzing the answer of the two research problems. Suggestions are divided into two parts. They are suggestions for future researchers and suggestions for English teachers.
5.1 Conclusion
related to land-reform in Bangkok. As the writer has explained in the chapter four that Jinda went to Bangkok to join activities on land-reform such as attending the political meeting, visiting Bangkok newspaper offices, writing an article about the farmers’ rent movement, making the rounds rally, having the dialog with other farmers, and many others.
for prosperity. Emotion is related to intrinsic motivation because it operates as motivating factors, and influence motivation in the process of response to something. Even though Jinda was in her emotion, she could make her emotion be her motivation to face the problem.
On the other hand, the external motivation comes from the things around her. Her father’s bravery in facing the problems become one of her motivations to help him struggling for life. Jinda was also motivated because of Ned’s arrival and his help. They developed the abilities they needed to attain the goals. A song lyric of a white dove really motivates Jinda to struggle against land-rent system and poverty. Another external factor that motivates Jinda is her grandmother’s motto of life. Her grandmother always said that there are many roads to the same shrine. It reminds Jinda that how difficult the problems are and in whatever situation, there are many ways to overcome it. Therefore, Jinda hopes that someday it will be a miracle which brings Maekung into a better future.
Jinda had a great motivation in her behavior so that she could make her dreams come true. In the previous part, the writer has explained many things that motivate her to struggle against poverty and also described Jinda’s ways to struggle for it. After doing everything which had big influences to change the life, finally, she could get what she and many people wanted. She felt that her struggling came into a beautiful and wonderful end. The rains came. Jinda felt very happy. Together with the help from others, she could finally feel the water sprinkling from the air.
5.2 Suggestions
5.2.1 Suggestions for Future Researchers
The subject of my study is Minfong Ho’s Rice without Rain which tells about the struggling of a Thailand young girl named Jinda against the government rules that is land-rent system which brings her village into poverty. This novel is full of conflicts, perceptions, and opinions about land-rent issues. The focus of my study is the Thailand woman, Jinda, with her powerful emotions and love, heroically faces the challenges of holding on to who she is as the world around her revolves in what seems to be never – ending change. Although Jinda felt angry about that kind of unjust situation and sometimes faced sorrow, but she is still hopeful for a better future, both for herself and Thailand. However, the novel is not only about the motivation inside the main character, Jinda. The novel can reflect the Thailand farmers’ life that lives under government authority and they have to pay more land-rent for the land they used. In analyzing the Jinda’s motivation to struggle against poverty and land-rent system, I used psychological approach and theory of human motivation, human need, and also theory of the relationship between emotions and motivations in order to get sufficient information about Jinda’s motivation, including her ways in struggling for life during that time. Therefore, there are still many potential objects to analyze. The following are some examples.
analyze the history of Maekung at that time. It can be divided into two aspects. The first is comparing the history of Maekung at that time and at now and the second is also comparing the history of Maekung, especially in agricultural aspects. Third, the position of women (feminism) among the society may also be analyzed. Minfong Ho drags women’s dignity in the story through Jinda. In some parts, it is found that women have strengths and power to to bring the idea, to get the solution of problems that happened. In this case, the attitude and behavior of modern women may become a point for comparison on giving the contribution for country. The last, future researchers may analyze the meaning of the symbols of this novel, for example symbols of rice, rain, Bodhi trees, buffalo which closely related to the tradition of nose-drilling, dove, orchid, and many others.
5.2.2 Suggestions for English Teachers
